Deck 26: Prokaryotes and Viruses

Question 1

The correct sequence of reagents used in the Gram stain technique is ____. ​

A)iodine, alcohol, safranin, and crystal violet
B)safranin, crystal violet, alcohol, and iodine
C)crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, and safranin
D)crystal violet, alcohol, iodine, and safranin
E)alcohol, iodine, crystal violet, and safranin

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Cyanobacteria are ____. ​

A)chemoautotrophs only
B)chemoheterotrophs
C)photoautotrophs
D)photoheterotrophs only
E)chemoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The lipopolysaccharides are associated with the ____ membrane of Gram- ____ bacteria. ​

A)outer; positive
B)outer; negative
C)plasma; positive
D)plasma; negative
E)plasma; positive and negative

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If the peptidoglycan layer is between two plasma membranes in an organism, that organism is ____. ​

A)Gram-negative
B)an archaean
C)Gram-positive
D)chemoautotrophic
E)eukaryotic

Question 5

The major structural component of bacterial cell walls is ____. ​

A)cellulose
B)chitin
C)proteoglycan
D)peptidoglycan
E)arabinogalactan

Question 6

Arrange the following layers from most external to most internal.
1 = Cell membrane
2 = Capsule
3 = Cell wall

A)1, 2, 3
B)2, 1, 3
C)2, 3, 1
D)3, 1, 2
E)3, 2, 1

Question 7

Bacterial flagella ____. ​

A)are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic flagella
B)consist of a straight fiber of protein
C)are found in all motile bacteria
D)are powered by a gradient of calcium ions
E)contain microtubules

Question 8

An organism that obtains its energy from sunlight is a(n)____. ​

A)autotroph
B)auxotroph
C)heterotroph
D)chemotroph
E)phototroph

Question 9

The three domains of life are ____.

A)eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses
B)animals, plants, and microorganisms
C)Prokaryota, Eukaryota, and Protostista
D)Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryota
E)Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Question 10

DNA in prokaryotes is found in ____.

A)the nucleoid only
B)the nucleolus only
C)plasmids only
D)the nucleoid and plasmids
E)the nucleolus and plasmids

Question 11

Most of the bacteria that cause human disease are ____. ​

A)chemoautotrophs only
B)chemoheterotrophs
C)photoautotrophs
D)photoheterotrophs only
E)chemoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs

Question 12

The genome of most prokaryotes consists of ____.

A)a single linear DNA molecule
B)a single circular DNA molecule
C)many linear DNA molecules
D)many circular DNA molecules
E)a single DNA molecule that may be circular or linear, depending on the species

Question 13

A Gram-positive bacterium is characterized by the ____. ​

A)presence of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall
B)presence of a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
C)absence of a cell wall
D)presence of an outer membrane
E)absence of ribosomes

Question 14

After performing a Gram stain on a mixed culture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells, you realize that you omitted the iodine step. What would you expect to see if you observed the slide under the microscope? ​

A)pink Gram-positive and purple Gram-negative cells
B)purple Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells
C)pink Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells
D)colorless Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells
E)colorless Gram-positive and colorless Gram-negative cells

Question 15

An organism that obtains its carbon from CO₂ is a(n)____.

A)autotroph
B)auxotroph
C)heterotroph
D)chemotroph
E)photoheterotroph

Question 16

Prokaryotes that are curved and comma-like are called ____. ​

A)cocci
B)bacilli
C)vibrios
D)spirilla
E)sarcina

Question 17

An organism that obtains its energy by oxidizing organic or inorganic substances is a(n)____.

A)autotroph
B)auxotroph
C)heterotroph
D)chemotroph
E)phototroph

Question 18

Prokaryotes ____.

A)lack a nucleus
B)are generally larger than eukaryotes
C)are found only in certain niches
D)have a narrow range of metabolic activities
E)have a smaller biomass than plants

Question 19

Prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of ____. ​

A)proteins only
B)proteins and DNA
C)proteins and RNA
D)glycolipids and DNA
E)glycolipids and RNA

Question 20

Prokaryotic cells generally reproduce by ____. ​

A)mutation
B)binary fission
C)conjugation
D)transduction
E)transformation

Question 21

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which number identifies a structure that is composed of polysaccharides? ​

A)1
B)3
C)6
D)7
E)9

Question 22

Which type of bacteria can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen? ​

A)obligate aerobes
B)obligate anaerobes
C)facultative anaerobes
D)obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes
E)obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes

Question 23

How long does it take for a biofilm to form? ​

A)seconds to minutes
B)minutes to hours
C)hours to days
D)days to months
E)months to years

Question 24

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which numbers identify structures that are found in all prokaryotes? ​

A)2 and 4
B)3 and 4
C)1 and 5
D)5 and 9
E)7 and 8

Question 25

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which number identifies the structure that carries out protein synthesis? ​

