Deck 22: Speciation

Question 1

Female fireflies identify males by their flashing patterns, which are often so complicated that signals sent by one species cannot be understood by another species. This reproductive isolating mechanism is called ____.

A) ecological isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) temporal isolation
D) behavioral isolation
E) mechanical isolation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which scientist published the book titled, " Systematics and the Origin of Species " in 1942?

A) Charles Darwin
B) Gregor Mendel
C) Ernst Mayr
D) Charles Lyell
E) Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A ring species is one in which ____.

A) a clinal variation occurs
B) all of the various populations can mate successfully
C) an area's climate interferes with speciation
D) none of the various populations can mate successfully
E) only intermediary populations can mate successfully

Answer 3

E

Question 4

With the biological species concept, the process of speciation is frequently defined as the evolution of ____ between populations.

A) genetic drift
B) gene flow
C) reproductive isolation
D) geographic separation
E) reproductive inclusion

Question 5

Clinal variation usually results from ____ between ____ populations that are each adapting to slightly different conditions.

A) isolation; adjacent
B) isolation; distant
C) genetic drift; distant
D) gene flow; adjacent
E) genetic drift; adjacent

Question 6

The biological species concept emphasizes the ability of individuals to ____.

A) adapt to the environment
B) have greater longevity
C) intermingle with other species
D) live in a variety of habitats
E) interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 7

Identifying species based on evolutionary relationships is an example of the ____ concept.

A) biological species
B) ring species
C) clinal variation
D) morphological species
E) phylogenetic species

Question 8

A phylogenetic species comprises ____.

A) populations that share a recent evolutionary history
B) individuals that share certain traits
C) interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated
D) individuals that share measurable traits that distinguish them
E) one large gene pool subdivided into local populations

Question 9

The uplift of the Isthmus of Panama, a geological event that occurred about five million years ago, separated populations of marine organisms and led to ____.

A) allopatric speciation
B) sympatric speciation
C) gametic isolation
D) hybrid sterility
E) hybrid inviability

Question 10

Paleobiologists apply the ____ species concept to identify fossilized remains.

A) phylogenetic
B) paleontological
C) genomic
D) biological
E) morphological

Question 11

To distinguish two organisms using the morphological species concept, a scientist would ____.

A) perform a genetic analysis on the two organisms
B) look at the appearance of two organisms
C) mate the two organisms to see if viable offspring result
D) observe the mating rituals of the two organisms
E) trace the common ancestry of the two organisms

Question 12

The phylogenetic species concept defines species in terms of ____.

A) environmental adaptations and morphology
B) genetic data and environmental adaptations
C) morphology and environmental adaptations
D) morphology and genetic data
E) species response to adverse conditions and genetic data

Question 13

The biological species concept is primarily based on ____ criteria.

A) phylogenetic
B) morphological
C) genetic
D) reproductive
E) anatomical

Question 14

Because ____ is less likely to occur between distant populations of the same species, their gene pools and phenotypes are often somewhat different.

A) genetic drift
B) a population bottleneck
C) a founder effect
D) gene flow
E) asexual reproduction

Question 15

The biological species concept cannot be applied to ____.

A) animals that interbreed
B) crossbreeding plants
C) protists that interbreed
D) animals that reproduce sexually
E) plants that reproduce asexually

Question 16

Biologists are not yet able to apply the phylogenetic species concept to all forms of life because ____.

A) individuals within populations exhibit genotypic and phenotypic variation
B) detailed evolutionary histories have been described for relatively few groups of organisms
C) many forms of life reproduce asexually
D) evolutionary history cannot be determined for extinct species
E) it does not distinguish closely related species that are nearly identical in appearance

Question 17

Mammals living in cold environments tend to have ____ bodies and ____ appendages than species living in warm environments.

A) larger; fewer
B) larger; longer
C) larger; shorter
D) smaller; shorter
E) smaller; longer

Question 18

Today, evolutionary biologists view speciation as a ____, and instead study the ____ of speciation using classical and genomic approaches.

A) single event; products
B) process; products
C) product; process
D) product; events
E) single event; process

Question 19

According to the biological species concept, members of the same species look alike primarily because they ____.

A) live in the same environment
B) share the same gene pool
C) have a common ancestor
D) have stopped evolving
E) are adapted to the same life style

Question 20

Darwin recognized that ____ had generated the amazing diversity of organisms on Earth.

