Deck 28: Seedless Plants

Question 1

Which trait is least likely to be shared between green algae and land plants?

A) presence of stomata
B) chloroplasts with chlorophyll a
C) cellulose in their cell walls
D) store energy captured during photosynthesis as starch
E) chloroplasts with chlorophyll b

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Today, there are at least ____ living plant species, which collectively make up the Kingdom Plantae.

A) 18,000
B) 120,000
C) 280,000
D) 1,200,000
E) 2,800,000

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Land plants arose from a lineage of freshwater green algae in the phylum ____.

A) Rhodophyta
B) Charophyta
C) Chlorarachniophyta
D) Phaeophyta
E) Chrysophyta

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The synonym for land plants is ____ because all land plants produce a protected embryo during their reproductive cycle.

A) tracheophyte
B) embryophyte
C) sporophyte
D) gametophyte
E) charophyte

Question 5

Tiny openings in the cuticle-covered surfaces of most land plants, called ____, control water loss and carbon dioxide uptake for photosynthesis.

A) gemmae
B) tracheophytes
C) sporopollenins
D) stomata
E) thalli

Question 6

Heterospory refers to having ____.

A) both male and female gametes
B) two types of spores in two different types of sporangia
C) both male and female parts on the same plant
D) separate male and female plants
E) both sporophyte and gametophyte generations

Question 7

Which structure was least likely to be present in the charophyte ancestors of land plants?

A) spores
B) gametes
C) multicellular organs
D) diploid embryos
E) chloroplasts

Question 8

A structure with stems and leaves that arises from an apical meristem is called a ____.

A) vascular system
B) protonema
C) sporangium
D) rhizome
E) shoot system

Question 9

Which of these features is found in both nonvascular and vascular plants?

A) lignin
B) roots
C) cuticle
D) xylem
E) phloem

Question 10

The zygotes of modern charophytes and reproductive spores in land plants are protected from desiccation by ____.

A) stomata
B) chlorophyll
C) a cuticle
D) starch
E) sporopollenin

Question 11

Molecular studies point to the order Zygnematales, whose modern representatives include ____, as the sister clade of all land plants.

A) Equisetum
B) Plasmodium
C) Marchantia
D) Spirogyra
E) Giardia

Question 12

Which tissue distributes water and dissolved mineral ions through vascular plant bodies?

A) plasmodesmata
B) phloem
C) xylem
D) rhizomes
E) meristem

Question 13

Lignified, tube-like structures that branch throughout the body of some plants, conducting water and solutes, are called ____.

A) vascular tissues
B) apical meristems
C) root systems
D) rhizomes
E) shoot systems

Question 14

Fossils of Cooksonia , which date to approximately ____ years ago, represent the oldest known fossils of vascular plants.

A) 1.5 billion
B) 425 million
C) 250 million
D) 125 million
E) 17 million

Question 15

All plants are multicellular, and most are ____ that carry out photosynthesis.

A) freshwater autotrophs
B) freshwater heterotrophs
C) marine autotrophs
D) terrestrial autotrophs
E) terrestrial heterotrophs

Question 16

Anchoring organs in plants that absorb water and nutrients are referred to as ____.

A) stems
B) leaves
C) roots
D) thalli
E) tracheids

Question 17

A horizontal stem modified to penetrate the substrate and anchor a plant is a ____.

A) sporangium
B) rhizome
C) vascular system
D) protonema
E) shoot system

Question 18

When plants colonized land, they dramatically changed conditions on Earth by altering the global ____ cycle.

A) carbon
B) hydrologic
C) nitrogen
D) phosphorus
E) sulfur

Question 19

Leaves that are narrow and have a single vein are termed ____, and leaves that are broad and have multiple veins are termed ____.

A) rhizomes; rhizoids
B) rhizoids; megaphylls
C) microphylls; rhizomes
D) microphylls; megaphylls
E) megaphylls; macrophylls

Question 20

Land plants form a ____ clade descended from a common ____ ancestor.

A) polyphyletic; green algal
B) polyphyletic; fungal
C) monophyletic; green algal
D) monophyletic; brown algal
E) monophyletic; fungal

Question 21

The filamentous growths of moss gametophytes that produce numerous leafy shoots from buds are called ____.

