Deck 6: Releasing Chemical Energy

Question 1

An imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants causes ____.

A) cellular balance
B) mitochondrial malfunctions
C) oxidative stress
D) Parkinson's disease
E) diabetes

Answer 1

C

Question 2

One difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation is that in fermentation____.

A) ethanol is converted to oxygen
B) oxygen is the final acceptor
C) the cell becomes radioactive
D) electrons are accepted by organic molecules
E) the molecules become ionized

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which component is not found in mitochondria?

A) a single outer membrane
B) DNA
C) ribosomes
D) granules
E) matrix

Answer 3

A

Question 4

During electron transfer phosphorylation, in which of the following does electron transfer chains fuel active transport of hydrogen ions?

A) inner membrane
B) matrix
C) the outermost membrane
D) between the outermost and innermost membranes
E) a combination of more than one of these

Question 5

Water forms when ____ combine(s) with hydrogen.

A) ATP
B) O₂
C) coenzymes
D) CO₂
E) ADP

Question 6

Mitochondria have ____ membrane(s).

A) two
B) one
C) five
D) four
E) three

Question 7

The energy that drives glycolysis comes from ____.

A) sunlight
B) glucose
C) carbon dioxide
D) ATP and NADPH
E) water and oxygen

Question 8

The first step in aerobic respiration is ____.

A) acetyl-CoA formation
B) the citric acid cycle
C) electron transfer
D) glycolysis
E) photosynthesis

Question 9

Which of the following is not produced by the Krebs cycle?

A) PGAL
B) CO₂
C) NADH
D) FADH₂
E) ATP

Question 10

The ____ is located between the mitochondrial membranes.

A) intermembrane pore
B) mitochondrial matrix
C) cytoplasm
D) intermembrane space
E) outer membrane

Question 11

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen is called ____.

A) mitochondrial respiration
B) oxidative respiration
C) anaerobic respiration
D) aerobic respiration
E) electron respiration

Question 12

Glycolysis converts glucose into ____.

A) pigments
B) organic compounds
C) proteins
D) electrons and protons
E) heat energy

Question 13

Aerobic respiration yields a theoretical maximum of ____ ATP per glucose.

A) 38
B) 24
C) 12
D) 6
E) 2

Question 14

The first stage of aerobic respiration and fermentation occurs in which cellular structure?

A) ribosomes
B) cell membranes
C) the cytoplasm
D) nuclei
E) mitochondria

Question 15

How much energy released from glucose in aerobic respiration is dispersed as metabolic heat?

A) 1 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 6 percent
D) 60 percent
E) 100 percent

Question 16

Electrons combine with ____ to form free radicals.

A) carbon dioxide
B) sulfur
C) mitochondria
D) oxygen
E) ATP

Question 17

The harvesting of energy from glucose to make ATP happens during ____.

A) glycolysis
B) photosynthesis
C) cellular respiration
D) fermentation
E) chemosynthesis

Question 18

In which cellular organelle does aerobic respiration conclude in eukaryotes?

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi bodies
C) mitochondria
D) chloroplasts
E) lysosome

Question 19

The main harvesters of energy directly from the environment are ____.

A) farmers
B) light
C) plants
D) cows
E) methane

Question 20

Mitochondrial diseases ____.

A) can have minimal impacts on the body
B) are produced by living organisms
C) are genetic
D) can increase muscular function
E) make ATP less efficiently

Question 21

During beer production, glucose is harnessed from the fermentation of ____.

A) yeast
B) barley
C) sucrose
D) gluten
E) lactate

Question 22

During electron phosphorylation, how do hydrogen ions get back into the mitochondrial matrix?

A) passive diffusion directly across the thylakoid membrane
B) active transport across the thylakoid membrane
C) facilitated diffusion across the thylakoid membrane
D) active transport through ATP synthase
E) passive diffusion through ATP synthase

Question 23

The citric acid cycle is a cyclical pathway of reactions that use ____.

A) acetyl-CoA to produce ATP
B) sugar to produce energy
C) sugar to produce starch
D) starch to produce energy
E) oxygen to produce carbon dioxide

Question 24

Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide ____.

A) by splitting carbon dioxide
B) during respiration
C) by splitting ribulose bisphosphate
D) by splitting molecules of water
E) by breaking down glucose

Question 25

Which source of energy powers alcoholic fermentation?

A) light
B) ATP and NADPH
C) photosystem II
D) glucose
E) NADP⁺

Question 26

The products of Krebs cycle are ____.

A) NADH and FADH₂
B) complex carbohydrates and proteins
C) carbon dioxide and citrate
D) oxygen and glucose
E) NADH and ATP

Question 27

Hydrogen ion flowout of the mitochondria ____.

