Deck 52: Animal Behavior

Question 1

A behavioral pattern can be triggered by a(n):

A) circadian rhythm.
B) environmental stimulus.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) psychological stimulus.
E) sign stimulus.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Reproductive success is measured by the:

A) body mass of an organism.
B) number of viable offspring.
C) longevity of an organism.
D) population size.
E) amount of food it eats.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with ultimate causes of behavior?

A) physiological changes
B) genetic causes
C) evolutionary pressures
D) developmental processes
E) climatic pressures

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Mothers with small children often do not seem to hear their noisy children. This is an example of:

A) imprinting.
B) habituation.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.
E) insight learning.

Question 5

The brief length of time when mammals and birds learn the appearance of a parent is called:

A) imprinting.
B) habituation.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.
E) insight learning.

Question 6

____ is best described as what and how an animal responds to stimuli in its environment.

A) Behavior
B) Learning
C) Proximate causes
D) Ultimate causes
E) Direct fitness

Question 7

An animal must be physiologically ready before it can exhibit a behavior pattern. This is illustrated by:

A) inability of a newborn human to walk.
B) inability of a newborn bird to fly.
C) inability of a sand wasp pupa to lay eggs.
D) inability of an adult human to locate an address.
E) inability of a newborn sparrow to sing.

Question 8

Which of the following has the strongest influence on the ability of a male white-crowned sparrow to sing at all?

A) acoustical stimuli
B) social interaction with any songbird
C) visual stimuli
D) social interaction with other white-crowned sparrows
E) innate behaviors

Question 9

The ability of an infant organism to be able to keep track of the location of its mother is an example of:

A) classical conditioning
B) habituation
C) imprinting
D) insight
E) operant conditioning

Question 10

You see an advertisement on the television with a very good looking person showing off a new, shiny, powerful car. You seriously think about buying that particular car. Therefore, the person in the advertisement could best be described as the:

A) sign stimulus.
B) operant conditioner.
C) imprinter.
D) classic conditioner.
E) negative reinforcer.

Question 11

All behavior ultimately has a ____ basis.

A) hormonal
B) environmental
C) genetic
D) random
E) learned

Question 12

An ultimate cause of behavior is:

A) genetic processes.
B) developmental processes.
C) physiological processes.
D) evolutionary pressures.
E) immediate causes.

Question 13

Figure 52-1 The behavioral response tested using the models in the accompanying figure is:

A) classical conditioning.
B) habituation.
C) imprinting.
D) insight.
E) a sign stimulus.

Question 14

The two body systems that play the largest role in animal behavior are:

A) reproductive and digestive.
B) reproductive and endocrine.
C) nervous and reproductive.
D) nervous and endocrine.
E) reproductive and muscular.

Question 15

The study of behavior in natural environments from an evolutionary perspective is called:

A) ethology.
B) animal behavior.
C) behavioral ecology.
D) behavioral ethology.
E) direct fitness.

Question 16

Which term most applies to learned behavior?

A) inborn
B) environmentally influenced
C) genetically programmed
D) instinctive
E) inherited

Question 17

A squirrel is born and raised in captivity. Once released into the wild, it immediately begins to bury nuts. This is an example of:

A) direct fitness.
B) learning.
C) innate behavior.
D) learned behavior.
E) habituation.

Question 18

Which behavior is developed through experience for the wasp Philanthus ?

A) How to kill bees
B) How to dig a burrow
C) How to locate the burrow
D) How to cover a burrow
E) How to capture a bee

Question 19

Changes in behavior that result from environmental experiences are called:

A) instincts.
B) learned behaviors.
C) proximate causes.
D) ultimate causes.
E) innate behaviors.

Question 20

Figure 52-1 Which model in the accompanying figure would elicit an attack response from another male stickleback?

A) 1 and 2
B) 1, 2, 4, and 5
C) 2, 3, and 5
D) 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6
E) 1 through 6

Question 21

A cat and a dog share a space in the barn. The cat gives birth to kittens in the dog's bed and then leaves them alone. Later, you notice that the kittens follow the dog around during the day. This is an example of which type of behavior?

A) imprinting
B) habituation
C) classical conditioning
D) operant conditioning
E) insight learning

Question 22

Which of the following is used by loggerhead turtles as a guide for navigation?

A) gravity
B) odors
C) magnetic fields
D) temperature
E) stars

Question 23

Which animals exhibit problem solving?

A) all vertebrates
B) a few vertebrates, including primates
C) only primates
D) only humans
E) all vertebrates, and a few invertebrates

Question 24

The ____ secretes melatonin, a hormone that promotes sleep in human beings.

A) pineal gland
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus
C) crepuscular gland
D) biological clock
E) hypothalamus

Question 25

In mammals, the master clock is located in the:

A) pineal gland.
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C) crepuscular gland.
D) biological clock.
E) pituitary gland.

Question 26

Animals, like fiddler crabs, that are busiest at dawn or dusk are known as:

A) crepuscular.
B) nocturnal.
C) diurnal.
D) lunar.
E) asynchronous.

