Deck 29: The Fungi

Question 1

A ____ is a tangled mass of hyphae.

A) sporocarp
B) sporangia
C) zygospore
D) mycelium
E) coenocyte

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Figure 29-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. What is missing in the filament labeled as A?

A) septa
B) nuclei
C) spores
D) hyphae
E) mycelia

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which unicellular fungus is probably in most kitchens?

A) mold
B) mushroom
C) yeast
D) rust
E) dirt

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A ____ is a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi.

A) fruiting body
B) protonema
C) thallus
D) hypha
E) septum

Question 5

Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct, sexually compatible nuclei within each cell are described as:

A) twins.
B) couplets.
C) dikaryotic.
D) polykaryotic.
E) double hyphae.

Question 6

Which process marks the start of the dikaryotic stage ( n + n ) in the fungal reproductive cycle?

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) karyogamy
D) fertilization
E) plasmogamy

Question 7

Most fungal spores are ____ reproductive cells that are produced ____.

A) motile; sexually only
B) motile; asexually only
C) nonmotile; sexually only
D) nonmotile; asexually only
E) nonmotile; sexually or asexually

Question 8

The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:

A) asci.
B) basidia.
C) conidia.
D) gemmae.
E) conidiophores.

Question 9

The cell walls of fungi are composed of:

A) lipids
B) chitin
C) cellulose
D) glycogen
E) chlorophyll

Question 10

Which statement about microsporidia is FALSE?

A) They are parasitic.
B) Some divide by binary fission.
C) They are classified with the zygomycetes.
D) They have mitochondria and Golgi complexes.
E) They have a feeding stage and a reproductive stage.

Question 11

Fungi that lack septa are called:

A) coenocytic.
B) unicellular.
C) ascomycete.
D) monokaryotic.
E) sporophyllous.

Question 12

Figure 29-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 1 is a:

A) spore
B) hypha
C) conidium
D) basidium
E) perforated septum

Question 13

Black bread mold is ____, which means that it is self-sterile.

A) heterozygous
B) heterothallic
C) heterotrophic
D) mycotoxic
E) coenocytic

Question 14

What makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom?

A) underground ascocarp
B) underground mycelium
C) above ground ascocarp
D) above ground mycelium
E) underground fruiting body

Question 15

Which fungal group is coenocytic and reproduce asexually via blastospores?

A) Zygomycetes
B) Glomeromycetes
C) Basidiomycetes
D) Ascomycetes
E) Chytridiomycetes

Question 16

Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:

A) asci.
B) basidia.
C) conidia.
D) hyphae.
E) ascospores.

Question 17

When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored:

A) thalli.
B) spores.
C) hyphae.
D) mycelia.
E) ascocarps.

Question 18

Dikaryotic cells are denoted as _____ rather than _____ because there are two separate haploid nuclei.

A) n ; 2 n
B) 2 n ; n + n
C) n + n ; 2 n
D) n + n; n
E) n − n ; n + n

Question 19

Which is an example of a member of phylum Zygomycota?

A) yeast
B) morels
C) puffballs
D) black bread mold
E) portobella mushrooms

Question 20

In a fungus, a complex multicellular reproductive structure is called a(n):

A) hypha.
B) gametangium.
C) fruiting body.
D) oogonium.
E) antheridium.

Question 21

Of the following, which would be predicted to grow at the slowest rate?

A) yeasts
B) lichens
C) sac fungi
D) mushrooms
E) bread molds

Question 22

Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:

A) basidiospores.
B) basidiocarps.
C) myceliae.
D) hyphae.
E) gills.

Question 23

Reduction in ____ growth is used as a sensitive indicator of air pollution.

A) fungus
B) mushroom
C) algae
D) lichen
E) puff balls

Question 24

What is an example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete?

A) wheat rust
B) ergot of rye
C) chestnut blight
D) Dutch elm disease
E) verticillium wilt on potatoes

Question 25

Phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are considered ____ because they share a more recent common ancestor with each other than either does with any other group.

A) sister taxa
B) homoplastic
C) homologous
D) paraphyletic
E) monophyletic

Question 26

Which one of the following is mismatched?

A) sac fungi − ascomycetes
B) bread mold − zygomycetes
C) mushrooms-basidiomycetes
D) Allomyces -chytridiomycetes
E) Dutch elm disease-glomeromycetes

Question 27

Hyphae of a basidiomycete's primary mycelium consist of ____ cells.

A) prokaryotic
B) dikaryotic
C) coenocytic
D) homothallic
E) monokaryotic

Question 28

Members of phylum ____ are the most primitive of the fungi and were previously classified as protists.

A) Chytridiomycota
B) Zygomycota
C) Glomeromycota
D) Ascomycota
E) Basidiomycota

Question 29

Figure 29-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 4 is a:

A) zygote
B) gamete
C) zoospore
D) sporangium
E) zoosporangium

Question 30

Color pigments produced by ____ are used to dye woolens and litmus.

A) club fungi
B) mushroom
C) algae
D) lichens
E) puff balls

Question 31

Which statement about mycorrhizae is FALSE?

A) They are symbiotic associations between a fungus and a plant root.
B) They increase the uptake of nutrient minerals by the plant.
C) Arbuscular mycorrhizae are extracellular.
D) Endomycorrhizae are intracellular.
E) Members of the Glomeromycota may be involved.

Question 32

How do mycorrhizae benefit plants?