A)2
B)4
C)5
D)6
E)9

Question 26

 
Figure 26.1  
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which type of cell is represented in this figure? ​

A)a Gram-positive bacterium
B)a Gram-negative bacterium
C)either a Gram-positive or a Gram-negative bacterium
D)an archaeal cell
E)any prokaryotic cell

Question 27

Dormant structures formed by certain bacteria in response to unfavorable environmental conditions are called ____. ​

A)capsids
B)endospores
C)endotoxins
D)exotoxins
E)heterocysts

Question 28

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which number identifies the structure that carries supplemental genetic information? ​

A)​1
B)​2
C)​3
D)​4
E)​5

Question 29

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which number identifies the structure that facilitates movement? ​

A)​1
B)​2
C)​3
D)​4
E)​5

Question 30

 
Figure 26.2 ; note that B, D, and E are domains.
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which branch of this phylogenetic tree identifies the common ancestor of all modern organisms? ​

A)​A
B)​B
C)​C
D)​D
E)​E

Question 31

Biofilms ____. ​

A)are formed by prokaryotes living in a watery environment
B)may develop on surgical implants
C)are exemplified by dental plaque
D)are formed by prokaryotes living in a watery environment and may develop on surgical implants
E)are formed by prokaryotes living in a watery environment, may develop on surgical implants, and are exemplified by dental plaque

Question 32

Which symptom indicates the presence of plaque in a dental patient? ​

A)Presence of E. coli in the patient's mouth.
B)A bacterial culture from a patient's mouth that appears pink after Gram staining.
C)Presence of cyanobacteria in the patient's mouth.
D)A bacterial culture from the patient's mouth that appears purple after Gram staining.
E)Non-pathogenic biofilms in the patient's mouth.

Question 33

All chemoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs are ____. ​

A)archaea only
B)bacteria only
C)eukaryotes only
D)prokaryotes and eukaryotes
E)prokaryotes

Question 34

In biological nitrogen-fixation, ____.

A)ammonia is converted to nitrogen gas
B)nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia
C)ammonia is converted to nitrate
D)amino acids are linked into proteins in ribosomes
E)nitrate is converted to ammonia

Question 35

Why is nitrogen fixation by prokaryotes essential to life on Earth? ​

A)It removes nitrogen from the soil.
B)It converts atmospheric nitrogen to a non-toxic form.
C)It provides nitrogen sources for plants and animals.
D)It provides an energy source for photosynthesis.
E)It allows for the breakdown of complex macromolecules.

Question 36

The ____ are limited to three groups of proteobacteria. ​

A)chemoautotrophs only
B)chemoheterotrophs
C)photoautotrophs
D)photoheterotrophs only
E)chemoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs

Question 37

Plaque is _____ caused by _____. ​

A)an infectious disease; bacterial biofilms
B)a non-infectious disease; inflammation of the gums
C)an infectious disease; non-pathogenic bacteria
D)a non-infectious disease; E. coli
E)an infectious disease; E. coli

Question 38

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which number identifies a structure that aids in attachment? ​

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)7
E)8

Question 39

Prokaryotes typically undergo ____ via the process of ____. ​

A)asexual reproduction; mitosis
B)sexual reproduction; meiosis
C)asexual reproduction; binary fission
D)sexual reproduction; binary fission
E)asexual reproduction; budding

Question 40

The process of nitrification is the conversion of ____. ​

A)N₂ → NH₄⁺
B)NH₄⁺ → N₂
C)N₂ → NO₃ ^-
D)NO₃ ^- → N₂
E)NH₄⁺ → NO₃ ^-

Question 41

The evolutionary ancestors of mitochondria are believed to have been ancient ____. ​

A)Archaea
B)cyanobacteria
C)proteobacteria
D)green bacteria
E)Gram-positive bacteria

Question 42

How many distinct evolutionary branches exist in the domain Archaea, as revealed by genome sequencing studies? ​

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five
E)at least six

Question 43

There are ____ major evolutionary groups in the domain Bacteria. ​

A)​2
B)​3
C)​4
D)​5
E)at least 6

Question 44

Archaea that have been cultured in the laboratory include ____. ​

A)Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota
B)Crenarchaeota and Korarchaeota
C)Euryarchaeota and Korarchaeota
D)Euryarchaeota and Nanorarchaeota
E)Nanoarchaeota and Korarchaeota

Question 45

A(n)____ would likely kill Methanococcus species. ​

A)anoxic environment
B)swamp
C)intestine of a cow
D)anaerobic environment
E)aerobic environment

Question 46

Methanogens are classified as ____. ​

A)Crenarchaeota only
B)Euryarchaeota only
C)Korarchaeota
D)Nanoarchaeota
E)both Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota

Question 47

The presence of a nuclear membrane is characteristic of ____. ​

A)Archaea only
B)Bacteria only
C)both Archaea and Bacteria
D)neither Archaea nor Bacteria
E)Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