A) descent with modification
B) genetic mutations
C) genetic variation
D) differences in allele frequencies
E) differences in genotype frequencies

Question 21

Which reproductive isolating mechanism is displayed in a mule, the product of a cross between a horse and a donkey?

A) mechanical isolation
B) hybrid inviability
C) hybrid sterility
D) hybrid breakdown
E) temporal isolation

Question 22

A smooth pattern of variation along a geographical gradient is referred to as a ____.

A) ring species
B) hybrid zone
C) morphological species
D) cline
E) cluster of subspecies

Question 23

Allopatric speciation typically occurs in two stages. The first stage is ____ of two populations and the second stage is ____.

A) geographic separation; reproductive isolation
B) natural selection; geographic separation
C) mutation; reproductive isolation
D) reproductive isolation; geographic separation
E) genetic drift; reproductive isolation

Question 24

The female reproductive tract of some Drosophila species blocks sperm of another species from reaching her eggs. This is an example of ____.

A) gametic isolation
B) hybrid breakdown
C) hybrid inviability
D) mechanical isolation
E) temporal isolation

Question 25

Two different species are crossed and the second generation (F₂) illustrates reduced fitness. This is an example of ____.

A) behavioral isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) hybrid breakdown
D) crossing over
E) hybrid sterility

Question 26

Which scenario is an example of mechanical reproductive isolation?

A) two plants that bloom months apart
B) two flowers that are pollinated by different insects
C) two mammals that have different habitats
D) two fish that have incompatible gametes
E) two birds that have different mating rituals

Question 27

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms occur when the offspring ____.

A) survive to reproductive age
B) have vigorous health
C) inherit the same numbers of chromosomes from each parent
D) inherit different developmental instructions from each parent
E) have hybrid viability

Question 28

Flowers that bloom in early spring versus those that bloom in late summer experience which type of reproductive isolation?

A) behavioral
B) ecological
C) gametic
D) temporal
E) mechanical

Question 29

Which scenario is NOT an example of a prezygotic isolating mechanism?

A) An iris blooms at a different time of the year than a daffodil.
B) A peacock puts on a different mating display than a sparrow.
C) A snail with a shell coiling in one direction cannot mate with a snail whose shell curls in the other direction.
D) A zebroid, a cross between a horse and zebra, is sterile.
E) One type of roundworm would reject the sperm from another species of roundworm.

Question 30

Two plant species live in the same location and flower at the same time, but do not hybridize because they have unique pollinators. This is an example of ____.

A) hybrid inviability
B) hybrid breakdown
C) a postmating reproductive mechanism
D) a postzygotic reproductive barrier
E) a prezygotic reproductive barrier

Question 31

Species that live in different habitats exhibit ____ reproductive isolation.

A) temporal
B) behavioral
C) gametic
D) ecological
E) mechanical

Question 32

Eggs have receptors that recognize surface proteins on sperm of their own species. This illustrates ____.

A) behavioral isolation
B) gametic isolation
C) hybrid breakdown
D) hybrid inviability
E) hybrid sterility

Question 33

If an organism with 64 chromosomes mates with a closely related organism with 62 chromosomes, the most likely result will be ____.

A) many unhealthy offspring due to hybrid breakdown
B) many unhealthy offspring due to hybrid inviability
C) no offspring due to hybrid sterility
D) sterile offspring due to hybrid inviability
E) sterile offspring due to hybrid sterility

Question 34

When two organisms do not mate because they breed at different times of the year, they are exhibiting ____ reproductive isolation.

A) behavioral
B) ecological
C) gametic
D) mechanical
E) temporal

Question 35

A small population isolated at the edge of a species' geographic distribution may experience ____ and genetic drift, which may lead to the evolution of distinctive traits by ____.

A) population bottlenecks; artificial selection
B) a founder effect; natural selection
C) gene flow; natural selection
D) natural selection; population bottlenecks
E) population bottlenecks; founder effects

Question 36

If two species of lizards do not mate because their mating rituals differ greatly, they are exhibiting ____ reproductive isolation.

A) behavioral
B) ecological
C) gametic
D) mechanical
E) temporal

Question 37

A plant with a very small tubular type of flower that cannot be pollinated by a large honeybee is exhibiting which prezygotic isolating mechanism?

A) behavioral
B) ecological
C) gametic
D) mechanical
E) temporal

Question 38

Which combination is an example of prezygotic mechanisms of isolation?

A) hybrid breakdown and temporal isolation
B) hybrid breakdown and gametic isolation
C) hybrid sterility and temporal isolation
D) mechanical and temporal isolation
E) mechanical and hybrid breakdown

Question 39

The apple maggot's natural host plant is the hawthorne; however, over the past 150 years, new populations were found that feed on apples and cherries. This is an example of ____ speciation via the development of ____.

A) sympatric; allopolyploidy
B) allopatric; host races
C) sympatric; host races
D) allopatric; autopolyploidy
E) sympatric; autopolyploidy

Question 40

Speciation that takes place when a physical barrier subdivides a large population is called ____ speciation.

A) morphologic
B) phylogenetic
C) allopatric
D) sympatric
E) geographic

Question 41

At least two host races of apple maggots have appeared within the past 150 years, suggesting they may be undergoing ____.

A) adaptive radiation
B) allopatric speciation
C) sympatric speciation
D) genetic drift
E) development of a hybrid zone

Question 42

Genomic analyzes of the apple- and hawthorn-feeding races of Rhagoletis suggest that genetic divergence between the two species has largely been driven by ____ selection, a diversifying form of natural selection.

A) disruptive
B) directional
C) stabilizing
D) artificial
E) sexual

Question 43

Abrupt genetic changes that quickly lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of individuals will likely lead to ____.

A) sympatric speciation
B) allopatric speciation
C) secondary contact
D) species fusion
E) geographic separation

Question 44

Allopolyploidy is defined as ____ chromosome number due to ____.

A) maintenance of; interbreeding within a single species
B) decreased; hybridization of different species
C) decreased; interbreeding within a single species
D) increased; hybridization of different species
E) increased; interbreeding within a single species

Question 45

A ____ mutation in snails can reverse the direction of shell coiling, which ____ mating.

A) single; encourages
B) single; prohibits
C) double; encourages
D) double; prohibits
E) large deletion; encourages

Question 46

When an error of meiosis results in a diploid gamete, the gamete is said to be ____, which can result in ____.

A) reduced; allopolyploidy only
B) reduced; autopolyploidy only
C) unreduced; allopolyploidy only
D) unreduced; autopolyploidy only
E) unreduced; both allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy

Question 47

A host race may develop ____.

A) only when an organism's genes for the host choice change
B) only when an organism's genes for mating preferences change
C) only when a geographical barrier exists
D) when genes for the host choice and genes for mating preferences change
E) when genes for mating preferences change and geographical barriers exist

Question 48

When allopatric populations reestablish contact upon elimination of a geographical barrier, ____ has occurred.

A) species clustering
B) secondary contact
C) adaptive radiation
D) sympatric speciation
E) evolutionary convergence

Question 49

Researchers hypothesize that the hybrid zone of Bullock's orioles and Baltimore orioles remains narrow because hybrids ____.

A) are routinely eliminated by natural selection within the hybrid zone
B) prefer the moist habitats of the Baltimore oriole
C) prefer hotter and drier habitats of the Bullock's oriole
D) are well adapted to both the dry habitats of the Bullock's oriole and to the moist habitats of the Baltimore oriole
E) are not well adapted to the dry habitats of the Bullock's oriole or to the moist habitats of the Baltimore oriole

Question 50

The evolution of a host race is due to the reproductive isolating mechanism called ____ isolation.

A) behavioral
B) temporal
C) mechanical
D) gametic
E) ecological

Question 51

On the Hawaiian Islands, speciation in Drosophila occurred when a small group of males and females colonized a new island, where they faced environmental selection pressures. In addition, sexual dimorphism - and therefore, sexual selection - maintained reproductive isolation from other populations on the new island. These populations, although closely related, remained ecologically different. These events are examples of ____.

A) a founder effect only
B) genetic drift only
C) adaptive radiation only
D) a founder effect and genetic drift, but not adaptive radiation
E) a founder effect, genetic drift, and adaptive radiation

Question 52

If the gene pools of allopatric populations did not differentiate much during geographical separation, then upon reestablishing contact, the populations may interbreed and merge into one. This phenomenon is called ____.

A) species clustering
B) divergence
C) hybridization
D) species fusion
E) convergence

Question 53

A triploid plant is usually ____ because chromosomes cannot segregate properly during ____.

A) not viable; mitosis
B) sterile; meiosis
C) sterile; mitosis
D) not viable; meiosis
E) not viable; spore formation

Question 54

A sterile hybrid plant can form a new fertile species if its chromosomes are doubled. This is referred to as ____.

A) allopatric speciation
B) cladogenesis
C) a hybrid zone
D) anagenesis
E) sympatric speciation

Question 55

Polyploidy is a mechanism of sympatric speciation most common to ____.