Question 27

Which statement concerning play is FALSE?

A) It may be an example of imprinting.
B) It may be a way of learning to coordinate movements.
C) It may help animals learn social skills.
D) It may be a way to practice adult behavior.
E) It may function as a means of exercise.

Question 28

You place ant traps around the house. You notice after a period of time that the ants do not enter the traps and the population size is greater than it was originally. This experience would best be explained by:

A) classical conditioning.
B) habituation.
C) proximate cause.
D) innate behavior.
E) operant conditioning.

Question 29

Figure 52-2 The sequence in the accompanying figure illustrates:

A) classical conditioning.
B) habituation.
C) imprinting.
D) insight.
E) operant conditioning.

Question 30

Which paired terms are incorrectly matched?

A) classical conditioning − extinction
B) habituation − relevant stimuli
C) imprinting − behavioral bonding
D) insight − trial and error
E) operant conditioning − reward

Question 31

When some birds mature, they migrate long distances to their breeding grounds or to escape harsh weather. A signal for this type of behavior is often:

A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) day length.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) a sign stimulus.
E) territoriality.

Question 32

A rat had one bad experience with a poisoned food that caused it to become sick. This rat will now avoid that food due to a behavior known as:

A) classical conditioning.
B) habituation.
C) imprinting.
D) insight.
E) operant conditioning.

Question 33

Which statement about biological clocks is FALSE?

A) They are limited to vertebrates.
B) They are regulated by clock proteins that act both within and outside the nervous system.
C) They have complex feedback loops.
D) They are controlled by genes.
E) They are capable of sustaining biological rhythms independently of environmental cues.

Question 34

How does the availability of milkweed plants affect the migration of monarch butterflies?

A) Without milkweed plants, the female monarch would starve.
B) Without milkweed plants, the monarch larvae would starve.
C) Without milkweed plants, the male monarch would starve.
D) When milkweed plants are abundant, monarch predators would thrive
E) When milkweed plants are abundant, the male monarch could not find a mate.

Question 35

As the sun is setting, you notice bats coming out of a cave to begin a period of heavy activity. In the very early morning, several days later, you notice them entering the cave to sleep. Which circadian rhythm would best explain this observation?

A) crepuscular
B) nocturnal
C) diurnal
D) lunar
E) asynchronous

Question 36

Figure 52-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. In this sequence of events, the bell is serving as:

A) a motor stimulus.
B) the conditioned stimulus.
C) a cognition stimulus.
D) a sign stimulus.
E) the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 37

Figure 52-2 The first panel of the sequence in the accompanying figure reflects:

A) trial-and-error.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) an irrelevant stimulus.
D) the conditioned response.
E) the unconditioned response.

Question 38

Birds that display nocturnal migration use ____ to guide their flight.

A) magnetic fields
B) tides
C) stars
D) sunlight
E) waves

Question 39

What is the best definition of learning?

A) A conditioned response to a repetitive stimulus
B) A long-term change in behavior due to experience
C) A trial and error response to negative feedback
D) The ability to ignore unwanted or irrelevant stimuli
E) Communication with another member of a society for mutual benefit

Question 40

Which term describes an animal whose behavior is tied to phases of the moon?

A) diurnal
B) lunar
C) parasitic
D) reptilian
E) nocturnal

Question 41

Some members of an animal society may have greater success at reproduction as a result of:

A) dominance hierarchy.
B) sexual selection.
C) reproductive isolating mechanisms.
D) reproductive isolating mechanisms along with sexual selection.
E) dominance hierarchy along with sexual selection and reproductive isolating mechanisms.

Question 42

Which factor is most critical for organisms to facilitate social behavior?

A) There must be a large population.
B) All present must be of the same species.
C) All present must have the same genetic imprinting.
D) There must be a mechanism for communication.
E) No outsiders can be allowed to enter the group.

Question 43

The major purpose of a pair bond is to form a stable relationship for the purpose of:

A) securing food.
B) defending territory.
C) kin selection.
D) mating and caring for young.
E) selection of a mate.

Question 44

Many organisms have different reproductive strategies. Which of the following most accurately reflects altruistic behavior?

A) courtship rituals
B) dominance hierarchy
C) optimal foraging strategies
D) adult care of related offspring
E) territoriality

Question 45

The typical waking and sleeping cycles of most people can be described as:

A) crepuscular.
B) nocturnal.
C) diurnal.
D) lunar.
E) annual.

Question 46

Parental care of offspring:

A) for many animals has a lower cost than benefit.
B) results in a decreased probability that each offspring will survive.
C) is more common in species in which the female produces two or more times during a breeding season.
D) is more common among male animals than among females.
E) is more common among male fishes than among females.

Question 47

Dominance hierarchies:

A) are limited to primate societies.
B) are only characteristic of males defending territories.
C) are never passed from one generation to the next.
D) are always passed from one generation to the next.
E) may vary between the sexes in some species.