Question 48

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which branch of this phylogenetic tree identifies Archaea? ​

A)​A
B)​B
C)​C
D)​D
E)​E

Question 49

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which branch is most closely related to (shares a unique common ancestor with)the eukaryotes? ​

A)​A
B)​B
C)​C
D)​D
E)​E

Question 50

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which branch of this phylogenetic tree identifies a kingdom? ​

A)C
B)D
C)E
D)D and E
E)C, D, and E

Question 51

Archaea were first found ____. ​

A)to be pathogenic
B)living on the surface of leaves
C)in surface ocean water
D)in extreme environments
E)in benign environments

Question 52

In which of the following ways is proteobacterial photosynthesis different from plant photosynthesis? ​

A)Proteobacterial photosynthesis uses a different molecule than chlorophyll.
B)Proteobacterial photosynthesis does not produce oxygen.
C)Proteobacterial photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor.
D)Proteobacterial photosynthesis uses a different molecule than chlorophyll and does not produce oxygen
E)Proteobacterial photosynthesis occurs in the dark.

Question 53

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which branch of this phylogenetic tree identifies Bacteria? ​

A)​A
B)​B
C)​C
D)​D
E)​E

Question 54

In order to prove that a bacterium is pathological according to Koch's postulates, the ____. ​

A)bacteria must be present in most cases of the disease
B)bacteria must be isolated from the infected host and grown in mixed culture
C)specific disease must be induced when a pure culture of the bacteria is introduced into a healthy host
D)bacteria must be isolated from a transfer host
E)bacterium must produce spores that can be transmitted from one individual to another

Question 55

Microbes that are found in hot springs or other extreme environments are most likely to be ____. ​

A)Gram-negative
B)Gram-positive
C)archaeans
D)cyanobacteria
E)proteobacteria

Question 56

Cyanobacterial photosynthesis is similar to plant photosynthesis in the ____. ​

A)type of chlorophyll used
B)splitting of water
C)production of oxygen
D)type of chlorophyll used and splitting of water
E)type of chlorophyll used, splitting of water, and in the production of oxygen

Question 57

Korarchaeota ____. ​

A)includes halophiles
B)includes psychrophiles
C)diverged very early in Archaean evolution
D)includes halophiles and thermophiles
E)diverged very late in Archaean evolution

Question 58

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Which branch of this phylogenetic tree identifies Eukarya? ​

A)​A
B)​B
C)​C
D)​D
E)​E

Question 59

Prokaryotes were split into two domains based on differences in ____. ​

A)staining characteristics
B)metabolic capabilities
C)rRNA sequences
D)cell membrane properties
E)cell wall composition

Question 60

The ____ are potentially pathogenic to humans. ​

A)Archaea
B)Bacteria
C)Archaea and Bacteria
D)cyanobacteria
E)methanogens

Question 63

The ____ is a Gram-negative bacterium. ​

A)Clostridium
B)Staphylococcus
C)Streptococcus
D)Salmonella
E)Lactobacillus

Question 67

Archaeans like Sulfolobus have multiple origins of replication.  This suggests that they ____. ​

A)are more like bacteria than eukaryotes
B)are more like eukaryotes than bacteria
C)have a unique form of chromosomal replication
D)have multiple plasmids, whose replication must be coordinated
E)have multiple chromosomes

Question 69

The ____ contain Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. ​

A)Archaea
B)Bacteria
C)Archaea and Bacteria
D)extremophiles
E)methanogens

Question 70

The ____ use solar energy and organic molecules as their nutritional sources.

A)chemoautotrophs
B)chemoheterotrophs
C)photoautotrophs
D)photoheterotrophs
E)Archaea

Question 71

The botulism toxin ____. ​

A)is an endotoxin
B)is produced by an extremophile
C)may be found as a contaminant in expired food
D)is marketed as Botox
E)causes muscles to contract

Question 72

The presence of cytoplasmic membrane-bound organelles is characteristic of ____. ​

A)Archaea only
B)Bacteria only
C)both Archaea and Bacteria
D)neither Archaea nor Bacteria
E)Achaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

Question 73

Which domain(s)contains organisms with flagella? ​

A)Archaea only
B)Bacteria only
C)Archaea and Bacteria
D)Eukarya only
E)Eukarya and Archaea

Question 76

Formylmethionine is the first amino acid in proteins in ____. ​

A)Archaea only
B)Bacteria only
C)both Archaea and Bacteria
D)neither Archaea nor Bacteria
E)Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

Question 78

The ____ have a single, circular chromosome. ​

A)Archaea
B)Bacteria
C)Archaea and Bacteria
D)cyanobacteria only
E)methanogens only

Question 80

The presence of branched membrane lipids with ether linkages is a characteristic of ____.

A)Archaea only
B)Bacteria only
C)both Archaea and Bacteria
D)of neither Archaea nor Bacteria
E)Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya