Deck 31: Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes

Question 1

In deuterostomes, early embryos undergo ____ cleavage.

A)spiral, indeterminate
B)radial, indeterminate
C)spiral, determinate
D)radial, determinate
E)radial, followed by spiral

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Animals that lack a body cavity to separate the gut from the muscles of the body wall are referred to as ____.

A)pseudocoelomates ​
B)mesenteries
C)acoelomates
D)indeterminates
E)coelomates

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which phylum is a member of the Parazoa clade?

A)Nemertea
B)Porifera
C)Rotifera
D)Ctenophora
E)Echinodermata

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which embryonic cell layer develops into the lining of the gut in most eumetazoans?

A)mesoderm
B)epiderm
C)mesoglea
D)endoderm
E)ectoderm

Question 5

In most protostomes, the ____ is the developmental origin of the body cavity between the gut and muscles of the body wall.

A)schizocoelom
B)mesoglea
C)archenteron
D)enterocoelom
E)blastopore

Question 6

In most eumetazoans, the innermost tissue layer during development is the ____.

A)mesoderm
B)epiderm
C)mesoglea
D)endoderm
E)ectoderm

Question 7

Which animal taxon is named for the cuticle or external skeleton that its members secrete and periodically molt?

A)Deuterostomia
B)Ecdysozoa
C)Reptilia
D)Lophotrochozoa
E)Protostomia

Question 8

The gut develops from the ____in most animal embryos.

A)schizocoelom
B)mesoglea
C)archenteron
D)enterocoelom
E)blastopore

Question 9

In most eumetazoans, the muscles of the body wall are derived mainly from which embryonic cell layer?

A)mesoderm
B)epiderm
C)mesoglea
D)endoderm
E)ectoderm

Question 10

Members of the phylum ____ exhibit radial symmetry, with their body parts arranged regularly around a central axis.

A)Porifera
B)Mollusca
C)Cnidaria
D)Platyhelminthes
E)Chordata

Question 11

The ____ is the initial opening between the developing gut and the outside environment for most animal embryos.

A)schizocoelom
B)mesoglea
C)archenteron
D)enterocoelom
E)blastopore

Question 12

Ringlike patterns on an earthworm and "six-pack abs" in humans are evidence of ____ in an animal's body plan.

A)cephalization
B)segmentation
C)radial symmetry
D)mesenteries
E)cleavage

Question 13

Asymmetry, choanocytes, filter feeding, osculum, and spicules are all terms associated with which phylum?

A)Nematoda
B)Ctenophora
C)Nemertea
D)Porifera
E)Cnidaria

Question 14

Animals are ____ organisms, and their cells ____ cell walls.

A)all prokaryotic; lack ​
B)all eukaryotic; have
C)either prokaryotic or eukaryotic; have
D)all eukaryotic; lack
E)either prokaryotic or eukaryotic; lack

Question 15

Groups of cells that share a common structure and function are considered ____.

A)organs
B)mesenteries ​
C)colonies
D)tissues
E)organ systems

Question 16

In most eumetazoans, the nervous system is derived mainly from which embryonic cell layer?

A)mesoderm
B)epiderm
C)mesoglea
D)endoderm
E)ectoderm

Question 17

Most biologists agree that the most recent common ancestor of all animals was probably a ____, an idea first proposed by Ernst Haeckel in 1874.

A)jellyfish
B)ciliated protozoan
C)sessile sponge
D)single-celled chytrid
E)colonial, flagellated protist

Question 18

In most eumetazoans, the middle tissue layer during development is the ____.

A)mesoderm
B)epiderm
C)mesoglea
D)endoderm
E)ectoderm

Question 19

Many sponges are hermaphroditic, which means that ____.

A)both males and females are filter feeders
B)both males and females produce sperm
C)a single individual produces both sperm and eggs
D)only males have flagellae
E)both males and females produce gemmules

Question 20

Most contemporary animal lineages first appeared between 530 and 520 million years ago, the time period referred to as the ____ explosion.

