Deck 25: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

Plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in:

A) motility.
B) reproduction.
C) viral resistance.
D) photosynthesis.
E) antibiotic resistance.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Figure 25-1 What is the function of the structure labeled as B in the accompanying figure?

A) To provide locomotion
B) To prevent phagocytosis
C) To carry genetic information
D) To transmit DNA between bacteria
E) To adhere to surfaces or other bacteria

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What is a chain of round bacteria called?

A) bacilli
B) spirilla
C) diplococci
D) streptococci
E) streptobacilli

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Small hairlike structures made up of protein on the surface of bacteria are called:

A) capsids.
B) fimbriae.
C) chromatids.
D) plasmids.
E) virons.

Question 5

What are the small circles of DNA that exist within the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the bacterial chromosome?

A) pili
B) capsids
C) plasmids
D) chromatids
E) centromeres

Question 6

Gram-positive bacteria would stain ____ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of ____ in their cell walls.

A) green; cellulose
B) red; polysaccharides
C) green; peptidoglycan
D) purple; peptidoglycan
E) purple; polysaccharides

Question 7

How do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?

A) Bacteria shrink in size.
B) Bacteria form endospores.
C) Bacteria release exotoxins.
D) Bacteria develops a cyst and fills it with fluid.
E) Bacteria build up more protein in their capsules.

Question 8

Peptidoglycan consists of:

A) lipids only
B) proteins only
C) polysaccharides
D) lipids crosslinked with sugars
E) sugars crosslinked with proteins

Question 9

Which statement about bacteria is FALSE?

A) Some bacteria can photosynthesize.
B) Bacteria are important decomposers.
C) A small percentage of bacteria are pathogenic.
D) Bacteria are not cellular and are sometimes not classified as life forms.
E) Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and then nitrates that can be used by plants.

Question 10

What is the purpose of sex pili?

A) To transmit DNA between bacteria
B) To transmit RNA between bacteria
C) To transmit enzymes between bacteria
D) To transmit chemical signals between bacteria
E) To transmit zygotes or sperm between bacteria

Question 11

Figure 25-1 In the accompanying figure, what would structure A be made up as a gram-negative bacterium?

A) cellulose
B) plasmids
C) spirochetes
D) peptidoglycan
E) monosaccharides

Question 12

Most bacterial cells can keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment because of:

A) a stiff capsule.
B) a rigid cell wall.
C) a tough cell membrane.
D) an efficient water pump.
E) pumping large quantities of salts into the cell.

Question 13

Although bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:

A) ribosomes.
B) the cell wall.
C) the plasma membrane.
D) the nuclear membranes.
E) the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 14

Which structure acts like a motor for the bacterial flagellum?

A) hook
B) capsule
C) filament
D) basal body
E) protein rings

Question 15

The volume of a typical bacterium is about _____ the volume of a typical eukaryotic cell.

A) equal to
B) a half
C) a tenth
D) a hundredth
E) a thousandth

Question 16

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:

A) ameboid motion.
B) their capsule or slime layer.
C) efficient use of their flagella.
D) changing their cell wall structure.
E) eliminating the use of a membrane.

Question 17

Why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria?

A) Penicillin is not toxic to gram-negative bacteria.
B) Penicillin is pushed away from the cell membrane by the fimbriae.
C) Gram-negative bacterial do not have receptors for penicillin to attach to.
D) Gram-negative bacteria do not have channels or pores in its membrane for penicillin to pass through.
E) Penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacteria's outer membrane.

Question 18

How do bacteria move?

A) By means of pili
B) By means of cilia
C) By means of fimbriae
D) By means of a rotating flagella
E) Bacteria are incapable of locomotion.

Question 19

Which of the following are rod-shaped bacteria?

A) vibrio
B) bacilli
C) diplococci
D) spirochete
E) streptococci

Question 20

Figure 25-1 Which structure in the accompanying figure is labeled as C?

A) capsule
B) cell wall
C) flagellum
D) a ribosome
E) plasma membrane

Question 21

The most significant difference between archaea and bacteria is the:

A) lack of a nuclear envelope in archaea.
B) absence of the 70S ribosomes in bacteria.
C) presence of a single filament flagellum in bacteria.
D) absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of archaea.
E) presence of fatty acids in the plasma membranes of archaea.

Question 22

Which was the first bacterium to be clearly identified as the cause of an infectious disease?

A) Legionella pneumophila, which causes Legionnaires' disease
B) Chlamydia sp ., which causes pelvic inflammatory disease in women
C) Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism
D) Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax
E) Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera

Question 23

Streptococci, the bacteria responsible for strep throat infections, is classified within which group of Bacteria?

A) spirochetes
B) cyanobacteria
C) alpha proteobacteria
D) epsilon proteobacteria
E) gram-negative bacteria

Question 24

Which type of bacterium would not be able to survive in the presence of oxygen?

A) obligate aerobic
B) obligate anaerobic
C) facultative aerobic
D) facultative anaerobic
E) facultative autotrophic

Question 25

The Archaea plasma membranes are made up of branched-chain hydrocarbons bounded to glycerol by:

A) hydrogen bonding.
B) covalent bonding.
C) polar bonding.
D) ester linkages.
E) ether linkages.

