Deck 10: Cell Division and Mitosis

Question 1

Once human nerve cells become mature, they normally exit the cell cycle and remain in ____. ​

A)G₀ ​
B)G₁
C)G₂
D)S phase
E)prophase

Answer 1

A

Question 2

At the conclusion of S phase, a diploid cell with 40 chromosomes will have ____ chromosomes and _____ sister chromatids. ​

A)20; 40 ​
B)20; 20
C)40; 40
D)40; 80
E)80; 80

Answer 2

D

Question 3

At the conclusion of mitosis, each daughter cell has ____. ​

A)twice the amount of DNA and half the cytoplasm of the parent cell ​
B)DNA identical to the parent cell
C)half the DNA and half the cytoplasm found in the parent cell
D)twice the cytoplasm and the same amount of DNA as the parent cell
E)DNA genetically different from the parent cell

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Early in mitosis, chromatin condenses. Which process takes place more easily as a result? ​

A)disappearance of the nuclear envelope
B)replication of DNA
C)orderly distribution of DNA into the two new nuclei
D)formation of the mitotic spindle
E)disintegration of nucleoli

Question 5

If a cell has 36 chromosomes at the beginning of G₁, how many chromosomes will be present at the end of G₂?

A)36 ​
B)18
C)72
D)64
E)44

Question 6

Compared to the parent cell, each of two daughter cells that result from normal mitotic division contains ____ chromosomes and is genetically ____. ​

A)the same number of; different
B)the same number of; identical
C)half the number of; different
D)half the number of; identical
E)double the number of; identical

Question 7

Where is the centromere found? ​

A)position where metaphase chromosomes align ​
B)location where the mitotic spindle forms
C)central region of a chromosome where the spindle microtubules attach
D)location where chromosomes cluster during telophase
E)center of the cell where the nucleus is found during prophase

Question 8

The cells produced by mitotic divisions are considered to be ____ the original cell. ​

A)smaller versions of ​
B)genetically unique from
C)clones of
D)mutants of
E)plasmids of

Question 9

If a diploid cell with 40 chromosomes undergoes meiosis, each daughter nuclei will have ____ chromosomes. ​

A)10 ​
B)20
C)40
D)60
E)80

Question 10

Generally, which phase of the cell cycle varies the most in length? ​

A)G₁ ​
B)S
C)G₂
D)M ​
E)All phases are the same length among cells

Question 11

Loosely packed regions of DNA associated with histones are called ____. ​

A)euchromatin ​
B)heterochromatin
C)chromosomes
D)nucleosomes
E)30-nm chromatin fibers

Question 12

How many unique chromosomes does an organism with a chromosome number of 4 n =32 have? Assume that none of these are sex chromosomes, and do not count any duplicate homologous chromosomes in this number. ​

A)4 ​
B)8
C)16
D)32
E)64

Question 13

A somatic cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells during mitosis. Prior to mitosis, what must occur? ​

A)The cell must replicate its DNA. ​
B)The cell must first be fertilized.
C)The nucleus must divide.
D)Chromatids must be separated.
E)The nuclear envelope must disintegrate.

Question 14

Replication of DNA occurs during ____. ​

A)S phase
B)G₁ phase
C)G₀ phase
D)prophase
E)cytokinesis

Question 15

The tight packing of chromatin into the chromosomes visible during nuclear division is possible due to links between ____ proteins.

A)Cdk ​
B)H1 histone
C)H3 histone
D)H4 histone
E)nonhistone

Question 16

What is the role of nonhistone proteins in the nucleus? ​

A)to regulate nuclear envelope formation ​
B)to facilitate nuclear transportation
C)to provide additional chromosomal structure ​
D)to disassemble the nuclear envelope
E)to aid in microtubule formation during mitosis

Question 17

If a cell contains 84 sister chromatids at metaphase of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be present in each nucleus in late telophase? ​

A)168 ​
B)84
C)42
D)21
E)cannot be determined from the information given

Question 18

A plant cell with three sets of chromosomes is ____. ​

A)haploid ​
B)diploid
C)triploid
D)tetraploid
E)hexaploid

Question 19

The ____ genome was the first eukaryotic genome to be sequenced. ​

A)Escherichia coli
B)Caenorhabditis elegans
C)Drosophila melanogaster
D)Saccharomyces cerevisiae
E)Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Question 20