A)Silurian
B)Cretaceous
C)Cambrian
D)Permian
E)Jurassic ​

Question 21

Members of the ____ flatworm lineage are parasites of vertebrates, characterized by modified heads for attaching to the intestinal wall of hosts, and a series of reproductive units called proglottids.

A)Trematoda
B)Turbellaria
C)Polychaeta
D)Cestoda
E)Hirudinea

Question 22

Flatworms have specialized cells called ____ that function in osmoregulation.

A)choanocytes
B)polyps
C)cnidocytes
D)flame cells
E)tentacles

Question 23

In sponges, spicules are ____.

A)fibrous skeletal proteins
B)specialized digestive cells
C)complicated pore openings and passageways
D)needle like skeletal structures made up of silica or calcium carbonate
E)feeding cells with a flagellum surrounded by a collar

Question 24

Members of the ____ phylum have radial symmetry, nematocysts,and polyp and/or medusa body forms as adults.

A)Nematoda
B)Cnidaria
C)Porifera
D)Rotifera
E)Ctenophora

Question 25

Members of the____ phylum have radial symmetry, and use their two tentacles to capture prey. They have eight longitudinal plates of cilia that they use for movement, making them the largest animals to use cilia as their primary means of locomotion.

A)Nematoda
B)Cnidaria
C)Porifera
D)Rotifera
E)Ctenophora

Question 26

Adult members of the ____ Cnidarian lineage, including jellyfishes,are predominately medusae and are not active swimmers.

A)Hydrozoa
B)Scyphozoa
C)Trematoda
D)Cubozoa
E)Anthozoa

Question 27

The ____Lophotrochozoan phylum contains the most species, with about 100,000 living species described.

A)Rotifera
B)Mollusca ​
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Annelida
E)Nemertea

Question 28

Found mostly in marine environments, members of the ____ Lophotrochozoan phylum have a muscular, mucus-covered proboscis that they can turn inside out to capture prey.

A)Rotifera
B)Mollusca ​
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Annelida
E)Nemertea

Question 29

Found mostly in marine environments, members of the ____ flatworm lineage are free-living,and acquire food with a muscular pharynx; most are hermaphroditic.

A)Trematoda
B)Turbellaria
C)Polychaeta
D)Cestoda
E)Hirudinea

Question 30

Species in the ____ Lophotrochozoan phylum have a body divided into three regions: visceral mass, head-foot, and mantle.

A)Rotifera
B)Mollusca ​
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Annelida
E)Nemertea

Question 31

Most members of the ____ Cnidarian lineage, including Obelia species, have both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycles, with the polyp stage typically forming a colony.

A)Hydrozoa
B)Scyphozoa
C)Trematoda
D)Cubozoa
E)Anthozoa

Question 32

Which phylum is a member of the Radiata clade?

A)Nemertea
B)Porifera
C)Rotifera
D)Ctenophora
E)Echinodermata

Question 33

The members of the ____ Cnidarian lineageexist only as polyps as adults,and most build calcium carbonate exoskeletons and have mutualistic relationships with photosynthetic protists.

A)Hydrozoa
B)Scyphozoa
C)Trematoda
D)Cubozoa
E)Anthozoa

Question 34

Found mostly in freshwater, members of the ____ Lophotrochozoan phylum have a wheel-like, ciliated food-gathering organ around their head called a corona, and some reproduce by parthenogenesis.

A)Rotifera
B)Mollusca ​
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Annelida
E)Nemertea

Question 35

In sponges, spicules are secreted by ____.

A)amoeboid cells
B)choanocytes
C)sperm cells
D)porocytes
E)pinacoderm

Question 36

The beating flagellae of ____ maintain a constant flow of water through sponges.

A)amoeboid cells
B)choanocytes
C)sperm
D)porocytes
E)pinacoderm

Question 37

Members of the phyla Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, and Phoronida all possess a lophophore, which isa(n)____.

