Deck 40: Protection Support and Movement

Question 1

Figure 40-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. In which portion of the bone does red blood cell production occur?

A) B
B) C
C) J
D) H
E) I

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A person with fair skin produces less ____ than a person with dark skin.

A) sebum
B) keratin
C) melanin
D) melatonin
E) myosin

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which class of bones are part of the appendicular skeletal division?

A) skull
B) vertebral column
C) ribs
D) pelvis
E) sternum

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Figure 40-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure is the source of sebum, a substance that inhibits bacterial growth on the surface of the skin?

A) 5
B) 7
C) 10
D) 11
E) 12.

Question 5

Which of the following groups of vertebrae are located closest to the head?

A) sacral
B) thoracic
C) cervical
D) coccygeal
E) cranial

Question 6

Figure 40-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which region of the skin is composed mainly of collagen fibers?

A) 1
B) 6
C) 11
D) 14
E) 15

Question 7

A major function of keratin is to:

A) absorb UV radiation.
B) insulate the body.
C) nourish sensory receptors.
D) synthesize fats and waxes.
E) create a diffusion barrier.

Question 8

People who undergo radiation therapy sometimes develop anemia resulting from a decreased production of red blood cells. This is because radiation affects:

A) spongy bone.
B) osteoblasts.
C) osteoclasts.
D) lacunae.
E) metaphysis.

Question 9

The components of the pectoral girdle are:

A) three fused hipbones.
B) the clavicles and the scapula.
C) the ribs and the clavicles.
D) the ribs and the sternum.
E) the ribs and the digits.

Question 10

Hair follicles and blood vessels are found in which layer of the skin?

A) epidermis
B) dermis
C) subcutaneous tissue
D) stratum basale
E) stratum corneum

Question 11

Figure 40-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure of the skin represents the sweat gland?

A) 1
B) 6
C) 11
D) 14
E) 15

Question 12

The difference between spongy bone and compact bone is that spongy bone:

A) is found near the surfaces of bone, while compact bone is found interiorly.
B) consists of osteons, while the compact consists of thin strands of bone.
C) is filled with red bone marrow, while compact bone is not.
D) occupies the diaphysis, while compact bone occupies the epiphysis.
E) is involved in bone development, while compact bone is not.

Question 13

Figure 40-3 In the accompanying figure, the function of the structure labeled C, particularly in small children, is to:

A) produce blood cells.
B) act as a growth center.
C) provide mechanical strength.
D) serve as an attachment site for tendons.
E) nourish the bone tissue.

Question 14

Figure 40-3 The portion of the bone labeled B in the accompanying is called the:

A) periosteum.
B) diaphysis.
C) epiphysis.
D) osteon.
E) metaphysis..

Question 15

Large, multinucleate cells that break down bone are called:

A) osteoblasts.
B) chondrocytes.
C) osteocytes.
D) chondroblasts.
E) osteoclasts.

Question 16

Which process is a specialized function carried out by epithelial tissue?

A) exchange of gases
B) production of hormones
C) regulation of heart rate
D) facilitation of muscle contraction
E) insulation of nerve fibers

Question 17

Figure 40-3 The portion of the bone labeled I in the accompanying figure is called the:

A) periosteum.
B) lacunae.
C) epiphysis.
D) osteon.
E) metaphysis..

Question 18

The condition that is characterized by a loss of calcium from the bone is called:

A) osteitis.
B) osteoporosis.
C) osteopenia.
D) osteoarthritis.
E) osteon disease.

Question 19

What is a major difference between the endoskeleton and the exoskeleton?

A) The endoskeleton is capable of growth.
B) The endoskeleton permits movement.
C) The endoskeleton contains calcium.
D) The endoskeleton is molted more frequently.
E) The endoskeleton provides support.

Question 20

Figure 40-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which region of the skin insulates the body from outside temperature extremes?

A) 1
B) 10
C) 11
D) 14
E) 15

Question 21

Figure 40-2 . Contraction of the fibers labeled A in the accompanying figure results in:

A) elongation of the body.
B) elongation of the tentacles.
C) elongation of the gastrovascular cavity.
D) shortening of the body.
E) expansion of the pedal disk.

Question 22

Sutures are classified as ____ joints.

A) synovial
B) immovable
C) slightly movable
D) freely movable
E) cartilaginous

Question 23

Generally, movements are accomplished by:

A) a single muscle exerting a pulling force only.
B) a single muscle exerting a pushing force only.
C) groups of muscles opposing the actions of one another.
D) groups of muscles collectively exerting pulling forces only.
E) groups of muscles collectively exerting pushing forces only.

Question 24

The basic unit of muscle contraction is known as the:

A) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B) transverse tubule.
C) sarcomere.
D) sarcolemma.
E) motor unit.

Question 25

Skeletal muscles produce movement by pulling on ____, which attach to bones.

A) tendons
B) ligaments
C) joints
D) articulations
E) sutures

Question 26

The condition that is characterized by the wearing-down of joints due to insufficient cartilage repair is called:

A) osteitis.
B) osteoporosis.
C) osteopenia.
D) osteoarthritis.
E) osteon disease.

Question 27

Most joints found in the human body are:

A) synovial.
B) immovable.
C) slightly movable.
D) freely movable.
E) cartilaginous.

Question 28

Helena's doctor has advised her to take calcium supplements to help prevent:

A) osteitis.
B) osteoporosis.
C) osteopenia.
D) osteoarthritis.
E) osteon disease.

Question 29

Figure 40-2 . The type of support illustrated in the accompanying figure is a(n):

A) hydrostatic skeleton.
B) exoskeleton.
C) integumentary system.
D) epidermal skeleton.
E) endoskeleton.

