Deck 33: Plant Structure Growth and Development

Question 1

A plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle is referred to as a(n):

A) biennial.
B) annual.
C) perennial.
D) dicot.
E) monocot.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

____ cells are alive at maturity and have primary cell walls that are especially thick at the corners.

A) Sclerenchyma
B) Collenchyma
C) Parenchyma
D) Phloem
E) Xylem

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The bulk of the herbaceous plant's body is its ____ system.

A) vascular tissue
B) ground tissue
C) dermal tissue
D) xylem tissue
E) meristematic tissue

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which tissue system of the plant body is largely responsible for photosynthesis?

A) ground tissue system
B) vascular tissue system
C) dermal tissue system
D) primary tissue system
E) secondary tissue system

Question 5

The extremely flexible tissue that provides support in soft, nonwoody plants and allows them to grow upward is:

A) parenchyma tissue.
B) collenchyma tissue.
C) sclerenchyma tissue.
D) dermal tissue.
E) meristematic tissue.

Question 6

In plants, parenchyma cells typically secrete which of the following?

A) resins
B) water
C) starch grains
D) oil droplets
E) salts

Question 7

Sclereids are cells that:

A) are found in wood and bark.
B) conduct water and dissolved minerals.
C) are usually found in nut shells and pits of stone fruits.
D) conduct dissolved sugars.
E) form cytoplasmic connections between cells.

Question 8

What two tissues transport materials throughout the entire plant body?

A) sclerenchyma and xylem
B) phloem and xylem
C) parenchyma and xylem
D) sclerenchyma and collenchyma
E) epidermis and xylem

Question 9

The soft part of a plant body, such as a potato, consists largely of ____ tissue.

A) sclerenchyma
B) collenchyma
C) parenchyma
D) phloem
E) xylem

Question 10

Which type of tissue is composed of cells that are often dead at maturity?

A) parenchyma
B) sclerenchyma
C) collenchyma
D) epidermis
E) lignin

Question 11

A secondary cell wall would be:

A) located inside the cytoplasm.
B) embedded within the primary wall.
C) embedded within the plasma membrane.
D) located inside the plasma membrane.
E) located inside the primary cell wall.

Question 12

Which of the following plants is an annual?

A) carrot
B) Queen Anne's Lace
C) foxglove
D) cabbage
E) iris

Question 13

Which of the following plants is a biennial?

A) corn
B) geranium
C) sunflower
D) marigold
E) carrot

Question 14

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are classified as tissues in the:

A) dermal tissue system.
B) vascular tissue system.
C) ground tissue system.
D) primary tissue system.
E) secondary tissue system.

Question 15

The most abundant polymer in the world is:

A) cellulose.
B) glucose.
C) hemicellulose.
D) lignin.
E) pectin.

Question 16

Which one of the following is a mismatch between tissue system and function?

A) ground tissue − photosynthesis
B) vascular tissue − storage
C) dermal tissue − covering of plant body
D) ground tissue − storage
E) vascular tissue − transport

Question 17

Roots, stem, leaves, flower parts, and fruits are referred to as:

A) apical meristems.
B) dermal tissues.
C) vascular tissues.
D) organs.
E) ground tissues.

Question 18

All woody plants are:

A) annuals.
B) biennials.
C) perennials.
D) deciduous.
E) evergreen.

Question 19

Some hemicellulose will contain ____,which consists of a backbone of â -1, 4-glucose molecules to which side chains of five-carbon sugar are attached.

A) cellulose
B) xyloglucan
C) lignin
D) α -galacturonic acid
E) pectin

Question 20

A main function of a plant's root system is to:

A) photosynthesize.
B) absorb dissolved nutrients and water.
C) absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide.
D) capture sunlight.
E) bear seed-containing fruits.

Question 21

____ are tiny pores in the epidermis that facilitate the diffusion of carbon dioxide into leaves or herbaceous stems.

A) Stomata
B) Guard cells
C) Tracheids
D) Sclereids
E) Trichomes

Question 22

Figure 33-1 In the accompanying figure, the region that is composed of secondary xylem is:

A) outer bark
B) inner bark
C) wood
D) bark
E) vascular cambium

Question 23

Which statement about meristematic tissue is true?

A) It causes determinate growth in leaves and flowers.
B) It is found at the base of all stems and roots.
C) It is capable of continually dividing throughout the life of the plant.
D) Its cells differentiate soon after development.
E) Its cells are dead at functional maturity.

Question 24

What tissue conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves?

A) collenchyma
B) epidermis
C) periderm
D) xylem
E) phloem

Question 25

Growth that results in an increase in the length of a plant is referred to as:

A) horizontal growth.
B) longitudinal growth.
C) primary growth.
D) radial growth.
E) secondary growth.

Question 26

A root cap:

A) protects the fragile meristematic cells at the root tip.
B) pushes the root tip deeper into the soil.
C) protects the cells located in the lateral meristem.
D) arises from the stem apical meristem.
E) will differentiate into primary tissues of the adult plant.

Question 27

Growth that results in an increase in the girth of a plant is referred to as:

A) horizontal growth.
B) longitudinal growth.
C) primary growth.
D) radial growth.
E) secondary growth.

Question 28

____, which are a cell type found in xylem, are extremely efficient in conducting water.

A) Sieve tube elements
B) Companion cells
C) Tracheids
D) Sclereids
E) Vessel elements

Question 29

Sugar is conducted in solution through specialized cells known as:

A) fibers.
B) companion cells.
C) sieve tube elements.
D) tracheids.
E) vessels.