A) occurs between photosystems I and II
B) is called the hydrogen transfer system
C) provides energy to produce ATP molecules
D) causes excitation of chlorophyll molecules
E) requires the intermediary action of acceptor molecules

Question 28

For glycolysis to occur, ____.

A) glucose must enter the mitochondria
B) there must be an input of energy from ATP
C) oxygen must be available
D) ATP synthase must be activated
E) heat must be supplied

Question 29

Acetyl-CoA accumulation in liver cells triggers____.

A) ketogenesis
B) gluconeogenesis
C) phosphorylation
D) fermentation
E) hibernation

Question 30

ATP is formed when ____ the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A) hydrogen ions enter
B) hydrogen ions leave
C) electrons leave
D) electrons enter
E) water is split into

Question 31

The energy generated from the electron transfer chain during electron transfer phosphorylation is used to ____.

A) split water into oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons
B) generate NADH
C) power the ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP
D) pump hydrogen ions into the mitochondrial intermembrane space
E) generate glucose

Question 32

During aerobic respiration, what drives the movement of hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix?

A) passive diffusion of ions from high to low concentration
B) passive diffusion of ions from low to high concentration
C) active transport of ions driven by the hydrolysis of water into oxygen
D) active transport of ions driven by energy from the electron transport chain
E) active transport through the enzyme ATP synthase

Question 33

During the Krebs cycle, energy is released ____.

A) in the form of ATP synthase
B) from the flow of hydrogen ions
C) when acetyl-CoA is broken apart
D) when oxygen gas forms
E) in the form of glucose

Question 34

During aerobic respiration, the electron acceptor at the end of the electron transfer chain is ____.

A) NADH
B) oxygen
C) FADH₂
D) glucose
E) acetyl-CoA

Question 35

Fermentation reactions occur in the ____.

A) cytoplasm
B) chloroplast outer membrane
C) thylakoid membrane
D) stroma
E) matrix

Question 36

How many ATP molecules (net yield) are produced per molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 36
E) 38

Question 37

Reduction of metabolic rate and body temperature occur during ____.

A) hibernation
B) alcohol fermentation
C) ATP formation
D) oxidation
E) citric acid cycle

Question 38

What powers the ATP synthase enzyme at the end of aerobic respiration?

A) energy from ATP
B) energy from NADPH
C) energy from the splitting of water
D) energy from electron transfer chains
E) energy from the flow of hydrogen ions

Question 39

Glycolysis takes place in ____.

A) the cytoplasm
B) mitochondria
C) chloroplasts
D) thylakoids
E) peroxisomes

Question 40

Consider a glucose molecule that is completely oxidized during the process of cellular respiration. What is the correct sequence in the series of reactions? I. glycolysis
II) phosphorylation
III) Krebs cycle

A) I >>> II >>> III
B) I >>> III >>> II
C) II >>> I >>> III
D) II >>> III >>> I
E) III >>> I >>> II

Question 41

When oxygen supplies run low, animal skeletal muscles________.

A) generate large quantities of myoglobin to provide the necessary oxygen
B) produce large amounts of ATP through ethanol fermentation
C) rely on aerobic respiration within mitochondria
D) produce ethanol through fermentation
E) produce small amounts of ATP by lactate fermentation

Question 42

When proteins are broken down into their subunits, what happens to the amino group removed from the amino acids that are not used to rebuild proteins or other molecules?

A) They are formed into acetyl-CoA.
B) They are converted into pyruvate.
C) They are excreted in the urine.
D) They are stored as glycogen in liver.
E) They are stored in vacuoles in muscle.

Question 43

Which product(s) are/is formed in lactate fermentation?

A) ethanol only
B) lactate only
C) ethanol and lactate
D) ethanol and carbon dioxide
E) lactate and carbon dioxide

Question 44

If an aerobic organism stopped taking in oxygen, which process would stop first?

A) the splitting of glucose into two pyruvates
B) the reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH
C) the release of carbon dioxide
D) electron transfer phosphorylation
E) the initiation of the Krebs cycle

Question 45

The net result of glycolysis is ____.

A) 2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvates
B) 8 NADH, 2 ATP, and 6 carbon dioxides
C) 36 ATP
D) 2 NADH, 4 ATP, and 2 pyruvates
E) 2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 acetyl-CoA

Question 46

The yield of ATP per glucose molecule in fermentation is ____.

A) 2
B) 6
C) 12
D) 36
E) 40

Question 47

Cheese, yogurt, and buttermilk are produced by bacteria that form ____.