The separation of duplicated chromosomes into two new nuclei is known as ____. ​

A)mitosis
B)cytokinesis
C)binary fission
D)meiosis
E)fertilization

Question 21

Chromosomes decondense into chromatin at which point in the cell cycle? ​

A)at the beginning of S phase
B)at the end of interphase
C)at the beginning of prophase
D)at the beginning of metaphase
E)at the end of telophase

Question 22

Cytokinesis typically begins during which stage of mitosis? ​

A)prophase ​
B)prometaphase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 23

Embryonic development begins with a single egg fertilized by a single sperm, forming a zygote which then divides by mitosis. How many cells are present in the embryo at the conclusion of four mitotic divisions? ​

A)2 ​
B)4
C)8
D)16
E)32

Question 24

During which phase(s)of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two sister chromatids? ​

A)prophase and prometaphase only ​
B)prophase, prometaphase and metaphase
C)prophase, prometaphase, metaphase and anaphase
D)anaphase and telophase only
E)all phases of mitosis ​

Question 25

 
Answer the following questions using the accompanying figure.
Figure 10.1
Identify the stage of mitosis shown in panel E. ​

A)interphase
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 26

Karyotype analyses are performed on cells in ____ of mitosis.

A)prophase ​
B)prometaphase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 27

Which statement best describes the difference between cell division in plant and animal cells? ​

A)Cytokinesis occurs by formation of a cleavage furrow in animal cells, but not plant cells.
B)Cytokinesis occurs by formation of a cleavage furrow in plant cells, but not animal cells.
C)Centrosomes play an important role in spindle formation in plant cells, but not in animal cells.
D)Chromosome replication occurs during interphase in animal cells, while in plant cells, replication occurs when the nuclear envelope disintegrates.
E)Animal cells divide via the cell cycle whereas plant cells divide by binary fission.

Question 28

 
Answer the following questions using the accompanying figure.
Figure 10.1
Identify the stage of mitosis shown in panel D. ​

A)interphase
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 29

When plants are produced by cloning, which process is most directly involved?

A)mitotic cell division ​
B)binary fission
C)meiotic cell division
D)gamete production
E)budding

Question 30

Which sequence of the cell cycle is correct? ​

A)prophase, metaphase, interphase, telophase, anaphase
B)prometaphase, anaphase, prophase, telophase, interphase, metaphase ​
C)anaphase, interphase, telophase, prometaphase, prophase, metaphase
D)interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
E)interphase, metaphase, prometaphase, prophase, telophase, anaphase

Question 31

 
Answer the following questions using the accompanying figure.
Figure 10.1
Identify the stage of mitosis shown in panel A.

A)interphase
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 32

Certain human cell types, such as skeletal muscle cells, have several nuclei per cell. Based on your understanding of mitosis, how could this happen? ​

A)The cell undergoes repeated cytokinesis but not mitosis.
B)The cell undergoes repeated mitotic divisions with concomitant cytokinesis.
C)The cell undergoes repeated mitotic divisions but not cytokinesis.
D)The cell undergoes anaphase twice before entering telophase.
E)The cell goes through multiple S phases before entering mitosis.

Question 33

Colchicine, a chemical extracted from the autumn crocus (C olchicum autumnale ), inhibits the formation of microtubules. Mitotic cells exposed to colchicine will therefore be arrested at ____. ​

A)anaphase ​
B)interphase
C)prophase
D)telophase
E)metaphase

Question 34

Organisms that reproduce asexually usually do so through the process of ____. ​

A)mitosis ​
B)meiosis
C)gametogenesis
D)spore formation
E)fertilization

Question 35

 
Answer the following questions using the accompanying figure.
Figure 10.1
Identify the stage of mitosis shown in panel C.

A)interphase
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 36

 
Answer the following questions using the accompanying figure.
Figure 10.1
Identify the stage of mitosis shown in panel B.

A)interphase
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 37

During ____, microtubules disassemble, pulling the chromatids to the ends of the spindle. ​

A)prophase ​
B)interphase
C)anaphase
D)metaphase
E)telophase

Question 38

The mitotic spindle is primarily composed of ____. ​

A)actin
B)intermediate filaments
C)microtubules
D)keratin
E)motor proteins

Question 39

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the mitotic spindle begins to form during ____. ​

A)interphase ​
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 40

Chromosomes are in a condensed form at which stage(s)of the cell cycle? ​

A)prophase only
B)prophase and metaphase
C)interphase
D)all stages of interphase and mitosis
E)throughout mitosis until late telophase

Question 41

In early experiments to understand the control of the cell cycle, researchers fused HeLa cells that were at different stages of the cell cycle. What did the results of these experiments suggest? ​

A)The concentrations of cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks)fluctuate throughout the cell cycle.
B)The concentrations of cyclins fluctuate throughout the cell cycle.
C)The cell cycle has three checkpoints through which the cell must pass in order to progress through to mitosis.
D)Microtubules play an essential role in the progression of the cell cycle.
E)Molecules in the cytoplasm control the progression of the cell cycle.

Question 42

Duplicated centrioles move to opposite poles of a(n)____ cell during ____ of the cell cycle. ​

A)animal; prophase
B)plant; prophase
C)animal; metaphase
D)plant; metaphase
E)both animal and plant cells; prophase

Question 43

How does the protein Sic1 regulate the cell cycle? ​

A)Sic1 is a cyclin that binds to a Cdk to form a cyclin/Cdk complex, which regulates the G₁ to S transition.
B)Sic1 inhibits an S phase cyclin/CDK complex required for synthesis to occur
C)Sic1 binds to a cyclin, to form a complex that regulates the G₂ to M transition.
D)Sic1 is a growth factor that binds to external receptors and promotes the transition from G₁ to S.
E)Sic1 is a cyclin that binds to a Cdk to form a cyclin/Cdk complex to regulate the G₂ to M transition.

Question 44

The microtubule organizing center (MTOC)of an animal cell is an identifiable structure known as the ____.

A)cell plate ​
B)centrosome
C)kinetochore
D)centromere
E)chromosome ​

Question 45

Addition of mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)to germinal cells in the skin arrested in G₂ leads the cells to ____. ​

A)stop dividing ​
B)enter prophase
C)undergo cytokinesis without mitosis
D)die
E)remain arrested in G₂

Question 46

One of the three internal cell cycle checkpoints occurs during ____ and monitors ____. ​

A)the G₁ /S transition; mitotic spindle integrity ​
B)late S phase; the presence of DNA damage
C)the G₂ /M transition; the presence of DNA damage
D)the G₂ /M transition; mitotic spindle integrity
E)anaphase; the presence of DNA damage

Question 47

Contact inhibition is an important mechanism for maintaining cell growth in developed organs and tissues. As long as the cells maintain contact with each other, they remain in ____ and are prevented from dividing. ​

A)prophase ​
B)G₁
C)G₂
D)G₀
E)S

Question 48

Centriole replication occurs during ____. ​

A)G₁ phase
B)S phase
C)G₂ phase
D)prophase
E)telophase

Question 49

In order to understand how chromosomes move during anaphase of mitosis, researchers tagged ____ with a fluorescent label before photobleaching the cell and examining chromosomal movement under a microscope. ​

A)DNA ​
B)kinetochore microtubules
C)nonkinetochore microtubules
D)histones
E)motor proteins

Question 50

If a dividing cell had no functional Cdk2 protein, the cell would not be able to ____. ​

A)phosphorylate cyclins ​
B)transcribe the Cdk2 gene
C)enter G₁
D)translate cyclin mRNA
E)degrade cyclins

Question 51

The microtubules of the mitotic spindle originate from the ____ in both plant and animal cells.

A)microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)
B)centromere
C)chromatid
D)centriole
E)centrosome

Question 52

When growth factors bind to receptors on the cell surface, the signaling cascade will ____. ​

A)initiate cell growth ​
B)prevent cell division
C)trigger cell death
D)cause the cells to enter the G₀ state
E)trigger mitosis without the other stages of the cell cycle

Question 53

If a given protein's level peaks early in G₁, but is absent before the G₂ transition, what can be inferred about its possible role in regulating the cell cycle? ​

A)This protein inhibits Cdk1. ​
B)This protein activates Cdk1.
C)This protein inhibits Cdk2.
D)This protein activates Cdk2.
E)This proteins is involved in DNA synthesis.

Question 54

Contact inhibition is best explained by which statement? ​

A)Contact between neighboring cells triggers reactions leading to inhibition of mitosis. ​
B)As neighboring cells become more tightly packed together, their size is restricted and cytokinesis can no longer occur.
C)As cell number increases, the protein kinases they produce compete with neighboring cells, inhibiting mitosis.
D)As cell number increases, the level of waste products increases, consequently slowing metabolism leading to mitosis.
E)As cell number increases, size restrictions inhibit protein synthesis.