A) rhizoids
B) thalli
C) sporophytes
D) zygotes
E) protonema

Question 22

The gametophyte generation of plants begins ____, where meiosis produces ____.

A) after fertilization; a multicellular, diploid organism
B) after fertilization; a multicellular; haploid organism
C) in the sporangia; a multicellular; diploid organism
D) in the sporangia; haploid spores
E) in the sporangia; diploid spores

Question 23

Eggs form in protective structures called ____ in bryophytes and seedless vascular plants.

A) antheridium
B) stoma
C) strobilus
D) sporangium
E) archegonium

Question 24

Antheridia and archegonia are the two types of ____ present in bryophytes.

A) sporophytes
B) sporangia
C) gametangia
D) gemmae
E) thalli

Question 25

All plants have two multicellular phases, one diploid and one haploid, a phenomenon called ____.

A) alternation of generations
B) double fertilization
C) polyploidy
D) mitosis
E) dysploidy

Question 26

A pollen grain is best described as a ____.

A) female spore
B) female gametophyte
C) male gametophyte
D) male sporophyte
E) female sporophyte

Question 27

Bryophytes have ____.

A) true leaves
B) two spore types
C) true roots
D) true stems
E) one spore type

Question 28

The phylum ____ contains about 6,000 known living species of nonvascular plants, including the genus Marchantia , whose members can reproduce asexually using gemmae.

A) Hepatophyta
B) Monilophyta
C) Bryophyta
D) Lycophyta
E) Anthocerophyta

Question 29

In liverworts, the gametophyte generation is a flat, branching, ribbonlike plate of tissue closely pressed against damp soil called a ____.

A) rhizoid
B) gemmae
C) antheridium
D) archegonium
E) thallus

Question 30

In vascular plants, the ____ generation is larger, more complex, and longer-lived than the ____ generation.

A) haploid gametophyte; haploid sporophyte
B) haploid gametophyte; diploid sporophyte
C) diploid sporophyte; diploid gametophyte
D) diploid sporophyte; haploid gametophyte
E) haploid sporophyte; haploid gametophyte

Question 31

A gametophyte that develops from a ____ spore is bisexual, meaning that it can produce both sperm and eggs.

A) homosporous
B) polysporous
C) heterosporous
D) diplosporous
E) bisporous

Question 32

The phylum ____ has about 10,000 known living species of nonvascular plants, including those in the genus Sphagnum , a peat moss used by humans for its absorbent property.

A) Hepatophyta
B) Monilophyta
C) Bryophyta
D) Lycophyta
E) Anthocerophyta

Question 33

In sexually reproducing animals, a multicellular body develops when ____ cells divide by ____.

A) haploid; meiosis I
B) diploid; meiosis I
C) diploid; meiosis II
D) haploid; mitosis
E) diploid; mitosis

Question 34

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are ____.

A) seedless vascular plants
B) seed plants
C) nonvascular plants
D) charophytes
E) gymnosperms

Question 35

Some bryophyte species are ____, meaning that they grow independently on another organism.

A) tracheophytes
B) epiphytes
C) parasites
D) charophytes
E) rhizoids

Question 36

The phylum ____ consists of about 200 known species of nonvascular plants that produce hornlike sporophytes, and are the only land plants whose chloroplasts contain alga-like protein bodies called pyrenoids.

A) Hepatophyta
B) Monilophyta
C) Bryophyta
D) Lycophyta
E) Anthocerophyta

Question 37

The sporophyte generation of plants begins after ____, when the resulting ____ grows into a multicellular, ____ organism.

A) fertilization; zygote; haploid
B) fertilization; zygote; diploid
C) fertilization; gamete; haploid
D) meiosis; gamete; haploid
E) meiosis; gamete; diploid

Question 38

A special capsule or chamber where a plant will make the first cells of the gametophyte generation is called a ____.

A) vascular system
B) protonema
C) sporangium
D) rhizome
E) shoot system

Question 39

Members of the phylum ____ are considered by many researchers to be the living plants most closely related to vascular plants, based on their morphology and mitochondrial gene sequence data.

A) Hepatophyta
B) Monilophyta
C) Bryophyta
D) Lycophyta
E) Anthocerophyta

Question 40

Sperm cells form within a rounded structure called ____ in bryophytes and some other plants.

