Deck 44: Internal Transport

Question 1

Figure 44-1 The oxygen transporting pigment found in the system depicted in the accompanying figure is most likely:

A) hemoglobin.
B) hemolymph.
C) hemocyanin.
D) globulin.
E) erythropoietin.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements is false ?

A) The tissues of arthropods are bathed with hemolymph, which delivers oxygen to their cells.
B) In an open circulatory system the heart is still responsible for pumping oxygen-rich fluid.
C) Earthworms have a central heart that pumps blood to all their tissues.
D) Blood vessels are found in the open circulatory systems common to some invertebrates.
E) Hemocyanin is the oxygen transport pigment found in the open circulatory system of invertebrates.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What is a key feature of an open circulatory system?

A) No vessels carry the blood.
B) Open-ended vessels carry the blood.
C) Closed vessels carry the blood.
D) No heart pumps the blood.
E) Hemoglobin is carried in the blood.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A vertebrate's circulatory system would include:

A) open blood vessels.
B) closed blood vessels.
C) hemolymph.
D) a hemocoel.
E) hemocyanin.

Question 5

Figure 44-1 The type of system depicted in the accompanying figure:

A) can be found in arthropods.
B) can be found in cephalopods.
C) can be found in annelids.
D) has hemoglobin as the oxygen transporting pigment.
E) can be found in arthropods and annelids.

Question 6

What is one difference between the erythrocytes of mammals and other vertebrates?

A) Mammal erythrocytes lack nuclei.
B) Mammal erythrocytes respond to changes in water concentration.
C) Mammal erythrocytes are oval with swollen centers.
D) Other vertebrates do not have erythrocytes.
E) Other vertebrates use a respiratory pigment other than hemoglobin.

Question 7

Figure 44-1 The type of system depicted in the accompanying figure is a(n):

A) open circulatory system.
B) vertebrate circulatory system.
C) closed circulatory system.
D) lymph system.
E) open digestive system.

Question 8

Which of the below has the largest impact on whether diffusion alone will move nutrients within an organism?

A) shape of organism
B) size of organism
C) environment of organism
D) nutrient being moved
E) atmosphere around organism

Question 9

Figure 44-2 In the accompanying figure, an inadequate supply of which cell may be responsible for anemia?

A) cell type A only
B) cell type B only
C) cell type C only
D) cell type D only
E) both cell type A and cell type C

Question 10

Why doesn't a flatworm have a circulatory system?

A) The animal is flat enough to permit effective gas exchange by diffusion.
B) There is not enough room for a circulatory system.
C) The animal lacks muscles, so it could not have a heart to pump blood.
D) Only bilaterally symmetrical animals need a circulatory system.
E) Only vertebrates have circulatory systems.

Question 11

Which of the following contributes to an erythrocyte's efficiency in distributing oxygen?

A) presence of mitochondria
B) biconcave shape
C) lobed nuclei
D) granules
E) extraordinarily large size

Question 12

Figure 44-1 Consider the fluid transported by the system depicted in the accompanying figure. Which statement is FALSE with regard to this system?

A) It accumulates in a blood cavity called a hemocoel.
B) It is also called hemolymph.
C) It can be found in grasshoppers.
D) It has hemoglobin as the oxygen transporting pigment.
E) It fills spaces called sinuses.

Question 13

The ____ proteins in plasma particularly contribute to the blood's osmotic pressure.

A) globulin
B) hemoglobin
C) fibrinogen
D) prothrombin
E) erythropoietin

Question 14

Figure 44-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which cell type or types are primarily responsible for the release of histamine in injured tissues and in allergic responses?

A) A only
B) B only
C) C only
D) D only
E) A and cell type D

Question 15

Which of the following are agranular leukocytes?

A) neutrophils and basophils
B) basophils and eosinophils
C) monocytes and lymphocytes
D) eosinophils and lymphocytes
E) neutrophils and monocytes

Question 16

Platelets in mammals are functionally the same as ____ in other vertebrates.

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) thrombocytes
D) monocytes
E) lymphocytes

Question 17

In which animals would diffusion alone not be an effective transport mechanism for gas exchange?

