Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the motivational process?

A) drive - need - response - goal attainment
B) need - drive - response - goal attainment
C) need - drive - goal attainment - response
D) drive - need - goal attainment - response

Answer 1

need - drive - response - goal attainment

Question 2

It is common for older people to suffer from dehydration despite experiencing a lack of thirst, which means that they have

A) a drive but not a need.
B) a need but not a drive.
C) both a drive and a need.
D) neither a need nor a drive.

Answer 2

a need but not a drive.

Question 3

Martha is flying from Chicago to Stockholm in a month. What would you tell her about "jet lag"?

A) She should be exposed to bright light late the first evening she is in Stockholm to reset her circadian rhythm.
B) She should begin now to preadapt her sleep-and-waking cycle to Stockholm time.
C) When she arrives in Stockholm, she needs to stay indoors and eat and sleep on Chicago time until her body adapts.
D) She should use over-the-counter sleep aids in order to get to sleep in Stockholm the first few nights.

Answer 3

She should begin now to preadapt her sleep-and-waking cycle to Stockholm time.

Question 4

When you feel hunger or thirst, each of these psychological states would be classified as which element of motivation?

A) need
B) drive
C) deprivation
D) incentive value

Question 5

Preadaptation refers to

A) gradually matching your sleep-waking cycle to a new time schedule.
B) the steady state of equilibrium maintained by the body.
C) the mental process of assigning cause to external events.
D) the process of attributing arousal to a particular source.

Question 6

Which of the following is a learned motive?

A) power
B) physical contact
C) regulation of body temperature
D) pain avoidance

Question 7

Motivation is defined as

A) an internal deficiency that energizes behavior.
B) the goals which reward our behavior and maintain behavior.
C) internal mechanisms which initiate, maintain, direct, and terminate behavior.
D) needs associated with impulses for self-actualization.

Question 8

Regarding incentives, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Our actions are energized by a mixture of internal needs and external incentives.
B) Incentive value cannot be used to explain the drives for success, status, and approval.
C) Some goals are so desirable that they can motivate behavior in the absence of an internal need.
D) Some goals are so low in incentive value that they may be rejected even if they could meet the internal need.

Question 9

The value of a goal beyond its ability to fill a need is known as its __________ value.

A) homeostatic
B) stimulus
C) extrinsic
D) incentive

Question 10

Bright light affects the timing of body rhythms by reducing the amount of melatonin produced by the

A) adrenal glands.
B) pineal gland.
C) pituitary gland.
D) pancreas.

Question 11

Which of the following describes a pyramid model that orders basic needs and growth needs?

A) Yerkes-Dodson law
B) need-response cycle
C) Cannon-Bard theory
D) hierarchy of human needs

Question 12

Biological drives are essential because they maintain a steady state of bodily equilibrium called

A) thermostasis.
B) biological rhythm.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) homeostasis.

Question 13

Which of the following is a stimulus motive?

A) elimination of wastes
B) the desire for money
C) the desire to explore
D) thirst

Question 14

You can increase your efficiency by scheduling recreation, chores, and studying

A) around your personal circadian rhythms.
B) by establishing a new circadian rhythm.
C) according to one's median level on a homeostasis chart.
D) according to your horoscope.

Question 15

Throughout the day, which of the following shift from hour to hour?

A) body temperature
B) blood pressure
C) amino acid levels
D) all of these

Question 16

Biological motives are

A) needs that are learned, such as the need for power or for achievement.
B) innate but not necessary for survival.
C) not innate but necessary for survival.
D) innate and necessary for survival.

Question 17

Your body will automatically try to bring the body back into a state of equilibrium when your body falls below its ideal level, or

A) thermostatic potential.
B) set point.
C) match point.
D) optimum potential.

Question 18

One might expect an ambassador forced to return on short notice to his or her native country to perform poorly because

A) minimal needs for intellectual stimulation have not been met.
B) optimal needs for intellectual stimulation have not been met.
C) low levels of anxiety have risen to moderate levels.
D) circadian rhythms have been disrupted.

Question 19

A commercial for an ice cold beverage shown on a day with record high temperatures is probably an effort to arouse one's __________ motives.

A) biological
B) extrinsic
C) learned
D) stimulus

Question 20

When the human body enters a state of disequilibrium

A) the first reactions of your body are automatic.
B) you become aware of discomfort before your body reacts.
C) the chemicals in your body do not change.
D) primary motives are ignored until balance is restored.

Question 21

Emotions are linked to attacking, fleeing, seeking comfort, helping others, and reproducing, which are all examples of

A) emotional expressions.
B) emotional feelings.
C) physiological changes.
D) adaptive behaviors.

Question 22

According to Maslow, needs associated with impulses for self-actualization, such as perfection, justice, and beauty, are called

A) prepotent needs.
B) meta-needs.
C) supportive needs.
D) autonomy needs.

Question 23

Which type of motivation tends to be undermined by strong external rewards?

A) extrinsic motivation
B) intrinsic motivation
C) prepotent motivation
D) secondary motivation

Question 24

Which of the following would be considered intrinsic motivation?

