Deck 49: Endocrine Regulation

Question 1

Figure 49-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6
E) 8

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is the largest group of hormones?

A) steroid hormones
B) polysaccharide hormones
C) amino acid derivatives
D) peptide hormones
E) fatty acid derivatives

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Why doesn't every cell in the body respond to every hormone circulating in the bloodstream?

A) Each cell has a limited number of protein channels that shuttle hormones through its membrane.
B) Not all hormones can diffuse through all cell membranes.
C) The concentration of some hormones is too low to stimulate every cell.
D) Each cell has specific surface receptors, which interact only with hormones that they recognize.
E) Although all hormones bind to all cell surfaces, some cells lack second messengers for expression.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Hormones are chemical messengers transported by the ____ that can have ____.

A) blood: stimulatory or inhibitory effects
B) lymph ducts; stimulatory effects
C) ducts; stimulatory or inhibitory effects
D) neurons; stimulatory effects
E) glands; inhibitory effects

Question 5

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system responds:

A) more quickly but may have longer-lasting effects.
B) more quickly and may have more short-term effects.
C) more slowly and may have longer-lasting effects.
D) more slowly but may have more short-term effects.
E) about the same and has similar effects.

Question 6

When blood calcium levels are high, ____.

A) neurons may fire more slowly
B) the release of parathyroid hormone would increase
C) neurons may fire spontaneously
D) the release of parathyroid hormone would decrease
E) the reabsorption of calcium from the kidney tubules would increase

Question 7

The secretion of which hormone decreases when calcium blood levels increase?

A) calcitonin
B) parathyroid hormone
C) thyroid hormone
D) epinephrine
E) norepinephrine

Question 8

Which of the following statements about paracrine regulation is TRUE?

A) The hormones released only stimulate the cells that secreted them.
B) The hormones released only inhibit the cells that secreted them.
C) The hormones released act on nearby target cells.
D) The hormones released are transported down axons.
E) The hormones released link the endocrine and nervous systems.

Question 9

What type of endocrine signaling is used predominantly by invertebrates?

A) autocrine signaling
B) paracrine signaling
C) classical endocrine signaling
D) neuroendocrine signaling
E) no endocrine signaling

Question 10

Figure 49-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

Question 11

Figure 49-2 The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is representative of:

A) neuroendocrine signaling.
B) paracrine regulation.
C) cAMP as a second messenger.
D) classical endocrine signaling.
E) autocrine regulation.

Question 12

Which of the following is a modified fatty acid?

A) prostaglandin
B) cyclic AMP
C) thyroid hormone
D) epinephrine
E) melatonin

Question 13

Anabolic steroids:

A) are removed from the body fairly quickly due to a low concentration of receptor sites.
B) decrease HDL concentration, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
C) are naturally produced hormones typically used by athletes for short-term performance enhancement.
D) have little or no effect on physiology or behavior at very low doses.
E) are metabolized and excreted from the body quickly..

Question 14

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A) Endocrine glands are discrete structures, while exocrine glands may be specialized cells in other tissues.
B) Exocrine glands produce hormones, while endocrine glands do not.
C) Endocrine glands only affect cells in the immediate area, while exocrine glands do not.
D) Endocrine glands secrete into the interstitial fluid, while exocrine glands release secretions into ducts.
E) Exocrine glands secrete neurohormones, while endocrine glands do not.

Question 15

The products of an endocrine gland:

A) only affect their own tissues.
B) can have a digestive function.
C) always stimulate the target tissue.
D) generally have to travel to reach the target tissue.
E) are not produced by cells in organs, such as the heart.

Question 16

Figure 49-2 The second messenger for the hormone mechanism in the accompanying figure is:

A) ATP.
B) G protein.
C) cAMP.
D) calmodulin.
E) Ca²⁺.

Question 17

Hormones are synthesized from cholesterol are part of the ____ group of hormones.

A) fatty acid derivatives
B) steroid hormones
C) amino acid derivatives
D) peptide hormones
E) protein hormones

Question 18

In which type of regulation do hormones act on the cells that produce it?

A) classical endocrine signaling
B) neuroendocrine signaling
C) paracrine signaling
D) autocrine signaling
E) pheromone signaling

Question 19

Figure 49-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Insulin-like growth factor would be included with which of the following pairs?