Question 48

Males of some animal species have a display area where they compete for reproductively available females. This area is known as a:

A) lek.
B) home range.
C) pride.
D) territory.
E) hive.

Question 49

Figure 52-3 Which statement accurately reflects the data in the accompanying figure?

A) Successful foraging is independent of prey density.
B) Hunting groups of two to three individuals are more effective at low prey densities.
C) Larger hunting groups are more effective at low prey densities.
D) Hunting groups of two to three individuals are more effective at all prey densities.
E) Successful foraging is independent of hunting group size.

Question 50

Sexual selection:

A) is the basis for establishing elaborate societies.
B) leads to a reproductive advantage for some individuals over others of the same sex and species.
C) favors monogamous mating systems.
D) leads to the investment of parental care of offspring.
E) is not a type of natural selection.

Question 51

What is one drawbacks to using pheromones for communication?

A) They are effective only at night.
B) They can only affect unrelated species.
C) They are toxic to unrelated species.
D) They require little energy for production.
E) They transmit information slowly.

Question 52

A soldier ant dies defending the ant colony from invading termites. Which term best describes this event?

A) suprachiasmatic protection
B) sociobiology
C) ultimate cause
D) inclusive fitness
E) altruism

Question 53

For an animal to respond to a pheromone, it must:

A) have a specific receptor.
B) be able to see it coming.
C) be able to smell it with its nose.
D) have a thin epidermis or hair so it can penetrate.
E) be of the opposite sex of the individual from which it was produced.

Question 54

In some animals, such as the marsh wren, one male bird mates with several females. This is known as:

A) polygyny.
B) polyandry.
C) monogamy.
D) a dominance hierarchy.
E) codominance.

Question 55

The field of sociobiology was much expanded by the book, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis , written by:

A) K. Lorenz.
B) N. Tinbergen.
C) W. Hamilton.
D) W. Dilger.
E) E. O. Wilson.

Question 56

When a honey bee scout returns to the hive, it will perform a round dance to indicate that the nectar is close, while the waggle dance indicates the nectar is distant to the hive. This dance is an example of:

A) sign stimuli linked to social interaction.
B) migratory behavior stimulated by environmental changes.
C) insight learning based on trial and error.
D) a physiologically meaningful stimulus (food) and an irrelevant stimulus (dance).
E) optimal foraging dependent on cooperative social behavior.

Question 57

The optimal foraging theory states that when animals forage, they maximize their ____ per unit of foraging time.

A) migration rates
B) energy intake
C) ability to capture prey
D) interaction with predators
E) ability to hide from predators

Question 58

The difference between a society and an aggregation is that aggregations are characterized by:

A) communication between all animals present.
B) individuals present only for breeding.
C) a lack of intentional interaction between those animals present.
D) confinement; while in a society the individuals are free to enter and exit.
E) genetically determined behavioral responses required to bring these individuals together.

Question 59

Dominance, sexual behavior, and territoriality can all be related in song birds. This is because:

A) the establishment of a territory by singing tends to reduce conflict.
B) the establishment of a territory encourages use of the entire habitat and regulates the size of the breeding area.
C) competing species are eliminated.
D) only individuals that successfully defend their territory can mate.
E) females sing but males do not.

Question 60

Figure 52-3 Based on the accompanying figure, when prey are abundant, the most effective hunting group size is:

A) 1.
B) 3.
C) 4.
D) 5.
E) 7.

Question 61

Navigation requires both compass sense and map sense.

Question 62

The egg rolling behavior in the European graylag goose is an example of a(n) motor program .

Question 63

Proximate causes of behavior have evolutionary explanations.

Question 64

In classical conditioning, an animal must do something to gain a reward or avoid punishment.

Question 65

Aposematic coloration is also called habituation .

Question 66

Identify two different types of mating systems and list the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Question 67

Distinguish between diurnal, nocturnal, and crepuscular animals, and provide an example of each.

Question 68

Develop a scenario different from that in the book that demonstrates a survival benefit of each of the following types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning habituation, imprinting, and insight.

Question 69

By definition, pheromones are chemical signals secreted into the bloodstream .

Question 70

The salivating response to a bell is what Pavlov called a(n) unconditioned response.

Question 71

Briefly describe the structure of a honeybee society. What are the benefits associated with this organization?

Question 72

In a honeybee society, the worker bees are all male .

Question 73

Which vertebrate has a social structure most closely resembling social insects?

A) the phalarope
B) lions
C) the naked mole rats
D) Siberian tigers
E) chimpanzees

Question 74

Hansen's rule is a mathematical model dealing with altruism .

Question 75

In the mammalian biological clock, the "master clock" is located in the pineal gland .

Question 76

Instinct is another name for innate behavior.

Question 77

In polygyny , one female mates with several males.

Question 78

When the food supply is far from a beehive, the scout bee will perform a(n) waggle dance.

Question 79

Imprinting is a type of social learning based on a(n) early experience.

Question 80

Diurnal animals are most active at night .