A) reading a book on history for extra credit to improve your grade
B) reading a book on history to impress your teacher
C) reading a book on history to increase your knowledge
D) all of these

Question 25

If a child is not intrinsically motivated by learning, a teacher or parent should

A) initially use small extrinsic rewards, then phase them out.
B) wait for the necessary skills to develop on their own as the child matures.
C) increase the size of the extrinsic incentives gradually.
D) ask the child which extrinsic rewards they would prefer to help them learn.

Question 26

The word "emotion" derives from the Latin word meaning to

A) express.
B) move.
C) feel.
D) expect.

Question 27

Many people gather with friends and family for special occasions. Maslow would say that this behavior is motivated by

A) self-esteem needs.
B) love and belonging needs.
C) self-actualization.
D) safety and security.

Question 28

Many of the physiological changes during emotion are caused by

A) the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline.
B) the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin.
C) secondary appraisal.
D) muscular tension.

Question 29

According to Maslow, examples of meta-needs would include

A) perfection and completion.
B) justice and truth.
C) beauty and goodness.
D) all of these.

Question 30

Elona has always wanted to take French and then travel to Paris. So, she enrolls in a night class at the community college. Her motivation for learning this foreign language would be considered intrinsic, according to the __________ theory.

A) arousal
B) Yerkes-Dodson
C) self-determination
D) James-Lange

Question 31

The lowest needs in Maslow's hierarchy of motives could be accurately described as

A) deficiency motives.
B) secondary motives.
C) growth needs.
D) non-homeostatic.

Question 32

Regarding the meta-needs and Maslow's theory, which of the following statements is\are TRUE?

A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs has been well-documented by numerous research studies.
B) College students who are primarily concerned with money, personal appearance, and social recognition score higher than average in vitality, self-actualization, and general well-being.
C) A meta-need can sometimes overcome even the most basic need for food.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 33

According to Maslow, which of the following would be classified as basic needs?

A) safety needs
B) love and belonging needs
C) esteem needs
D) all of these are basic needs

Question 34

The components of an emotion are

A) emotional expressions, physiological changes, and emotional relief.
B) emotional relief, physiological changes, and emotional changes.
C) emotional changes, physiological changes, and emotional feelings.
D) emotional feelings, physiological changes, and emotional expressions.

Question 35

Sharon is striving to gain a sense of unity with the universe and a higher level of understanding and to become the best person possible. According to the humanistic psychologists, Sharon would be striving for

A) subjective reality.
B) self-actualization.
C) congruence.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 36

Regarding intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Extrinsic motivation in the form of money and awards tends to increase creativity.
B) Extrinsic motivation is often necessary but should not be overused, especially with children.
C) If there is high intrinsic interest in an activity initially, then extrinsic rewards should be used immediately to enhance it.
D) The quality of work can be increased by using extrinsic motivations.

Question 37

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following would have to be satisfied BEFORE a person would show interest in satisfying love and belonging needs?

A) esteem needs and self-actualization needs
B) self-actualization needs and the meta-needs
C) physiological needs and safety needs
D) physiological needs and esteem needs

Question 38

People are more likely to be creative when their motivation is

A) global.
B) primary.
C) extrinsic.
D) intrinsic.

Question 39

Which of the following is the component of emotions that serve to tell others what emotions we are experiencing?

A) emotional feelings
B) emotional behavioral symptoms
C) physiological changes
D) emotional expressions

Question 40

According to Robert Plutchik, our many emotional experiences can be analyzed in terms of

A) eight primary emotions.
B) love, fear, and rage.
C) levels of arousal.
D) physiological changes and context.

Question 41

Low intensity states that can last for many hours, or even days, can affect day-to-day behavior, and are closely tied to circadian rhythms are called __________.

Question 42

Regarding Robert Plutchik's theory of basic emotions, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Basic emotions can be mixed to yield a third, more complex emotion.
B) Jealousy is a mixture of love, anger, and fear.
C) Awe, love, aggression, and guilt are four of the basic emotions.
D) Each basic emotion can vary in intensity.

Question 43

According to research, college students who are primarily concerned with money, personal appearance, and social recognition score lower than average in vitality, self-actualization, and general well-being. Discuss these findings using Maslow's hierarchy of needs and his description of the meta-needs; and then explain the difference in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and how these two types of motivation can be involved in turning "play" into "work."

Question 44

If Margie studies her college course in order to get good grades and praise from her parents, she would be described as being intrinsically motivated.

Question 45

According to Plutchik, a mixture of love, anger, and fear produces the emotion of

A) guilt.
B) jealousy.
C) avoidance.
D) depression.

Question 46

According to Plutchik, mixing anger and disgust produces

A) guilt.
B) submission.
C) contempt.
D) disappointment.

Question 47

The lowest needs in Maslow's hierarchy of motives could be accurately described as growth needs.

Question 48

The needs that appear to be innate but are not necessary for survival, such as the needs for activity, exploration, manipulation, and physical contact are called __________ motives.

Question 49

Adjusting to "jet lag" is fastest when you stay indoors, where you can sleep and eat on "home time."

Question 50

Desirable goals may motivate behavior in the absence of an internal need with this property known as the goal's __________ value.