Question 55

Research conducted by G.J. Gorbsky and colleagues suggests that during anaphase, chromosomes move as a consequence of ____. ​

A)a combined action of actin and microtubules
B)the disassembly of kinetochore microtubules
C)the movement of kinetochore microtubules
D)constriction of the contractile protein actin
E)sliding over or along kinetochore microtubules

Question 56

During the mitotic spindle checkpoint, ____. ​

A)cells are in anaphase ​
B)cells arrest if chromosomes are attached properly to the mitotic spindle
C)cells become irreversibly committed to S phase
D)proper spindle attachment to chromosomes is assessed
E)cells enter G₀

Question 57

The microtubules making up the mitotic spindle attach to specialized structures called ____ that are found in the centromere region of the chromosome.

A)nucleosomes ​
B)centrosomes
C)kinetochores
D)chromatids
E)centrioles ​

Question 58

What is the role of Cdks?

A)to add phosphate groups to target proteins ​
B)to check for proper attachment of spindle fibers to chromosomes
C)to remove phosphate groups from cyclins
D)to arrest the cell cycle
E)to allow the cell cycle to work forward or backward

Question 59

A cell is committed to progressing through the cell cycle through to mitosis once it transitions from ____. ​

A)G₂ to prophase
B)G₁ to G₀
C)G₁ to S
D)S to G₂
E)telophase to cytokinesis

Question 60

Progression through the phases of the cell cycle is regulated by fluctuating concentrations of ____. ​

A)microtubules
B)actin
C)cyclins
D)cyclin-dependent kinases
E)histones

Question 63

Bacterial cells typically have ____ while eukaryotic cells have ____.

A)a single circular chromosome; many linear chromosomes
B)several circular chromosomes; many linear chromosomes
C)one linear chromosome; many circular chromosomes
D)two circular chromosomes; numerous circular chromosomes depending on the species
E)numerous circular chromosomes depending on the species; many linear chromosomes

Question 64

Oncogenes are often ____. ​

A)mutant forms of cell cycle genes ​
B)normal forms of cell cycle genes
C)needed for normal cells to metastasize
D)required for normal contact inhibition of cells
E)not involved in cell division

Question 65

Vinblastine, a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat breast and testicular cancers, interferes with the assembly of microtubules. Speculate how this drug works to inhibit cancer cell growth. ​

A)Vinblastine inhibits transition from G₁ to S.
B)Vinblastine inhibits transition from S to G₂ .
C)Vinblastine inhibits cytokinesis.
D)Vinblastine disrupts mitotic spindle formation and consequently mitosis.
E)Vinblastine inhibits cyclin production.

Question 68

Most cancers require at least two mutations: 1)one in an oncogene, which encodes proteins that trigger cell division, and 2)one in a tumor suppressor gene, whose protein products, in their unmutated form, play a key role in preventing the cell cycle from progressing if the DNA is damaged or in the absence of specific cues. Which class of proteins might be considered tumor suppressors? ​

A)Cdk inhibitors
B)cyclins
C)growth factor receptors
D)microtubules
E)transcription factors

Question 69

Binary fission ____.

A)is thought to have evolved from mitosis ​
B)is involved in gamete formation
C)results in the production of two identical daughter cells
D)requires spindle formation
E)is important for eukaryotic cell growth

Question 70

Which statement characterizes cancer cells? ​

A)Mitosis in cancer cells is strictly regulated. ​
B)Cancer cells form tumors that adhere strongly to surrounding tissues.
C)Cancer cells display uncontrolled cell division. ​
D)Tumors formed by cancer cells remain encapsulated and only grow in one location.
E)Cancer cells behave like normal cells.

Question 72

Comparison of a cancer cell to a normal cell reveals that ____. ​

A)only cancer cell growth is limited by contact inhibition ​
B)only normal cell growth is limited by contact inhibition
C)cancer cells cannot metastasize, while normal cells can
D)regulation of mitosis is strictly regulated in cancer cells, but not in normal cells.
E)cancer cells remain adherent to other cells, while normal cells do not

Question 73

Some bacteria produce the enzyme β-lactamase, which results in resistance to certain antibiotics such as penicillin. Since these same organisms reproduce asexually, they produce offspring that ____. ​

A)can be killed by penicillin ​
B)have an abnormally high rate of mutation
C)are resistant to penicillin
D)have variable numbers of chromosomes
E)can make penicillin

Question 74

During prokaryotic cell division, two chromosomes separate and are distributed to the two ends of the cell by ____.

A)the action of the mitotic spindle ​
B)an unknown mechanism
C)attachment to actin
D)attachment to separating membrane regions
E)formation of a newly made cell wall

Question 77

Replication of a bacterial chromosome begins at a specific region called the ____. ​

A)ter
B)replication fork
C)beg
D)ori
E)rep