A) nematodes
B) sponges
C) cnidarians
D) annelids
E) flatworms

Question 18

Mammalian red blood cells:

A) are phagocytic.
B) contain a lobed nucleus.
C) have a one-day lifespan.
D) are produced in the liver.
E) are produced in response to erythropoietin.

Question 19

An open circulatory system usually consists of which of the following?

A) blood
B) pumping organ
C) arteries
D) veins
E) hemocoel

Question 20

Figure 44-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which cell type is the source of antibodies?

A) A only
B) B only
C) C only
D) D only
E) both A and B

Question 21

Which of the following depicts the correct sequence of protein activity in clot formation?

A) thrombin → prothrombin → fibrinogen → fibrin
B) prothrombin → thrombin → fibrinogen → fibrin
C) prothrombin → thrombin → fibrin → fibrinogen
D) prothrombin → thrombin → fibrin
E) prothrombin → thrombin → fibrinogen → erythrocytes

Question 22

Which plasma protein(s) will be important immediately following a small cut on your finger?

A) serum
B) high-density lipoproteins
C) beta globulins
D) fibrinogen
E) gamma globulin

Question 23

Choose the correct order of the chambers through which oxygen-poor blood flows in an amphibian heart.

A) atrium → ventricle → sinus venosus → conus arteriosus
B) atrium → conus arteriosus → ventricle → sinus venosus
C) sinus venosus → atrium → ventricle → conus arteriosus
D) conus arteriosus → atrium → sinus venosus → ventricle
E) ventricle → atrium → conus arteriosus → sinus venosus

Question 24

When a blood vessel is cut, why does vasoconstriction take place?

A) To expose collagen fibers to which platelets can adhere
B) To trigger the release of platelets from the surrounding tissues
C) To initiate the activation of thrombin
D) To entrap white blood cells
E) To reduce the flow of blood

Question 25

One advantage of a four-chambered heart is that it ____.

A) prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
B) prevents deoxygenated blood from entering the heart
C) allows for better flow of blood to the tissues
D) prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and allows tissues to be bypassed
E) prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and allows better flow of blood to the tissues

Question 26

When impulses are conducted through the heart, transmission is delayed at the ____ so that the____ may contract before the ____.

A) sinoatrial node; atria; ventricles
B) sinoatrial node; ventricles; atria
C) atrioventricular bundle; atria; ventricles
D) atrioventricular node; ventricles; atria
E) atrioventricular node; atria; ventricles

Question 27

A vein always carries:

A) blood to the heart.
B) blood from the heart.
C) oxygen-rich blood.
D) oxygen-poor blood.
E) blood rich in carbon dioxide.

Question 28

Chordae tendineae:

A) hold the AV valves in place.
B) contract when the heart contracts.
C) are one part of the conductance system of the heart.
D) regulate blood flow into the ventricles.
E) are stretched during ventricular systole.

Question 29

Adding a fibrinogen inactivator to blood would prevent:

A) the formation of thrombin.
B) platelet formation.
C) the blood from clotting.
D) constriction of the blood vessels.
E) hemoglobin synthesis.

Question 30

Blood is routed through the capillary beds through the action of ____ at the metarterioles.

A) epithelium
B) precapillary sphincters
C) cartilage
D) fibrous connective tissue
E) skeletal muscle

Question 31

Which of the following structures is considered to be the pacemaker of the heart?

A) atrioventricular node
B) sinoatrial node
C) atrioventricular bundle
D) Purkinje fibers
E) intercalated discs

Question 32

The component with the highest concentration in plasma is ____.

A) water
B) plasma proteins
C) erythrocytes
D) leukocytes
E) salts

Question 33

Which of the following is a component of plasma?

A) erythrocytes
B) hemoglobin
C) dissolved gases
D) leukocytes
E) histamine

Question 34

Which chemical, contained in the granules of basophils, helps prevent blood clot formation?

A) histamine
B) leukotrienes
C) prostaglandins
D) heparin
E) SRS-A

Question 35

The characteristic that enables efficient gas exchange in capillaries is:

A) the very short total length of the capillaries.
B) their proximity to the heart.
C) thick walls of connective and muscle tissue.
D) thin walls that are only one cell wide.
E) the long total length of the capillaries.

Question 36

Platelets are formed by:

A) cells division in the spleen.
B) disruption of a phagocyte.
C) fragmentation of the cytoplasm of a B lymphocyte.
D) small pieces pinching from very large cells in the bone marrow.
E) the release of granules from a neutrophil.

Question 37

Smooth muscle in the arteriole walls can vasoconstrict or vasodilate, which:

A) helps to regulate blood pressure.
B) helps to accelerate the flow of blood through the vessels.
C) prevents the back flow of blood into the tissues.
D) squeezes oxygen out of the blood.
E) adds strength to the blood vessels.

Question 38

The four-chambered heart first evolved among the:

A) arthropods.
B) birds.
C) nonavian reptiles.
D) mammals.
E) fishes.

Question 39

The rapid onset of overproduction of immature white blood cells is known as:

A) anemia.
B) hemolytic anemia.
C) leukemia.
D) thrombocytopenia.
E) pernicious anemia.

Question 40

____ are leukocytes that produce antibodies.

A) Lymphocytes
B) Basophils
C) Eosinophils
D) Monocytes
E) Neutrophils

Question 41

Figure 44-3 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). (Posterior View)
Refer to the accompanying figure. The function of the structure labeled as 14 is to:

A) stimulate the ventricles to contract.
B) pump blood to the lungs.
C) pump blood into the systemic circulation.
D) receive blood from the systemic circulation.
E) receive blood from the pulmonary circulation.

Question 42

An electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) is a measure of the heart's:

A) electrical system.
B) blood flow to the body.
C) contraction rate.
D) blood flow to heart muscle.
E) pumping ability.

Question 43

To be diagnosed as having hypertension, you consistently will have a diastolic pressure of ____ mm Hg and a systolic pressure of ____ mm Hg.

A) 120; 80
B) 80; 120
C) 90; 140
D) 140; 90
E) 120; 73

Question 44

The semilunar valves prevent blood from moving:

A) from the atria back into the veins.
B) from the ventricles back into the atria.
C) from the arteries back into the ventricles.
D) moving backwards in the capillaries.
E) moving backward in the arteries.

Question 45

Figure 44-3 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). (Posterior View)
Refer to the accompanying figure. Which structure would carry blood to the systemic (body) circulation?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 6
D) 7
E) 14

Question 46

The ____ valve guards the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

A) tricuspid
B) bicuspid
C) semilunar
D) atrial
E) mitral

Question 47

Figure 44-3 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). (Posterior View)
Refer to the accompanying figure. A semilunar valve regulates blood flow into which structures?

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 5
C) 1 and 7
D) 2 and 7
E) 7 and 11

Question 48

Due to recent changes in blood pressure guidelines, a reading of 120/80 is now considered to be:

A) a low normal reading.
B) a high normal reading.
C) prehypertensive.
D) hypotensive..
E) hypertensive.

Question 49

Starling's law of the heart states that the heart pumps:

A) more forcefully when more blood is delivered to it.
B) more rapidly when less blood is delivered to it.
C) less forcefully when oxygen-rich blood is delivered to it.
D) slower when more blood is delivered to it.
E) slower when norepinephrine is secreted.

Question 50

Blood pressure is greatest in the:

A) veins.
B) arteries.
C) capillaries.
D) venules.
E) arterioles.

Question 51

The fluid-filled space that helps reduce the friction of a beating heart is called the:

A) endocardium.
B) pericardial cavity.
C) interventricular septum.
D) fossa ovalis.
E) auricle.

Question 52

Figure 44-3 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). (Posterior View)
Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 7 is called the:

A) superior vena cava.
B) aorta.
C) pulmonary veins.
D) right atrium.
E) right ventricle.

Question 53

The hepatic portal system is a special blood circuit between the ____ and ____.

A) liver; spleen
B) kidney; liver
C) liver; intestine
D) kidney; heart
E) spleen; heart

Question 54

The first heart sound (lub) is produced by the closing of the ____ and ____ valves.

A) aortic semilunar; pulmonary semilunar
B) right atrioventricular; aortic semilunar
C) left atrioventricular; pulmonary semilunar
D) right atrioventricular; left atrioventricular
E) mitral; left atrioventricular

Question 55

You enjoy a lot of salt on your food. One of the long-term effects will be an increase in blood volume. This increase in blood volume will eventually result in a(n):

A) decrease in cardiac output.
B) increase in blood pressure.
C) decrease in stroke volume.
D) decrease in the force of contraction of the heart.
E) increase in body temperature.

Question 56

The foramen ovale functions to:

A) permit blood to bypass the non-functional lungs in a fetus.
B) establish the basic heart rate.
C) prevent blood from flowing backward.
D) carry blood to the lungs in a fetus.
E) transport poorly oxygenated blood.

Question 57

During ventricular systole (contraction):

A) the ventricles relax.
B) blood flows from the ventricles into the atria.
C) the tricuspid and mitral valves are open.
D) blood flows from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and aorta.
E) the atria contract.

Question 58

Blood pressure depends on:

A) the height and weight of an individual.
B) atrial volume and stroke rate.
C) blood flow and resistance of blood against the vessel walls.
D) total blood volume.
E) heart rate.

Question 59

Cardiac output is determined by:

A) blood volume.
B) venous return.
C) blood volume and venous return.
D) stroke volume only.
E) stroke volume and heart rate.

Question 60

What is the correct order for the following events that follow a nerve impulse along a sympathetic neuron to innervate the heart?
1) G protein activates adenylyl cyclase
2) Neuron releases norepinephrine
3) Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase
4) Receptor activates G protein
5) Protein kinase phosphorylates Ca²⁺ channels
6) Receptors activated on the membrane of the cardiac muscle

A) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2, 6
B) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2, 6
C) 6, 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
D) 2, 6, 4, 1, 3, 5
E) 2, 3, 4, 1, 6, 5

Question 61

All arteries, with the exception of the ____, contain oxygen-rich blood.

A) aorta
B) carotid arteries
C) coronary arteries
D) pulmonary arteries
E) mesenteric arteries

Question 62

The amphibian heart consists of two atria and two ventricle(s).

Question 63

One purpose of the lymphatic system is to:

A) transport nutrients and oxygen.
B) returns interstitial fluid to the blood.
C) block the transport of blood proteins.
D) produce red blood cells.
E) deliver carbon dioxide to the heart.

Question 64

Eosinophils are filled with hemoglobin.

Question 65

Compare and contrast internal transportation as conducted by an open and closed circulatory system. Also, identify two animals representative of each type of circulatory system.

Question 66

The pacemaker is located in the atrioventricular node.

Question 67

Compare the structure and function of three of the following types of blood vessels: arteries, arterioles, veins, venules and capillaries.

Question 68

The blood pressure in the veins of your toe is most likely higher than the blood pressure in the arteries of your little finger.

Question 69

The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

Question 70

Serum is plasma without the proteins involved in clotting.

Question 71

In the clotting process, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.

Question 72

An example of a(n) granular leucocyte is a monocyte.

Question 73

Identify two hormones that are involved in regulating blood pressure and briefly describe the role of each.

Question 74

Interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries:

A) by diffusion.
B) by pinocytosis.
C) through pores in the lymph vessel walls.
D) due to the hydrostatic pressure of blood.
E) through pressure-controlled openings between endothelial cells.

Question 75

Cardiac output is obtained by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate.

Question 76

Metarterioles directly link arterioles with venules.

Question 77

The coronary sinus drains blood directly into the:

A) inferior vena cava.
B) superior vena cava.
C) left atrium.
D) right atrium.
E) coronary arteries.

Question 78

By definition, an animal having a(n) closed circulatory system will also have a hemocoel.

Question 79

Describe the structure of representative vertebrate hearts from fish through mammals. Briefly explain the circulation pattern supported by one type of non-mammalian vertebrate heart.

Question 80

A blocked coronary sinus would block blood flow:

A) into the superior vena cava.
B) into the inferior vena cava.
C) into the pulmonary arteries.
D) returning from the pulmonary arteries.
E) returning from the coronary circulation.