Question 51

When your body temperature is at its daily low point, you are more likely to

A) feel "down" emotionally.
B) have a positive mood.
C) be efficient, creative, and better at problem-solving.
D) be helpful and peaceful.

Question 52

If your body is dehydrated, but you are not thirsty, we would say that you have a drive, but not a need.

Question 53

Guilt is one of the eight basic emotions described by Plutchik.

Question 54

The process of initiation, directing, sustaining, and terminating the activities of an organism is called __________.

Question 55

According to Maslow, needs that are an expression of tendencies for self-actualization, such as perfection, justice, and beauty, are called __________.

Question 56

Describe the three elements of emotion, and explain how emotions are linked to to many basic adaptive behaviors.

Question 57

Needs for power, affiliation, approval, status, security, and achievement are referred to as learned motives.

Question 58

Basic emotions develop

A) early in infancy.
B) in toddlerhood as language develops.
C) in preschool through learning.
D) in early elementary through socialization.

Question 59

The maintenance of steady states of temperature and blood pressure are examples of the process known as __________.

Question 60

According to Robert Plutchik, anticipation, joy, trust (acceptance), fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, and anger are

A) the emotional blends.
B) the basic emotions.
C) arousal levels.
D) moods.

Question 61

Regarding factors that influence eating, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) If you are well fed, leptin dulls the tongue's sensitivity to sweet tastes.
B) People with weight problems are prone to overeat when they are anxious, angry, or sad.
C) If you eat too much of any particular food, it will become more appealing and be eaten habitually.
D) Cultural values greatly affect the incentive value of foods.

Question 62

The most critical physiological factor controlling hunger is the

A) level of blood sugar.
B) presence of stomach contractions.
C) taste of food.
D) the stretching or distention of the abdomen.

Question 63

A need is an internal deficiency that may energize behavior.

Question 64

The rate at which energy is used up in the body is referred to as one's

A) ionization.
B) metabolism.
C) caloric intake.
D) BMI.

Question 65

When you are intensely afraid, your hands tremble, your face contorts, your posture becomes tense and defensive, and your voice changes. These outward signs of what the person is feeling are called emotional __________.

Question 66

Emotional expressions are the part of emotion with which we are usually most familiar.

Question 67

Jet lag results when travelers experience a lack of synchronization between the local time of the place they have traveled to and their __________.

Question 68

The value of a goal above and beyond its ability to fill a need is known as its homeostatic value.

Question 69

When you are hungry, your stomach lining produces ghrelin, a hormone that activates your

A) lateral hypothalamus.
B) vertromedial hypothalamus.
C) cortical region of the pons.
D) corpus callosum.

Question 70

In general, all of the following tend to encourage overeating EXCEPT for

A) sweetness.
B) taking longer to eat.
C) high fat content.
D) variety.

Question 71

Electrically stimulating the lateral hypothalamus will cause a rat to

A) start eating.
B) stop eating.
C) go to sleep.
D) become so manic it will be unable to sleep.

Question 72

In an early experiment by Cannon and Washburn, Washburn swallowed a balloon so that

A) the balloon could prevent hunger by filling up the stomach.
B) the balloon could be inflated and allow the recording of stomach contractions.
C) the balloon would stop digestion, allowing the stomach to be examined.
D) hunger could be controlled by controlling the stomach contractions.

Question 73

The "target" of one's motivated behavior is known as a(n) __________.

Question 74

Susan has been undergoing chemotherapy. Because the drugs used in this treatment cause nausea, Susan may experience

A) a taste aversion.
B) homeostasis.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) anorexia nervosa

Question 75

Although eating the eyes out of the steamed head of a monkey is considered a delicacy in some parts of the world, the vast majority of Americans would have great difficulty eating this "delicacy," even if they were very hungry, which illustrates how which of the following affects hunger?

A) genetic factors
B) set point
C) cultural values
D) homeostatic mechanisms

Question 76

Regarding obesity, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) A lack of variety in one's diet tends to encourage obesity.
B) Obesity is overtaking smoking as a major cause of needless deaths.
C) In Westernized societies, obesity has become a source of social stigma and low self-esteem.
D) Sixty-five percent of adults in the United States are overweight with more than one third being obese.

Question 77

Regarding the control of hunger, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) You are less likely to overeat if you eat quickly.
B) After you eat a meal, GLP-1 is released by the intestines.
C) If NPY is present in large amounts, an animal will eat until it cannot hold another bite.
D) The hypothalamus responds to a chemical in marijuana, which can produce intense hunger.

Question 78

What are circadian rhythms; how do they normally affect our motivation and alertness; what are the detrimental effects of interrupting these rhythms through travel, shift work changes, or "burning the midnight oil;" and how can these detrimental effects be treated?

Question 79

When people put on weight, their fat cells release a substance, which is carried in the bloodstream to the brain, where it will tell us to eat less. This substance is

A) GLP-1.
B) ghrelin.
C) leptin.
D) NPY.

Question 80

Damage to the hunger satiety system can produce a very fat rat, a condition called

A) acquired bulimia.
B) hipocampal obesity.
C) hypothalamic hyperphagia.
D) acromegaly.