Question 30

Which process is an example of a function carried out by the skeletal system?

A) transmission of mechanical forces
B) conduction of nerve impulses
C) regulation of body temperature
D) transportation of hemoglobin
E) contraction of muscle fibers

Question 31

What is the correct order of events that occur during muscle contraction?
1) muscle shortens
2) calcium binds to troponin
3) filaments slide
4) T tubules are depolarized
5) acetylcholine is released
6) ATP molecule is split

A) 4 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 3 → 6
B) 4 → 2 → 5 → 6 → 1 → 3
C) 5 → 2 → 4 → 1 → 6 → 3
D) 6 → 2 → 5 → 4 → 3 → 1
E) 5 → 4 → 2 → 6 → 3 → 1

Question 32

The function of synovial fluid is to:

A) store calcium
B) reduce friction
C) produce marrow
D) carry nutrients
E) resorb bone

Question 33

What is a characteristic of a hydrostatic skeleton?

A) Hydrostatic skeletons effectively thicken one part of the body while thinning another.
B) Hydrostatic skeletons permit very precise and delicate movements.
C) Contractile cells of the hydrostatic skeleton work in an antagonistic fashion.
D) Contractile cells of the hydrostatic skeleton work in an agonistic fashion.
E) Hydrostatic skeletons do not facilitate movement.

Question 34

What is a disadvantage of the exoskeleton?

A) It cannot be replaced if damaged.
B) It must be shed to accommodate growth.
C) It is easily penetrated by predators.
D) It requires high ATP levels for continuous growth.
E) It does not permit movement of the organism.

Question 35

Calcium ions are commonly stored in the ____ of the muscle cell.

A) actin
B) myosin
C) sarcoplasm
D) sarcoplasmic reticulum
E) T tubules

Question 36

Figure 40-4 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). Refer to the accompanying figure. An action potential spreads and triggers Ca²⁺ release through the structure labeled as:

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 37

Figure 40-4 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). Refer to the accompanying figure. In which part of the muscle fiber are calcium ions stored?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 38

Troponin and tropomyosin regulate:

A) calcium storage and release.
B) actin and myosin interactions.
C) action potential transmission.
D) acetylcholine storage and release.
E) rate of muscle fiber division.

Question 39

Accumulation of ____ contributes to muscle fatigue.

A) ATP
B) creatine phosphate
C) glycogen
D) lactic acid
E) carbon monoxide

Question 40

What is the primary cause of the symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis?

A) degeneration of osteoblasts
B) degeneration of osteoclasts
C) accumulation of synovial fluid
D) accumulation of articular cartilage
E) thickening of bone tissue

Question 41

A sprinter would have a high proportion of ____, and a marathon runner would have a high proportion of ____.

A) red fibers; white fibers
B) fast-oxidative fibers; slow-oxidative fibers
C) red fibers; fast-oxidative fibers
D) red fibers; slow-oxidative fibers
E) slow-oxidative fibers; white fibers

Question 42

The repeating units of muscle contraction are called myofibrils .
____________________

Question 43

Many insects must warm up before they fly in order to:

A) generate hemolymph.
B) increase ATP synthesis.
C) enhance gas exchange.
D) elevate actin synthesis.
E) diminish muscle rigidity.

Question 44

Sketch and label a cross-section through the human skin. Describe two differences that would occur if the skin were exposed to UV radiation.

Question 45

Describe the three major types of skeletal muscle fibers found in vertebrates.

Question 46

The deepest layer of the epidermis is the stratum corneum .
____________________

Question 47

Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum .
____________________

Question 48

The axial skeleton of vertebrates consists of the bones of the limbs, the pectoral girdle, and most of the pelvic girdle.
____________________

Question 49

Joint capsules are typically reinforced by ligaments.
____________________

Question 50

The Z line consists of parts of actin filaments on two adjacent sarcomeres.
____________________

Question 51

The collagen fibers in bone are secreted by osteoblasts .
____________________

Question 52

The exoskeleton of arthropods is composed of chitin .
____________________

Question 53

Keratin is a mixture of fats and waxes that inhibits growth of harmful bacteria.
____________________

Question 54

How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle?

A) Smooth muscle attaches to bones via tendons.
B) Smooth muscle has a striated appearance.
C) Smooth muscle undergoes quick contractions.
D) Smooth muscles are connected via gap junctions.
E) Smooth muscle cross bridges form transiently.

Question 55

The body of a cnidarian is supported by a(n) hydrostatic skeleton .
____________________

Question 56

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the sarcolemma .
____________________

Question 57

The main shaft of a long bone is known as the epiphysis .
____________________

Question 58

Endoskeletons are shed in the process of ecdysis.
____________________

Question 59

Identify the two main divisions of the vertebrate skeleton and identify the bones that are representative of each division.

Question 60

A single, quick contraction of skeletal muscle is called a:

A) simple twitch.
B) tetanus.
C) pulse contraction.
D) red fiber contraction.
E) white fiber contraction.

Question 62

During the process of muscle contraction, Ca²⁺ binds tropomyosin .
____________________

Question 63

When a motor neuron transmits a message, it releases the neurotransmitter serotonin. ____________________

Question 64

Briefly describe the sequence of events that take place in muscle contraction.

Question 65

Draw and label a long bone, giving the function of each part.

Question 66

Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically coupled by junctions called intercalated discs. ____________________

Question 67

Compare and contrast the function of the external epithelium and its derivatives in invertebrates and vertebrates.

Question 68

Explain why rigor mortis occurs following death.