A) mammals
B) birds
C) amphibians
D) plants
E) fishes

Question 56

A hybrid zone is defined as an area where two populations may breed and produce ____.

A) inviable, sterile offspring
B) viable host races
C) inviable hybrid subspecies
D) viable, fertile offspring
E) viable, sterile offspring

Question 57

A zebroid is the sterile hybrid offspring of a horse and a zebra. This is an example of ____.

A) hybrid inviability
B) hybrid sterility
C) allopatric speciation
D) prezygotic reproductive isolation
E) hybrid breakdown

Question 58

Polyploidy refers to an individual ____ and occurs most often in ____.

A) with one or more additional sets of chromosomes; animals
B) with one or more additional sets of chromosomes; plants
C) lacking one or more sets of chromosomes; plants
D) lacking one or more sets of chromosomes; animals
E) lacking individual chromosomes; animals

Question 59

A species cluster is defined as a group of ____.

A) closely related species with a recent common ancestor
B) species that developed host races
C) species that exhibit polyploidy
D) totally unrelated species living in a common habitat
E) distantly related species that have multiple ancestors

Question 60

The evolution of prezygotic barriers to reproduction after postzygotic barriers already exist is called ____.

A) species fusion
B) reinforcement
C) adaptive radiation
D) geographic isolation
E) hybridization

Question 62

Which avenue of research is least likely to reveal whether asexual organisms form species?

A) analyzing whether a cluster of bacteria constitutes a species
B) exploring various niches in which different populations reside
C) looking into previously undiscovered types of bacteria
D) performing genomic research
E) hybridizing polyploid plants

Question 65

To answer questions about the genetic changes underlying speciation, scientists are now isolating and sequencing ____.

A) sympatric genes
B) allopatric genes
C) neutral mutations
D) deleterious mutations
E) speciation genes

Question 66

Bread wheat (2 n =42), which is a staple food for about a third of the world's population, evolved from two wheat-like ancestors (both 2 n =14); therefore, bread wheat is a ____ organism.

A) diploid
B) hexaploid
C) triploid
D) tetraploid
E) tetraploid

Question 68

Researchers believe the evolution of common bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) resulted from a series of ____ between related species, some of which produced ____ species.

A) hybridizations; allopolyploid
B) geographic separations; allopolyploid
C) centromere inversions; autopolyploid
D) chromosome deletions; autopolyploid
E) chromosome rearrangements; autopolyploid

Question 69

Analysis of human chromosome 2 reveals that it was produced by the ____ that are still present in our closest ancestral ape relatives.

A) fusion of many larger chromosomes
B) fusion of two smaller chromosomes
C) inversion of several centromeres
D) reversal of centromere locations
E) division of one larger chromosome

Question 70

Research comparing chromosomal structure between the genomes of humans and other primates reveals that humans are most closely related to ____.

A) monkeys
B) orangutans
C) chimpanzees
D) gorillas
E) lemurs

Question 71

Many closely related duck species exhibit ____, the dramatic variation in the appearance of males but not females, which is an almost certain sign of ____.

A) asexual reproduction; sexual selection
B) asexual reproduction; artificial selection
C) sexual dimorphism; sexual selection
D) sexual dimorphism; artificial selection
E) sexual uniformitarianism; sexual selection

Question 72

When autopolyploid speciation occurs in a plant, a spontaneous doubling of chromosomes during meiosis leads to the production of ____ gametes. If the plant fertilizes itself, a ____ zygote will be produced.

A) haploid; diploid
B) diploid; tetraploid
C) diploid; haploid
D) haploid; tetraploid
E) tetraploid; diploid

Question 73

Polyploid individuals arising from chromosome duplications within a single species are called ____.

A) allopolyploids
B) tetraploids
C) triploids
D) autopolyploids
E) hexaploids

Question 74

In what way is clinal variation exhibited in animals?

Question 75

Many host races of the apple maggot have been identified; this is an example of allopatric speciation.

Question 76

How did researchers establish the connection between chimpanzees and humans?

Question 77

Based on the morphological species concept, why would you assume that there are many different species of rat snakes?

Question 78

An allopolyploid is ____.

A) a polyploid that arose from hybridization
B) a species that arose after secondary contact
C) an allopatrically arising species
D) a polyploid arising from a single diploid individual
E) any sympatrically arising species

Question 79

Explain how reproductive isolation is central to the biological species concept.

Question 80

An example of a prezygotic isolating mechanism is behavioral isolation.