A) 1, 2
B) 3, 4
C) 6, 9
D) 7, 8
E) 10, 11

Question 20

Which of the following is a peptide hormone?

A) adrenaline
B) ACTH
C) progesterone
D) melatonin
E) prostaglandin

Question 21

After a steroid hormone binds its receptor, the hormone-receptor complex then:

A) activates a G protein.
B) activates a protein kinase.
C) activates adenylyl cyclase.
D) activates calmodulin.
E) binds DNA.

Question 22

During stressful situations, epinephrine initiates:

A) the dilation of the blood vessels to the kidneys.
B) the constriction of the blood vessels to the heart.
C) the dilation of the blood vessels to the brain.
D) the dilation of the blood vessels to the skin.
E) a decrease in blood glucose levels.

Question 23

Insulin promotes the storage of glucose by:

A) stimulating protein synthesis.
B) increasing the use of fatty acids as fuel.
C) promoting the liver to release glucose.
D) stimulating fatty acid release by adipose tissue.
E) inhibiting glycogen formation.

Question 24

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A) One causes hyperglycemia, while the other causes hypoglycemia.
B) One demonstrates protein breakdown, while the other demonstrates protein synthesis.
C) One leads to blindness, while the other leads to kidney disorder.
D) One has insulin hypersecretion, while the other has insulin hyposecretion.
E) One has insulin deficiency, while the other has insulin resistance.

Question 25

Type 2 diabetes is caused by:

A) too much insulin in the blood.
B) too little insulin in the blood.
C) too much glucagon in the blood.
D) too little glucagon in the blood.
E) receptors being insensitive to insulin.

Question 26

Which pair of hormones regulates the calcium levels of the blood?

A) thyroxin and parathyroid hormone
B) adrenocorticotropic hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone
C) prolactin and oxytocin
D) parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
E) calcitonin and thyroxin

Question 27

In a signal transduction pathway involving cAMP as a second messenger, after a G protein is activated, the activated G protein then activates:

A) phospholipase C.
B) adenylyl cyclase.
C) calmodulin.
D) protein kinase.
E) diacylglycerol.

Question 28

In a signal transduction pathway involving phospholipid products as second messengers, after a G protein is activated, the activated G protein then activates:

A) IP_2.
B) IP_3.
C) protein kinase C.
D) phospholipase C.
E) adenylyl cyclase.

Question 29

Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood can lead to a condition of retarded mental and physical development called:

A) dwarfism.
B) gigantism.
C) acromegaly.
D) myxedema.
E) cretinism.

Question 30

Chronic stress:

A) is associated with elevated levels of glucocorticoids.
B) may lead to the excessive stimulation of neurons.
C) increases blood flow to the brain, especially the hippocampus.
D) results in lower levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
E) promotes the linear growth of the skeleton.

Question 31

Which types of hormones can enter cells and turn specific genes on and off?

A) steroid and peptide hormones
B) steroid and thyroid hormones
C) thyroid and peptide hormones
D) peptide and phospholipid hormones
E) steroid and phospholipid hormones

Question 32

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by:

A) stimulating the liver to take up glucose.
B) inhibiting gluconeogenesis.
C) stimulating gluconeogenesis.
D) inhibiting fatty acid mobilization.
E) inhibiting amino acid mobilization.

Question 33

Calcium ions may act with phospholipid second messengers by binding to ____, which then regulates other proteins.

A) adenylyl cyclase
B) cyclic AMP
C) calmodulin
D) phosphodiesterase
E) protein kinase

Question 34

An adult who is suffering from hyperthyroidism:

A) is always tired.
B) is often hungry.
C) is overweight.
D) is mentally slow.
E) shows a lack of emotions.

Question 35

Insulin is produced by the:

A) beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
B) alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans.
C) cortical cells of the adrenal gland.
D) neurons in the hypothalamus.
E) lobules of the liver.

Question 36

The principal mineralocorticoid is:

A) ADH.
B) epinephrine.
C) growth hormone.
D) aldosterone.
E) ACTH.

Question 37

Once a hormone activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, ATP is converted to cAMP, which in turn:

A) activates protein kinase.
B) inhibits phosphodiesterase.
C) initiates more cAMP production.
D) initiates protein synthesis.
E) inhibits protein synthesis.