Question 26

Which disease is caused by an exotoxin released by the gram-positive, endospore-forming bacteria, often because food was not heated sufficiently to kill the endospores?

A) cholera
B) botulism
C) diphtheria
D) salmonella
E) travelers' diarrhea

Question 27

The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:

A) binary fission.
B) transformation.
C) transduction.
D) conjugation.
E) mitosis.

Question 28

Which is the only prokaryote to carry on photosynthesis that generates oxygen?

A) clostridia
B) chlamydias
C) myobacteria
D) cyanobacteria
E) purple sulfur bacteria

Question 29

What is the nutritional mode of most bacteria?

A) autotrophy
B) heterotrophy
C) chemoautotrophy
D) photoheterotrophy
E) chemoheterotrophy

Question 30

Which Archaea have the ability to carry out a form of the Calvin cycle, capturing sunlight with bacteriorhodopsin?

A) extreme thermophiles
B) extreme halophiles
C) Nanoarchaeota
D) Korarchaeota
E) Euryarchaeota

Question 31

Lactic-acid bacteria are used for:

A) producing vaccines.
B) producing sauerkraut.
C) removing gasoline or oil.
D) converting cornstarch to dextrins.
E) breaking down toxic chemicals.

Question 32

A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a:

A) parasite.
B) pathogen.
C) saprotroph.
D) chemoautotroph.
E) photoautotroph.

Question 33

What are Koch's postulates?

A) A set of rules on how to treat a disease
B) A set of theories that explains how a bacteria can cause a disease
C) A set of rules that provide a classification system of disease-causing bacteria
D) A set of guidelines to follow in order to isolate a particular bacteria from an infected organism
E) A set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms

Question 34

Cows and other ruminates rely on a ____ relationship with bacteria in their digestive tract.

A) parasitic
B) mutualistic
C) commercialistic
D) commensalistic
E) chemosynthetic

Question 35

Bacterial ____ cause systemic symptoms such as fever, whereas bacterial ____ cause more specific maladies.

A) phages; prophages
B) prophages; phages
C) exotoxins; phages
D) exotoxins; endotoxins
E) endotoxins; exotoxins

Question 36

Which statement about bioremediation is FALSE?

A) Methogens are used in sewage treatment.
B) When bacteria break down toxins, they leave behind harmless byproducts.
C) Very few species of bacteria are used to clean up various forms of pollution.
D) Bacteria and other microorganisms are used to break down oil from oil spills.
E) The byproducts of microorganisms breaking down toxins are often carbon dioxide and chlorides.

Question 37

Which statement about biofilms is FALSE?

A) Biofilms are formed by bacteria living in a watery environment.
B) Biofilms enable bacteria to attach to solid surfaces.
C) Biofilm may develop on surgical implants.
D) Biofilms are usually less than 2 μ m thick.
E) An example of biofilm is dental plaque.

Question 38

____ is a form of genetic exchange in bacteria that involves contact between two cells.

A) Transformation
B) Transduction
C) Binary fission
D) Conjugation
E) Budding

Question 39

Where would you likely find Euryarchaeota bacteria?

A) hydrothermal vents
B) cow digestive tracts
C) cold ocean water
D) hot sulfur springs
E) salt ponds

Question 40

Which statement about an F factor is FALSE?

A) It is a DNA sequence.
B) It is found in F ⁺ cells.
C) The F stands for fertility.
D) It is involved with forming sex pili.
E) It is found in recipient cells, not donor cells.

Question 41

After an endospore forms, the cell membrane of the original cell lyses, releasing the endospore.
____________________

Question 43

Botox is the marketed version of the botulism exotoxin, used to treat muscle spasms and for cosmetic purposes.

Question 44

Some elongated fimbria are important in transferring DNA between bacteria.
____________________

Question 45

Prokaryotes have a(n) nucleus that contains DNA.
____________________

Question 46

Bacterial chemoautotrophs use organic chemicals as an energy source.
____________

Question 47

What are the four Koch's postulates in identifying pathogens that cause a particular disease?

Question 48

Identify and briefly discuss two ecological roles filled by bacteria.

Question 49

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by the processes of binary fission, budding, and transformation.

Question 50

List the characteristics of the following groups and identify examples for each: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Question 51

Gram-negative cell walls have an outer membrane that contains lipids and peptidoglycans . ____________________

Question 52

Bacterial plasmids often have genes that code for genetic exchange or antibiotic resistance.
____________________

Question 53

Transformation, conjugation, and transduction are forms of vertical gene transfer for prokaryotes.
____________________

Question 54

Describe endotoxins and exotoxins. What effects do they each have on infected persons?

Question 55

Discuss the distinction between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In the laboratory, how is this determined? What are differences between these two groups of bacteria?

Question 56

Compare and contrast the metabolic diversity of bacteria in one of the two groups below.
A. Obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and aerobes
B. Autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria

Question 57

The dense cytoplasm of the prokaryote contains ribosomes and storage granules.
____________________

Question 58

Woese disproved the prevailing views of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that sterilization of a sugar and protein culture prevented bacterial growth.

Question 59

In transduction , two prokaryotic cells of different mating types come together and genetic material is transferred from one cell to another.