A)cluster of pores along the aboral surface, used for expelling wastes from the digestive tract ​
B)hard shell made of calcium carbonate
C)outpocket of the digestive tract, where metabolic wastes are processed before emptying into the digestive tract for expulsion
D)circular fold with one or two rows of hollow, ciliated tentacles
E)extra body cavity surrounding the digestive tract filled with muscles used for locomotion

Question 38

Members of the ____ Lophotrochozoan phylum are acoelomate, dorsoventrally flattened,and do not have circulatory or respiratory systems.

A)Rotifera
B)Mollusca ​
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Annelida
E)Nemertea

Question 39

Members of the ____ Cnidarian lineageexist primarily as cube-shaped medusae, are active swimmers, and produce one of the deadliest toxins made by animals.

A)Hydrozoa
B)Scyphozoa
C)Trematoda
D)Cubozoa
E)Anthozoa

Question 40

Like other members of their phylum, jellyfishes have specialized stinging cells called ____ as part of their epidermis, which they use to paralyze small prey.

A)choanocytes
B)polyps
C)cnidocytes
D)flame cells
E)tentacles

Question 41

Paired, fleshy extensions of the body wall in bristle worms that are used for locomotion and gas exchange are called ____.

A)metanephridia
B)parapodia
C)septa
D)clitella
E)setae

Question 42

Members of the ____ lineage,including octopuses, squids, and nautiluses, have a fused head-foot body with the "foot" modified into a set of arms and tentacles.

A)Cephalopoda
B)Polyplacophora
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Gastropoda
E)Scaphopoda

Question 43

More than half of the known animal species comprise the ____ Ecdysozoan phylum.

A)Arthropoda ​
B)Onychophora
C)Nemertea
D)Annelida
E)Nematoda

Question 44

Members of the ____ Lophotrochozoan phylum include earthworms, bristle worms, and leeches.

A)Rotifera
B)Mollusca ​
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Annelida
E)Nemertea

Question 45

Members of the ____ lineage, known as bristle worms, are found primarily in marine environments and are characterized by the presence of parapodia.

A)Hirudinea
B)Polychaeta
C)Monogenoidea
D)Cestoda
E)Oligochaeta

Question 46

Members of the ____ lineage, known as leeches, are mostly freshwater parasites, are dorsoventrally flattened, and do not have septa.

A)Hirudinea
B)Polychaeta
C)Monogenoidea
D)Cestoda
E)Oligochaeta

Question 47

Members of the ____ Lophotrochozoan phylum have highly segmented bodies, with many repeating units that are usually separated by transverse partitions called septa.

A)Rotifera
B)Mollusca ​
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Annelida
E)Nemertea

Question 48

Members of the ____ lineage, commonly called chitons, have a dorsal shell divided into eight plates that allow it to conform to irregularly shaped surfaces.

A)Cephalopoda
B)Polyplacophora
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Gastropoda
E)Scaphopoda

Question 49

Members of the ____ ("jointed feet")Ecdysozoan phylum have a segmented body encased in a rigid exoskeleton made of chitin plus other materials.

A)Arthropoda ​
B)Onychophora
C)Nemertea
D)Annelida
E)Nematoda

Question 50

Members of the ____ Ecdysozoan phylum, commonly called roundworms, are so plentiful in soil and other places that they may be the most abundant animals on Earth.,

A)Arthropoda ​
B)Onychophora
C)Nemertea
D)Annelida
E)Nematoda

Question 51

Members of the ____ lineage are highly active, have a closed circulatory system, and a high oxygen requirement.

A)Cephalopoda
B)Polyplacophora
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Gastropoda
E)Scaphopoda

Question 52

Members of the ____ Ecdysozoan phylum include insects, spiders, crustaceans, millipedes, and centipedes.

A)Arthropoda ​
B)Onychophora
C)Nemertea
D)Annelida
E)Nematoda

Question 53

Only 180 living species of velvet worms, characterized by jaws, an open circulatory system, and relatively large brains, comprise the ____ Ecdysozoan phylum.

A)Arthropoda ​
B)Onychophora
C)Nemertea
D)Annelida
E)Nematoda

Question 54

Members of the ____ subphylum are now all extinct, but they were extremely numerous in shallow Paleozoic seas. Most of them were dorsoventrally flattened and heavily armored, with two deep longitudinal grooves that gave their body a three-lobed appearance.

