Deck 47: Processing Food and Nutrition

Question 1

The process of enzymatic hydrolysis takes place during:

A) ingestion.
B) digestion.
C) absorption.
D) egestion.
E) elimination.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which statement about a complete digestive system is FALSE?

A) It is characteristic of flatworms.
B) It is a tube with two openings.
C) Its regions are specialized to perform specific functions.
D) Food can be ingested while previously eaten food is being digested.
E) Food enters the mouth and is eliminated through the anus.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

If leaves were the only food in your diet, you would most likely have:

A) more incisors than premolars and molars.
B) fewer incisors than premolars and molars.
C) an equal number of incisors, premolars, and molars.
D) only premolars and molars.
E) an incomplete digestive tract.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In the process of peristalsis:

A) waves of muscular contractions force food down the digestive tract.
B) chemical digestion of food takes place in the digestive tract.
C) food is discharged from the bodies of unicellular animals.
D) digestion occurs intracellularly within food vacuoles.
E) digestion of food takes place outside the body of an animal.

Question 5

The cells in the gastric glands that produce digestive substances are the:

A) goblet and pyloric cells.
B) alpha and beta cells.
C) pyloric and parietal cells.
D) chief and goblet cells.
E) parietal and chief cells.

Question 6

Immediately outside the pulp cavity of a tooth is the:

A) enamel.
B) dentin.
C) cementum.
D) spongy bone.
E) nerve.

Question 7

____ are teeth adapted primarily for piercing prey and tearing food.

A) Bicuspids
B) Canines
C) Incisors
D) Molars
E) Premolars

Question 8

Dietary fiber that is not digested will be:

A) egested.
B) ingested.
C) emulsified.
D) hydrolysed.
E) absorbed.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of an herbivore?

A) an earthworm
B) a sheep
C) a human
D) a pig
E) a fish

Question 10

In a tube-within-a-tube body plan, what forms the outer tube?

A) The body wall
B) The wall of the gastrovascular cavity
C) The vacuolar membrane
D) The intestinal wall
E) The gizzard wall

Question 11

Chief cells secrete:

A) trypsin.
B) bile.
C) pepsin.
D) pepsinogen.
E) hydrochloric acid.

Question 12

From the pharynx, a bolus moves next into the:

A) mouth.
B) small intestine.
C) large intestine.
D) stomach.
E) esophagus.

Question 13

Which of the following does not contain a gastrovascular cavity?

A) hydras
B) cnidarians
C) sponges
D) flatworms
E) jellyfish

Question 14

A filter feeder is an animal that:

A) has well-developed teeth for stabbing prey.
B) secretes paralyzing venom suspended in saliva.
C) has a symbiotic relationship with its host.
D) entraps food particles from water.
E) feeds on nectar while suspended in air.

Question 15

You feel discomfort and possibly pain when the dentist drills a hole in your tooth because the:

A) heat of the drilling process is felt by the gum tissue.
B) pulp cavity contains nerves.
C) tooth decay has invaded the pulp cavity.
D) dentist is applying too much pressure to the drill.
E) decay has affected the dentin.

Question 16

Bacteria present in the digestive tracts of some herbivores function to:

A) provide bulk to their feces.
B) produce minerals for their hosts.
C) detoxify harmful materials found in the food.
D) digest the animal waste products from the herbivore diet.
E) digest the cellulose cell wall of plant cells.

Question 17

The function of the rugae of the stomach is to:

A) secrete amylase.
B) crush the food.
C) increase the holding capacity of the stomach.
D) mix the food with gastric juices.
E) increase the surface area for secretion.

Question 18

Digestion of starches begins in the:

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) duodenum.
D) jejunum.
E) large intestine.

Question 19

Which of the following enzymes digests starch?

A) carboxypeptidase
B) amylase
C) trypsin
D) chymotrypsin
E) pepsin

Question 20

Which of the following statements concerning saliva is FALSE?

A) Saliva moistens food.
B) Saliva is secreted by three pairs of salivary glands.
C) Saliva dissolves food so it can be tasted.
D) Saliva starts the enzymatic digestion of lipids.
E) Saliva starts the enzymatic digestion of starch.

Question 21

Figure 47-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. The root of the tooth is made up of the parts labeled:

A) 4 and 5 only
B) 3, 4, and 5 only
C) 1, 2, and 3 only
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 only
E) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Question 22

Helicobacter pylori has been implicated as the causal agent of:

A) diarrhea.
B) constipation.
C) peptic ulcers.
D) cardiovascular disease.
E) kwashiorkor.

Question 23

Which of the following statements accurately describes the following reaction?

A) enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth by enzymes secreted by the salivary glands
B) enzymatic digestion of proteins in the stomach by enzymes secreted by the pancreas
C) enzymatic digestion of lipids in the stomach by enzymes secreted by the liver
D) enzymatic digestion of proteins in the small intestine by enzymes secreted by the pancreas
E) enzymatic digestion of lipids in the small intestine by enzymes secreted by the pancreas

Question 24

When ____ reaches the stomach, it is inactivated by the low pH.

A) pepsin
B) pepsinogen
C) trypsin
D) amylase
E) bile

Question 25

Figure 47-1 In Figure 47-1, dentin is labeled as number:

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 26

Most chemical digestion occurs in the:

A) stomach.
B) ileum.
C) jejunum.
D) duodenum.
E) colon.

Question 27

Parietal cells secrete:

A) chyme and HCl.
B) pepsin and chyme.
C) pepsinogen and HCl.
D) HCl and intrinsic factor.
E) mucus and intrinsic factor.

Question 28

The stomach lining is protected by:

A) alkaline mucus and epithelial cells.
B) pepsin and pepsinogen.
C) trypsin and chymotrypsin.
D) bile pigments and bile salts.
E) rugae and gastric glands.

Question 29

The pylorus is located at the exit of the:

A) stomach.
B) esophagus.
C) jejunum.
D) duodenum.
E) rectum.

Question 30

Figure 47-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Nerves would be located in the part(s) labeled:

A) 2 only
B) 3 only
C) 4 only
D) 2 and 3
E) 3 and 4

Question 31

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Digestion of a meal begins in the mouth.
B) Hydrolysis of proteins begins in the stomach.
C) Most hydrolysis of fats takes place in the stomach.
D) Absorption of amino acids takes place in the small intestine.
E) Absorption of water takes place in the large intestine.

Question 32

Figure 47-2 The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is called:

A) peristalsis.
B) hydrolysis.
C) emulsification.
D) proteolysis.
E) diffusion.

Question 33

When ____ comes in contact with acidic gastric juices, it is converted to ____, the main digestive enzyme of the stomach.

A) carboxyamylase; amylase
B) amylase; carboxyamylase
C) pepsin; pepsinogen
D) pepsinogen; pepsin
E) bolus; chyme

Question 34

Bile is produced in the ____ and stored in the ____.

A) pancreas; liver.
B) gallbladder; duodenum.
C) liver; gallbladder.
D) liver; liver.
E) gallbladder; gallbladder.

Question 35

Which structure contributes to the large surface area of the small intestine?

A) microvilli
B) goblet cells
C) rugae
D) mucosa
E) simple columnar epithelium

Question 36

Chyme flows directly from the jejunum into the:

A) duodenum.
B) stomach.
C) ileum.
D) esophagus.
E) rectum.

Question 37

One of the principal functions of bile is:

A) protecting the stomach lining.
B) enzymatically digesting proteins.
C) mechanically digesting proteins.
D) mechanically digesting fats.
E) enzymatically digesting starches.

Question 38

Pepsin converts ____ to ____.

A) starch; sugars
B) proteins; peptides
C) fats; fatty acids and glycerol
D) nucleic acids; nucleotides
E) peptides; amino acids

Question 39

What is the best way to treat a peptic ulcer?

A) Take antacids only.
B) Eat a low fat diet.
C) Drink milk to protect the stomach lining.
D) Eat a low fat diet and drink milk.
E) Take antacids and antibiotics.

Question 40

Figure 47-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. The crown of the tooth is made up of the parts labeled:

A) 1 only
B) 1 and 2 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2, and 3 only
E) 1, 2, 3, and 4 only

Question 41

Undigested material flows from the ascending colon directly into the:

A) transverse colon.
B) duodenum.
C) cecum.
D) rectum.
E) descending colon.

Question 42

Which of the following is classified as a trace element in the human diet?

A) potassium
B) iron
C) sulfur
D) magnesium
E) sodium

Question 43

Which statement about cholesterol is TRUE?

A) If the blood contains too much HDL, cholesterol may be deposited on the arterial wall.
B) LDLs transport cholesterol from cells to the liver when cholesterol levels are high.
C) LDLs must bind with an LDL receptor on the cell membrane to be taken up by cells.
D) Most plasma cholesterol is transported on HDLs or high-density lipoproteins.
E) Omega-3 fatty acids are thought to decrease HDL levels.

Question 44

How does fat enter the blood circulation?

A) across the lining of the mouth
B) through the hepatic portal system
C) across the stomach lining
D) through an epithelial cell
E) across the large intestine lining

Question 45

In the process of ß-oxidation, ____ are converted to ____.

A) acetyl CoA; omega-3 fatty acids
B) acetyl CoA; ketone bodies
C) LDLs; HDLs
D) fatty acids; acetyl CoA
E) HDLs; LDLs

Question 46

Which statement about obesity is FALSE?

A) The number of fat cells in an adult is determined by the amount of fat stored during childhood.
B) Genetics, not overeating, is responsible for obesity.
C) Obesity can result from an increase in the size and/or number of fat cells.
D) Many of the factors involved in obesity are inherited.
E) To lose weight, energy intake must be less than energy output.

Question 47

Figure 47-2 The chemical reaction in the accompanying figure occurs in the:

A) stomach as the result of secretions from the pancreas.
B) small intestine as the result of secretions from the pancreas.
C) large intestine as the result of secretions from the small intestine.
D) stomach as the result of secretions from the stomach.
E) small intestine as the result of secretions from the liver.

Question 48

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

A) vitamin A
B) B-complex vitamins
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin K
E) vitamin E

Question 49

The tissue containing nerves, blood, and lymph vessels in teeth is known as the:

A) dentin.
B) cementum.
C) enamel.
D) tooth socket.
E) pulp cavity.

Question 50

How are amino acids absorbed by the small intestine?

A) diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) osmosis
D) passive transport
E) active transport

Question 51

Which statement about the large intestine is FALSE?

A) It is also called the colon.
B) It harbors beneficial bacteria.
C) It is involved with the absorption of sodium.
D) It is involved with the absorption of water.
E) It secretes digestive enzymes.

Question 52

Compare and contrast the digestive process in animals with two-way flow through their digestive system and those that have a digestive system with one-way flow.

Question 53

Leptin is a hormone released by:

A) adipose tissue.
B) the stomach.
C) the large intestine.
D) chylomicrons.
E) the liver.

Question 54

Each villus contains a lacteal, which functions to:

A) absorb the products of lipid digestion.
B) aid in the absorption of carbohydrates.
C) aid in the absorption of water.
D) secrete enzymes to aid in the absorption of fats.
E) remove protein from the interstitial fluid.

Question 55

What mineral is responsible for more functions than any other mineral, including being a component of nucleic acids?

A) calcium
B) magnesium
C) phosphorus
D) sodium
E) iron

Question 56

Which of the following is produced during the hydrogenation of vegetable oils?

A) HDLs
B) LDLs
C) trans fatty acids
D) omega-3 fatty acids
E) neuropeptide Y

Question 57

An essential amino acid is one that:

A) can only be obtained by eating plant and not animal protein.
B) is absolutely required in large quantities for the body to function.
C) is required in amounts of less than 100 milligrams per day.
D) must be converted to glucose in the liver.
E) cannot be made by the body, so it must be supplied in the diet.

Question 58

When food distends the stomach, the hormone ____ is produced, which stimulates the gastric glands.

A) secretin
B) gastrin
C) cholecystokinin
D) gastric inhibitory peptide
E) lipoprotein lipase

Question 59

The correct order of the layers of tissue from the outside of the digestive system toward the lumen is:

A) mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer, and visceral peritoneum.
B) mucosa, visceral peritoneum, muscle layer, and submucosa.
C) visceral peritoneum, muscle layer, submucosa, and mucosa.
D) muscle layer, visceral peritoneum, mucosa, and submucosa.
E) visceral peritoneum, mucosa, muscle layer, and submucosa.

Question 60

A chylomicron is a:

A) hormone.
B) digestive enzyme.
C) protein-covered fat droplet.
D) component of bile.
E) component of fiber.

Question 61

Briefly explain the process by which the components of a peanut butter and jelly sandwich would be absorbed once they have been broken down.

Question 62

Food leaving the pharynx moves next into the stomach .

Question 63

Explain why the liver has a major role in protein metabolism.

Question 64

Ghrelin is secreted when the stomach is full .

Question 65

Omega-3 fatty acids increase LDL levels.

Question 66

An example of a complex carbohydrate is sucrose .

Question 67

A major function of bile is to emulsify fats.

Question 68

Trypsin and chymotrypsin are secreted by the pancreas .

Question 69

Parietal cells secrete pepsinogen.

Question 70

Identify two vitamins and two minerals, and provide a one-sentence explanation for the functions of each.

Question 71

Folds of the stomach wall are called rugae .

Question 72

Bile is produced in the gallbladder .

Question 73

Peristalsis refers to waves of muscular contractions

Question 74

A(n) essential amino acid is one that must be provided in the diet.

Question 75

The teeth in the very front of your mouth are incisors .

Question 76

Most of the chemical digestion occurs in the jejunum .

Question 77

Chylomicrons are protein-covered fat droplets.

Question 78

The vermiform appendix projects from the ileum .

Question 79

A digestive system involving a(n) tube-within-a-tube is characteristic of Cnidarians.

Question 80

Pepsinogen catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to short polypeptides.