A) Mycorrhizae increase a plant's flowering.
B) Mycorrhizae increase the surface area of the leaves.
C) Mycorrhizae increase a plant's rate of photosynthetic.
D) Mycorrhizae increase a plant's absorptive surface area of roots.
E) Mycorrhizae increase the number of chloroplasts within a plant.

Question 33

Production of ____ is a means of rapidly propagating new mycelia when environmental conditions are favorable for ascomycetes.

A) asci
B) hyphae
C) conidia
D) sporangia
E) ascospores

Question 34

The club fungi typically reproduce by producing:

A) asci.
B) basidia.
C) zygospores.
D) ascospores.
E) mycorrhizae.

Question 35

Figure 29-2 The structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure was produced by:

A) the fertilization of two zygotes.
B) meiosis in the zoosporangium.
C) mitosis in the zoosporangium.
D) mitosis in the resting sporangium.
E) meiosis in the resting sporangium.

Question 36

Puffballs and bracket fungi are most closely related to:

A) yeast.
B) molds.
C) truffles.
D) black bread mold.
E) common edible mushrooms.

Question 37

One ancestral characteristic remaining in representatives of the Chytridiomycota is:

A) both sexual and asexual reproduction.
B) gametes formed by mitosis.
C) alternation of generations.
D) flagellated cells.
E) cell walls.

Question 38

Which process takes place within the young basidia on the gills of the mushroom?

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) karyogamy
D) fertilization
E) plasmogamy

Question 39

Yeasts reproduce asexually by:

A) meiosis.
B) budding.
C) ascospores.
D) binary fission.
E) forming a secondary mycelium.

Question 40

Figure 29-2 What is the process occurring at point 3 in the accompanying figure?

A) asexual reproduction
B) zygote germination
C) fertilization
D) meiosis
E) mitosis

Question 41

Conidia are asexual spores.
____________________

Question 42

What is a fungal chemical that shows promise as an anticancer agent because of its ability to inhibit the formation of new blood vessels?

A) Penicillin
B) Fumigallin
C) Aflatoxin
D) Psilocybin
E) Ergot compounds

Question 43

Identify the parts of a typical fungal body plan and briefly explain the function of each of the structures you identified.

Question 44

Fungi parasitic on plants produce specialized hyphae, called ____, that penetrate the host.

A) asci
B) basidia
C) soredia
D) haustoria
E) secondary mycelia

Question 45

Microsporidia are unicellular parasites of animals.
____________________

Question 46

Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus ____ can be fatal.

A) Agaricus
B) Shiitake
C) Portobello
D) Amanita
E) Oyster

Question 47

Diagram a typical life cycle for a basidiomycete.

Question 48

What are the two main types of mycorrhizae, and how do they differ? List three ways in which mycorrhizal associations are beneficial to plants.

Question 49

The fungus that causes black stem rust of wheat belongs to which fungal group?

A) ascomycetes
B) zygomycetes
C) basidiomycetes
D) chytridiomycetes
E) glomeromycetes

Question 50

Claviceps purpurea produces a(n) __________, which infests grain and has been important in many historical events, as ingestion of infested grain milled into flour can cause hallucinations and even death.

A) ergot
B) smut
C) rust
D) brown rot
E) mildew

Question 51

List the major types of foods and beverages for which fungi are responsible, and give an example of the particular fungus involved in each.

Question 52

Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and a(n):

A) zygomycete.
B) ascomycete.
C) basidiomycete.
D) glomeromycete.
E) chytridiomycete.

Question 53

The cell walls of fungi are composed of cellulose .
____________________

Question 54

List the characteristics suggesting that fungi should be assigned to the opisthokont clade.

Question 55

Chytrids produce spores that lack a flagellum.
__________________

Question 56

Thrush, a painful yeast infection of the mouth, throat and vagina, is caused by a member of the genus:

A) Aspergillus
B) Candida
C) Claviceps
D) Penicillium
E) Psilocybe

Question 57

An examples of a plant disease caused by an ascomycete is:

A) a microsporidial infection.
B) stem rust of wheat.
C) histoplasmosis.
D) chestnut blight.
E) corn smut.

Question 58

Which genus is used to produce beer and wine?

A) Agaricus
B) Aspergillus
C) Amanita
D) Rhizopus
E) Saccharomyces

Question 59

Lichens reproduce primarily asexually by ____, the fragments of the body of the lichen.

A) asci
B) thalli
C) soredia
D) basidia
E) conidia

Question 60

In zygomycetes such as Rhizopus , the zygospore is haploid .
____________________

Question 62

The primary mycelium of basidiomycetes is dikaryotic.
____________________

Question 63

In mushrooms, karyogamy occurs within the basidium .
____________________

Question 64

You find a moldy orange in your produce bin in your kitchen cupboard. What characteristics of this environment (consider both the orange and your kitchen) contributed to the growth of this mold? Why could a plant not have grown in this cupboard?

Question 65

Endomycorrhizal fungi penetrate the plasma membranes of root cells.
____________________

Question 66

What is the economic importance of fungi? Name at least 10 products made utilizing fungi.

Question 67

Blastospores are produced by glomeromycetes.
____________________

Question 68

A lichen is a combination of a fungus and a(n) photoautotroph .
____________________

Question 69

Discuss the sexual and asexual reproduction of Rhizopus , the black bread mold. Include the names of the structures involved.