A) ethyl alcohol
B) acetaldehyde
C) pyruvate
D) lactate
E) citrate

Question 48

To break down a glucose molecule completely, how many "turns" of the Krebs cycle are required?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6
E) 12

Question 49

In animal skeletal muscles, ____ dominate(s) under most circumstances.

A) myoglobin
B) anaerobic respiration
C) mitochondria
D) ethanol
E) ATP by lactate fermentation

Question 50

In aerobic respiration, what is the ultimate fate of the electrons released from the breakdown of glucose?

A) They are combined with NAD⁺.
B) They are combined with ATP.
C) They become hydrogen ions.
D) They are moved through the electron transport chain.
E) They are combined with oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water.

Question 51

In lactate fermentation, ____ is converted into lactate.

A) pyruvate
B) acetaldehyde
C) ethanol
D) glucose
E) NADH

Question 52

What do free radicals do?

A) improve the efficiency of aerobic respiration
B) act as coenzymes in glycolysis
C) damage biological molecules
D) remove metals that combine with oxygen gas
E) enhance enzyme activity

Question 53

When glucose is used as the energy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced in ____.

A) glycolysis
B) acetyl-CoA formation
C) the Krebs cycle
D) fermentation
E) electron transfer phosphorylation

Question 54

The proportion of white muscle fibers that sustain anaerobic to red muscle fibers that sustain aerobic activity in sprinters is likely to ____.

A) be lower than in marathon runners
B) be higher than in marathon runners
C) be equal to that in marathon runners
D) depend mostly on the sex of the sprinter
E) depend mostly on the age of the sprinter

Question 55

Fermentation takes place in ____.

A) mitochondria
B) the endoplasmic reticulum
C) the Golgi apparatus
D) the cytoplasm
E) lysosomes

Question 56

The bubbles in beer are ____.

A) carbon dioxide
B) oxygen
C) ethanol
D) pyruvate
E) nitrous oxide

Question 57

In eukaryotes, the electron transfer chain of aerobic respiration is located ____.

A) at the intermembrane space of mitochondria
B) at the matrix of mitochondria
C) at the inner membrane of mitochondria
D) at the outer membrane of mitochondria
E) throughout the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 58

What is the role of oxygen gas in aerobic respiration?

A) to provide electrons for NADH
B) to accept energy from glucose
C) to accept electrons from electron transport
D) to provide kinetic energy for ATP synthase
E) to donate electrons for electron transport

Question 59

Which three-carbon molecule is produced by glycolysis and then enters the Krebs cycle after conversion to a two-carbon molecule?

A) acetyl CoA
B) pyruvate
C) glucose
D) carbon dioxide
E) oxygen

Question 60

In alcoholic fermentation, the final product is ____.

A) pyruvate
B) ethanol
C) acetaldehyde
D) acetyl-CoA
E) lactate

Question 63

Why are fats a better source of energy than carbohydrates on a per carbon basis?

A) Fats are comprised of other atoms besides carbon and oxygen that increase its ATP yield.
B) Fats have more hydrogen bond in its fatty acid chains, which allows them to react more with oxygen.
C) Fats do not completely break down, and the by-products increase ATP yield.
D) Fats require fewer reactions with oxygen to completely break down, thus increasing its ATP yield.
E) Fats require more reactions with oxygen to completely break down.

Question 64

The three main categories of energy-producing foods are ____.

A) fats, carbohydrates, and vitamins
B) fats, vitamins, and proteins
C) fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
D) fats, carbohydrates, and alcohol
E) carbohydrates, vitamins, and proteins

Question 65

Glycogen is stored in ____.

A) liver tissue only
B) muscle tissue only
C) adipose tissue only
D) liver and muscle tissue
E) liver, muscle, and adipose tissue

Question 66

In animals, when ATP concentrations are high, glucose is converted into ____.

A) starch
B) glycogen
C) pyruvate
D) carbon dioxide
E) glycerol

Question 67

When fatty acids are broken down to make ATP, which molecule is formed, and at which step in aerobic respiration does it enter?

A) acetyl-CoA, which enters into glycolysis
B) acetyl-CoA, which enters into the Krebs cycle
C) pyruvate, which enters into the Krebs cycle
D) PGAL, which enters into electron transfer phosphorylation
E) PGAL, which enters into glycolysis

Question 68

As ATP begins to accumulate in the cytoplasm of animal cells, the extra glucose ____.

A) enters glycolysis more rapidly
B) is converted into glycogen
C) is converted into starch
D) is converted into proteins
E) is converted into carbohydrates

Question 69

Excess glucose in the human diet can result in accumulations of ____.

A) pyruvate
B) NADH
C) fats
D) lactate
E) ATP