A) antheridium
B) stoma
C) strobilus
D) sporangium
E) archegonium

Question 41

A moss spore develops into a young gametophyte called a(n) ____.

A) gametangium
B) antheridium
C) protonema
D) prothallus
E) archegonium

Question 42

Which statement describes the fern life cycle?

A) Gametophytes originate within, and are dependent upon, sporophytes.
B) Sporophytes originate within, and are dependent upon, gametophytes.
C) Both gametophytes and sporophytes are totally independent from each other and are equally dominant.
D) Gametophytes are free-living and photosynthetic, but are replaced by a dominant sporophyte generation.
E) Gametophytes are photosynthetic and partially independent from the sporophytes.

Question 43

The ____ phylum of seedless vascular plants has about 1,000 known living species, including those in the genera Lycopodium and Selaginella ; the gametophyte of some of these species cannot photosynthesize, and instead use mycorrhizae to obtain nutrients.

A) Hepatophyta
B) Monilophyta
C) Bryophyta
D) Lycophyta
E) Anthocerophyta

Question 44

The slender, rootlike structures found in nonvascular plants are called ____.

A) thalli
B) rhizomes
C) gametangia
D) protonema
E) rhizoids

Question 45

Molecular studies place ____ as the sister clade of vascular plants.

A) ferns
B) mosses
C) liverworts
D) hornworts
E) stone worts

Question 46

In the moss life cycle, ____.

A) gametophytes originate within, and are dependent upon, sporophytes
B) sporophytes originate within, and are dependent upon, gametophytes
C) both gametophytes and sporophytes are independent from each other and are equally dominant
D) gametophytes are free-living and photosynthetic, but are replaced by a dominant sporophyte generation
E) gametophytes are photosynthetic and partially independent from the sporophytes

Question 47

Which statement best describes fertilization in the moss life cycle?

A) Pollen is blown by the wind to a female cone, where it forms a pollen tube that grows toward where the egg will form.
B) Flagellated sperm swim in a film of water on the surface of the plant to reach an egg.
C) Flagellated sperm are blown by the wind to a location near an egg, and then swim through plant fluids to reach the egg.
D) Flagellated sperm swim through plant fluids to reach an egg.
E) Flagellated sperm attach to the moist skin of certain animals and are transferred to the surface of the plant to reach an egg.

Question 48

The mature sporophyte body form of a typical ____ has fronds growing from a rhizome, with sori on the lower surface or margins of some of the fronds.

A) moss
B) whisk fern
C) fern
D) club moss
E) horsetail

Question 49

A sorus is a cluster of ____.

A) sporangia
B) fronds
C) strobili
D) gametangia
E) rhizomes

Question 50

Seedless vascular plants were the dominant plants on Earth until their dominance ended at the end of the Carboniferous period, about ____.

A) 1.5 billion years ago
B) 420 million years ago
C) 250 million years ago
D) 125 million years ago
E) 17 million years ago

Question 51

Ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails are members of the ____ phylum, which has about 13,000 described living species.

A) Hepatophyta
B) Monilophyta
C) Bryophyta
D) Lycophyta
E) Anthocerophyta

Question 52

Represented by only two living genera, Psilotum and Tmesipteris , ____ resemble the extinct Cooksonia . Having no true roots or leaves, these seedless vascular plants are essentially forking green stems.

A) mosses
B) whisk ferns
C) ferns
D) club mosses
E) horsetails

Question 53

Club moss sporangia form on specialized leaves called ____ that occur near stem tips.

A) cladophylls
B) archegonia
C) thalli
D) antheridia
E) sporophylls

Question 54

Which statement best describes fertilization in the fern life cycle?

A) Pollen is blown by the wind to a female cone, where it forms a pollen tube that grows toward where the egg will form.
B) Flagellated sperm swim in a film of water on the surface of the plant to reach an egg.
C) Flagellated sperm are blown by the wind to a location near an egg, and then swim through plant fluids to reach the egg.
D) Flagellated sperm swim through plant fluids to reach an egg.
E) Flagellated sperm attach to the moist skin of certain animals and are transferred to the surface of the plant to reach an egg.

Question 55

Much of the world's coal reserves were formed from the buried remains of ____, the dominant plants of the Carboniferous period.

A) bryophytes
B) seedless vascular plants
C) gymnosperms
D) angiosperms
E) gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 56

Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts are members of the ____ phylum.