Question 30

____ are the outermost layer of the periderm of woody trees.

A) Epidermis.
B) Secondary xylem
C) Cork cambium
D) Cork parenchyma
E) Cork cells

Question 31

The stem apical meristem gives rise to:

A) leaf primordia.
B) lateral meristems.
C) root caps.
D) root hairs.
E) cork cells.

Question 32

What tissue comprises the outer bark of woody plants?

A) ground tissue
B) epidermis
C) phloem
D) periderm
E) xylem

Question 33

Mature vessel elements:

A) form sieve tubes in the vascular tissue.
B) have pits in their side walls, which allow water to be transported laterally.
C) are alive and contain cytoplasm.
D) are given support by companion cells.
E) occur in pairs, forming stomata in the epidermis.

Question 34

Figure 33-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. The labeled structure that is responsible for secondary growth is:

A) outer bark
B) inner bark
C) wood
D) bark
E) vascular cambium

Question 35

What are the conducting elements in phloem?

A) tracheids
B) vessel elements
C) fibers
D) parenchyma
E) sieve tube elements

Question 36

____ are living cells that do not conduct food materials themselves but play a crucial role in assisting the movement of these solutions.

A) Sieve tube members
B) Sieve plates
C) Tracheids
D) Vessel elements
E) Companion cells

Question 37

Specialized epidermal outgrowths that remove excess salt accumulated in seashore plants are an example of:

A) plasmodesmata.
B) guard cells.
C) stomata.
D) sclereids.
E) trichomes.

Question 38

____ do not contain dividing cells; however, they do provide structural support.

A) Apical meristems
B) Lateral meristems
C) Vascular cambium
D) Cork cambium
E) Fiber cells

Question 39

Growth that results in an increase in stem or root length occurs in which specific area of the plant?

A) lateral meristem
B) apical meristem
C) vascular cambium
D) cork cambium
E) periderm

Question 40

____ plants do not develop aerial parts that are composed of lignin.

A) Herbaceous
B) Woody
C) Deciduous
D) Evergreen
E) Shrub

Question 41

In one sentence, explain how it is possible for genetically identical plant cells to become quite different from each other.

Question 42

The "strings" of celery are composed of sclerenchyma tissue.
____________________

Question 43

Use a tabular format to compare and contrast the structure and function of xylem and phloem.

Question 44

Primary growth involves a(n):

A) increase in length.
B) increase in girth.
C) production of secondary xylem.
D) production of cork cells.
E) division of vascular cambium cells.

Question 45

Hemicellulose is more (less) soluble than cellulose.

Question 46

The plant physiologist F. C. Steward demonstrated that:

A) the preprophase band is important in plant cell division.
B) orchids can be generated from pollen grains.
C) an entire plant can be generated from a single callus cell.
D) the monopteros gene codes for a transcription factor.
E) the shoot apical meristem gives rise to leaf and bud primordia.

Question 47

Vessel elements and tracheids, while differing slightly in structure, both conduct carbohydrates .

Question 48

Vessel elements and tracheids develop and become specialized hollow cells via the process of programmed cell death, also called apoptosis .

Question 49

Distinguish between cell growth and cell differentiation in plants.

Question 50

Some trichomes function as protective stinging needles.

Question 51

Hemicellulose contains chains of xylose molecules.
____________________

Question 52

Leaves and flowers exhibit indeterminate (determinate) growth.
____________________

Question 53

Differentiate between primary and secondary growth in plants. Be sure to include the results of each and where each type of growth would be most likely to occur.

Question 54

Which organelle increases in size, causing plant cells to elongate?

A) chloroplast
B) mitochondrion
C) nucleus
D) ribosome
E) vacuole

Question 55

The growth process that allows cells to become specialized to carry out specific functions is:

A) cell division.
B) cell elongation.
C) cell differentiation.
D) primary growth.
E) secondary growth.

Question 56

An Arabidopsis plant that contains a mutant mp gene would most likely:

A) lack a primary root.
B) develop into callus.
C) produce buds but not leaves.
D) produce flowers but not fruits.
E) lack a stem.

Question 57

Leaves are attached randomly (regularly) to stems and play a role in photosynthesis.

Question 58

The preprophase band is specific to plant cells, and:

A) appears after mitosis begins.
B) forms inside the nucleus.
C) determines the plane of cell division
D) is found in both plant and animal cells.
E) is composed of cellulose.

Question 59

In Arabidopsis , the monopteros gene regulates:

A) positional effects in leaves.
B) the activity of the vascular cambium.
C) the differentiation of wounded parenchyma cells into tracheids.
D) apical-basal pattern formation.
E) the location of the preprophase band.

Question 60

The secondary plant cell walls contain large amounts of lignin , which is a polymer of amino acids.

Question 62

A mass of undifferentiated plant cells is called a(n) callus .

Question 63

What are the three types of tissues comprising the ground tissue system, and what are their functions?

Question 64

Bark consists of all tissues outside the cork cambium.

Question 65

Explain how the structures of tracheids and vessel elements are specialized for their conduction of water and dissolved minerals.

Question 66

Although the epidermis lacks chloroplasts, it plays an essential role in photosynthesis. What features of the epidermis contribute to the overall photosynthetic success of a plant?

Question 67

Discuss the main differences between plant and animal growth.

Question 69

Pattern formation in plants involves signaling molecules that specify positional information .

Question 70

When the microfibrils in the cell wall are oriented in the same direction, the cell will expand in a direction parallel to the microfibrils.
____________________

Question 71

When the cork cambium divides, it produces cork cells toward the inside .

Question 72

The preprophase band consists of chromosomes aligned in a particular pattern.

Question 73

Plants, like animals, grow at all points of their body .