A)Myriapoda ​
B)Trilobita
C)Chelicerata
D)Hexapoda
E)Crustacea

Question 55

Members of the ____ flatworm lineage are vertebrate endoparasites;some, called blood flukes, cause an often deadly disease in humans called schistosomiasis.

A)Trematoda
B)Turbellaria
C)Polychaeta
D)Cestoda
E)Hirudinea

Question 56

Paired excretory organs found in most body segments of segmented worms are called ____.

A)metanephridia
B)parapodia
C)septa
D)clitella
E)setae

Question 57

Members of the ____ lineage, including slugs and snails, may have a shell, and most undergo torsion during development.

A)Cephalopoda
B)Polyplacophora
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Gastropoda
E)Scaphopoda

Question 58

Chitin-reinforced bristles that protrude outward from the body wall and are used by most segmented worms to anchor themselves against a substrate are called ____.

A)metanephridia
B)parapodia
C)septa
D)clitella
E)setae

Question 59

Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda are all lineages within the phylum ____.

A)Rotifera
B)Mollusca ​
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Annelida
E)Nemertea

Question 60

Members of the ____ lineage have a pair of hinged shells thatcan be closed by contraction of one or two adductor muscles.

A)Cephalopoda
B)Polyplacophora
C)Platyhelminthes
D)Gastropoda
E)Scaphopoda

Question 62

A Malpighian tubule is a(n)____.

A)rasping tongue with chitinous teeth
B)muscular sac used for extending tube feet in echinoderms
C)filamentous projection of the mantle
D)specialized tube in some arthropods used for waste processing
E)abdominal appendage in some arthropods that secretes silk

Question 64

Members of the ____ subphylum are mostly insects and were among the first animals to colonize terrestrial habitats.

A)Myriapoda ​
B)Trilobita
C)Chelicerata
D)Hexapoda
E)Crustacea

Question 66

An insect whose larval and adult forms occupy different habitats and consume different food probably undergoes ____ metamorphosis.

A)no
B)incomplete
C)complete
D)pupal
E)instar

Question 68

Molecular sequence analysis has revealed that Crustacea is paraphyletic, because it includes an ancestor but not all of its descendants; the descendants not included in this clade are the ____.

A)trilobites
B)myriapods
C)hexapods
D)annelids
E)chelicerates

Question 70

Members of the ____ subphylum, including shrimp, lobsters, and crabs, generally have five pairs of appendages on their heads: two pairs of antennae and three pairs of mouthparts, including mandibles.

A)Myriapoda ​
B)Trilobita
C)Chelicerata
D)Hexapoda
E)Crustacea

Question 73

The members of the ____ subphylum have a three-part body plan: a head, thorax, and abdomen.

A)Myriapoda ​
B)Trilobita
C)Chelicerata
D)Hexapoda
E)Crustacea

Question 74

Members of the ____ subphylum, including spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs,have fanglike appendages used for biting prey and pedipalps used as grasping organs, sensory organs, or walking legs.

A)Myriapoda ​
B)Trilobita
C)Chelicerata
D)Hexapoda
E)Crustacea

Question 78

Comparisons of genetic information from various invertebrate groups has ____.

A)confirmed nearly all classifications that were based on phenotypic resemblances
B)provided a complete and final picture of animal phylogeny
C)led to a decision to forgo formal classification of animals
D)led to a reshuffling of the classification of animals that is still being refined
E)confirmed that some invertebrates should be classified as vertebrates

Question 79

The organism Caenorhabditis elegans , a member of the ____ phylum, is an important model organism for studies of the genetic control of development.

A)Arthropoda ​
B)Onychophora
C)Nemertea
D)Annelida
E)Nematoda

Question 80

Members of the ____ subphylum, including the centipedes and millipedes, have two body regions: a head with one pair of antennae and a segmented trunk with one or two pairs of legs per segment.

A)Myriapoda ​
B)Trilobita
C)Chelicerata
D)Hexapoda
E)Crustacea