A) Hepatophyta
B) Monilophyta
C) Bryophyta
D) Lycophyta
E) Anthocerophyta

Question 57

Represented by only one living genus, Equisetum , ____ have leaves in whorls around a photosynthetic stem that is stiff and gritty because it is rich with silica.

A) mosses
B) whisk ferns
C) ferns
D) club mosses
E) horsetails

Question 58

The liverwort genus Marchantia can reproduce asexually by way of ____, small cell masses that form in cuplike growths on a ____.

A) antheridia; gemmae
B) gemmae; thallus
C) archegonia; thallus
D) thallus; gemmae
E) antheridia; thallus

Question 59

Which statement best explains why modern seedless vascular plants are confined largely to wet or humid environments?

A) They require external water for reproduction.
B) They do not have true roots.
C) They lack stomata.
D) They have a dominant sporophyte generation.
E) They do not have flowers or fruits.

Question 60

The polysaccharide that helps strengthen cell walls in transport tissues of hornworts is called ____.

A) xylan
B) chlorophyll
C) lignin
D) chlorophyll a
E) chlorophyll b

Question 61

Which mechanism is the least likely explanation for high chromosome numbers in ferns?

A) dysploidy
B) polyploidy
C) increased independent assortment
D) increased recombination rates
E) homospory

Question 62

The emergence of land plants correlated with the near ____ of the genes that bryophytes inherited from a(n)____ ancestor.

A) doubling; liverwort
B) doubling; algal
C) tripling; liverwort
D) tripling; algal
E) quadrupling; algal

Question 64

Ferns are particularly useful for research on plant growth and development because of the ____.

A) numerous, large apical cells on the edges of their fronds
B) single, large apical cell on the tip of their fronds
C) single, large apical cell at the tip of their apical meristems
D) numerous, small apical cells at the base of their apical meristems
E) single, small apical cell at the base of their apical meristems

Question 65

Consisting of the fossilized remains of seedless vascular plant life, ____ was the first fuel to be widely used by human societies.

A) gasoline
B) petroleum
C) natural gas
D) crude oil
E) coal

Question 66

Which ecological role is least likely to be performed by bryophytes?

A) enhancing the water-holding capacity of garden soil
B) stabilizing soil surfaces with a biological crust in harsh places
C) supplying a food source for animals in the arctic tundra
D) providing pollination services for agricultural crops
E) helping to build soil on bare rock

Question 67

Recent studies on the evolutionary divergence of seed plants from seedless vascular plants used the genome of a ____, a lycophyte, as a comparison for genomes of the more derived land plants.

A) numerous, large apical cells on the edges of their fronds
B) single, large apical cell on the tip of their fronds
C) single, large apical cell at the tip of their apical meristems
D) numerous, small apical cells at the base of their apical meristems
E) single, small apical cell at the base of their apical meristems

Question 68

Over geological time, organic matter from seedless vascular plants, buried beneath ____, formed the fossil fuels we use today.

A) agricultural fields
B) ocean and river sediments
C) volcanic ash
D) granitic and basaltic rock
E) Earth's mantle

Question 70

Which geological time period of Earth's history is commonly referred to as the Coal Age?

A) Carboniferous
B) Cretaceous
C) Devonian
D) Jurassic
E) Permian

Question 72

Which group has the largest number of chromosomes?

A) hepatophytes
B) gymnosperms
C) angiosperms
D) lycophytes
E) charophytes

Question 73

A change in the number of single chromosomes without a change in the overall number of genes is called ____ and the duplication of a whole genome is called ____.

A) haplodiploidy; dysploidy
B) polyploidy; haplodiploidy
C) polyploidy; dysploidy
D) dysploidy; haplodiploidy
E) dysploidy; polyploidy

Question 74

A moss sporophyte must obtain some carbohydrates from the gametophyte.

Question 75

Except for tropical tree ferns, the stems of most ferns are underground rhizomes.

Question 76

Leaves arose several times during plant evolution.

Question 77

Molecular, biochemical, cellular, and morphological evidence supports the view that bryophytes are a monophyletic group.

Question 78

Defend the argument that seedless vascular plants are among the most economically important plants that have ever lived.

Question 79

Explain the difference between homosporous and heterosporous plants.

Question 80

Bryophytes are clearly adapted to live in fresh water.