Question 38

Arrange the following events in the correct sequence.
1) thyroid gland secretes less hormone
2) homeostasis
3) high concentration of thyroid hormones
4) anterior pituitary secretes less TSH

A) 2 → 1 → 4 → 3
B) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1
C) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2
D) 4 → 3 → 1 → 2
E) 1 → 4 → 3 → 2

Question 39

The function of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is to stimulate:

A) the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) adrenaline release.
D) glycogen synthesis.
E) the inflammatory response.

Question 40

Which hormone stimulates insect growth and molting?

A) ecdysiotropin
B) juvenile hormone
C) histamine
D) pheromone
E) ecdysone

Question 41

Exocrine glands have no ducts and secrete their hormones into the surrounding interstial fluid or blood.

Question 42

____ is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

A) Oxytocin
B) Melatonin
C) Growth hormone
D) ADH
E) Epinephrine

Question 43

Insulin-like growth factors can induce which of the following?

A) promoting exponential growth of the skeleton
B) stimulating degradation of cartilage
C) promoting protein synthesis
D) promoting the mobilization of fat
E) decreasing organ size

Question 44

What is a symptom of Cushing's disease?

A) loss of ability to cope with stress
B) mild infection
C) abnormally large face and hands
D) fat deposition around the trunk
E) intellectual disability

Question 45

Neuroendocrine cells release neurohormones which are transported through contact or diffuse through interstitial fluid.

Question 46

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes:

A) ADH.
B) ACTH.
C) TSH.
D) FSH.
E) LH.

Question 47

Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen reduce fever and decrease inflammation and pain by directly inhibiting cAMP synthesis.

Question 48

Pituitary dwarfism is caused by:

A) hypersecretion of thyroxine during childhood.
B) hyposecretion of thyroxine during childhood.
C) hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood.
D) hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood.
E) hypersecretion of epinephrine during childhood.

Question 49

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

Question 50

The function of oxytocin is to:

A) stimulate uterine contractions
B) stimulate the cells of the mammary glands to produce milk
C) regulate the permeability of the collecting tubules of the kidney
D) stimulate ovulation
E) stimulate the growth of the ovarian follicles

Question 51

Compare and contrast the mechanism of action of a steroid and a protein-type hormone at the cellular level.

Question 52

Use a specific example to explain how a negative feedback mechanism may be used to regulate the function of endocrine glands.

Question 53

G protein-linked receptors are transmembrane proteins that convert a(n) extracellular hormone signal into an intracellular signal that affects certain cell processes.

Question 54

The ____ gland stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

A) pancreas
B) pineal
C) pituitary
D) thyroid
E) parathyroid

Question 55

The ____ produce(s) ____, which influences biological rhythms and the onset of sleep.

A) pituitary gland; thyroid stimulating hormone
B) pituitary gland; adrenocorticotropic hormone
C) pineal gland; melatonin
D) adrenal cortex; cortisol
E) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

Question 56

Which gland is considered to be the master gland of the body?

A) pineal gland
B) adrenal gland
C) pituitary gland
D) thyroid gland
E) parathyroid gland

Question 57

The pituitary gland is regulated most directly by the:

A) pineal gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) thymus gland.
D) adrenal gland.
E) thyroid gland.

Question 58

Briefly discuss the complementary functional roles of insulin and glucagon.

Question 59

Steroid hormones bind with G-protein linked receptors in plasma membranes of target cells.

Question 60

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adulthood leads to enlarged hands, face, and feet, a condition known as:

A) dwarfism.
B) gigantism.
C) acromegaly.
D) goiter.
E) cretinism.

Question 62

Prolactin appears to help us recognize familiar faces and trust other people.

Question 64

Calcitonin works synergistically to parathyroid hormone.

Question 65

Since hormones are present in such small amounts, how can their signals be amplified enough to regulate so many physiological processes?

Question 66

When thyroid hormone concentration is low the anterior pituitary secretes less TSH.

Question 67

What effects do hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have on metabolism?

Question 68

Based on Berthold's methods, how do researchers today determine a tissue to be endocrine in nature?

Question 69

When blood glucose concentration is high, pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, and consequently blood glucose concentration is increased.