Deck 38: Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Question 1

Two or more different tissues arranged to carry out a specific function is called a(n) ____.

A) organ system
B) organ
C) tissue
D) organism
E) tissue system

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which type of epithelium is found in the lining of the gut?

A) simple squamous epithelium
B) stratified squamous epithelium
C) cuboidal epithelium
D) simple columnar epithelium
E) simple pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The expression of the microRNA miR-4423 is ____ in lung tumors, and ____ its expression can decrease tumor size, suggesting that a decrease in miR-4423 contributes to lung carcinogenesis.

A) increased; increasing
B) decreased; increasing
C) increased; decreasing
D) decreased; decreasing
E) increased; preventing

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which structure is an example of a tissue?

A) basal lamina
B) skin
C) neurons
D) bone
E) fibroblasts

Question 5

The presence of cilia is a common feature of some ____ tissues.

A) nervous
B) muscle
C) connective
D) epithelial
E) adipose

Question 6

What are microRNAs?

A) mutated RNAs found in cancer cells
B) short noncoding RNAs found in all cells
C) short coding RNAs found in viruses
D) RNAs found in organelles within a cell
E) artificially made RNAs for experimental study

Question 7

An examination of the arrangement of bones in the hand is an example of a(n) ____.

A) ecological study
B) taxonomic study
C) anatomical study
D) physiological study
E) homeostatic study

Question 8

Hypothermia results from ____.

A) a drop in core temperature for a prolonged period of time
B) a lack of homeostasis
C) an imbalance between energy inputs (nutrients) and energy output
D) prolonged exposure to heat
E) dehydration

Question 9

Which list is arranged from the smallest to the largest organization level?

A) tissue, organ, organ system
B) tissue, organ system, organ
C) organ system, organ, tissue
D) organ system, tissue, organ
E) organ, organ system, tissue

Question 10

A group of specialized cells of similar structure and function is a(n) ____.

A) organ system
B) cell cluster
C) organ
D) tissue
E) organism

Question 11

Glands with ducts are known as ____.

A) endocrine
B) exocrine
C) connective
D) epithelial
E) autocrine

Question 12

An epithelial tissue containing a single layer of flattened cells is classified as ____.

A) simple columnar epithelium
B) stratified cuboidal epithelium
C) stratified columnar epithelium
D) stratified squamous epithelium
E) simple squamous epithelium

Question 13

Maintenance of the body's internal environment at relatively constant levels is called ____.

A) feedback
B) homeostasis
C) physiology
D) natural selection
E) feedforward

Question 14

Which cell junction type is responsible for allowing the bladder lining to stretch, thus accommodating increasing volumes of urine?

A) anchoring junctions only
B) gap junctions only
C) tight junctions only
D) both anchoring junctions and gap junctions
E) both anchoring junctions, tight junctions and gap junctions

Question 15

An examination of the processes of muscle contraction in fishes is an example of a(n) ____.

A) ecological study
B) taxonomic study
C) anatomical study
D) physiological study
E) homeostatic study

Question 16

Which cell junction type creates a barrier between two cells?

A) anchoring junctions only
B) gap junctions only
C) tight junctions only
D) both anchoring junctions and gap junctions
E) both anchoring junctions, tight junctions and gap junctions

Question 17

You observe a tissue with one free surface and several cell layers attached to a basal lamina. This is an example of ____.

A) connective tissue only
B) epithelial tissue only
C) muscle tissue only
D) nervous tissue only
E) connective and muscle tissue

Question 18

Which substance would most likely be excreted by an endocrine gland?

A) sweat
B) venom
C) earwax
D) testosterone
E) milk

Question 19

The evolution of multicellular organisms would not have been possible without the ability for all cells to interact, in some capacity, with the external environment through the ____.

A) basal lamina
B) endocrine glands
C) internal fluid
D) gap junctions
E) epithelium

Question 20

What is the function of gap junctions in cells?

A) Anchor the cells to basal lamina.
B) Hold the cell wall close to the plasma membrane.
C) Allow ions and small molecules to flow freely between cells of a given tissue type.
D) Serve as a scaffold for active transport proteins to cluster together.
E) Anchor the cells to neighboring cells.

Question 21

Which cell type is specialized for fat storage?

A) osteoclast
B) leukocyte
C) adipocyte
D) osteon
E) chondrocyte

Question 22

You would expect the bones of a growing child to have extremely active ____.

A) osteoclasts
B) fibroblasts
C) osteoblasts
D) adipocytes
E) chondrocytes

Question 23

Which tissue acts to transport nutrients and wastes throughout the body?

A) blood
B) adipose tissue
C) loose connective tissue
D) fibrous connective tissue
E) cartilage

Question 24

Collagen provides which of the following?

A) tissue flexibility
B) support for the liver
C) tensile strength
D) tissue elasticity
E) low-friction surface

Question 25

Which connective tissue is best at withstanding compression due the elasticity of its matrix?

A) loose connective tissue
B) bone tissue
C) cartilage
D) fibrous connective tissue
E) dense connective tissue

Question 26

The extracellular matrix of blood consists of ____.

A) fibronectin
B) elastin
C) plasma
D) basal lamina
E) interstitial fluid

Question 27

Which tissue is best described as a sparse distribution of cells surrounded by an open network of collagen and elastin fibers?

A) fibrous connective tissue
B) adipose tissue
C) bone tissue
D) loose connective tissue
E) blood

Question 28

Which major tissue type contains contractile cells?

A) epithelium
B) connective tissue
C) muscle tissue
D) nervous tissue
E) adipose tissue

Question 29

Which type of connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments?

A) loose connective tissue
B) blood
C) cartilage
D) dense connective tissue
E) adipose tissue

Question 30

A tissue sample containing fibroblasts surrounded by parallel bundles of collagen and elastin fibers is an example of ____.

A) bone tissue
B) dense connective tissue
C) cartilage
D) blood
E) adipose tissue

Question 31

Which type of epithelium is found in skin?

A) simple squamous epithelium
B) stratified squamous epithelium
C) cuboidal epithelium
D) simple columnar epithelium
E) simple pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 32

Which tissue has very little extracellular matrix, acts as an insulator, and is used to store chemical energy?

A) loose connective tissue
B) blood
C) cartilage
D) fibrous connective tissue
E) adipose tissue

Question 33

Which connective tissue contains fibroblasts?

A) blood
B) adipose
C) cartilage
D) bone
E) loose connective tissue

Question 34

Which tissue is striated and can contract rapidly, producing voluntary movements?

A) skeletal muscle
B) smooth muscle
C) bone tissue
D) cardiac muscle
E) adipose tissue

Question 35

Which major tissue type often has more extracellular matrix material than cellular material?

A) epithelial tissue
B) connective tissue
C) muscle tissue
D) nervous tissue
E) skin tissue

Question 36

Which tissue has contractile cells that are joined by intercalated disks, allowing it to contract as a unit?

A) smooth muscle
B) cartilage
C) skeletal muscle
D) cardiac muscle
E) adipose tissue

Question 37

Which type of epithelium is found in the inner lining of blood vessels?

A) simple squamous epithelium
B) stratified squamous epithelium
C) cuboidal epithelium
D) simple columnar epithelium
E) simple pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 38

What is the function of ligaments?

A) anchor muscle to bone
B) connect bones to each other
C) link sheets of epithelial tissues to other tissues
D) anchor muscles to epithelial tissues
E) connect bones to epithelial tissues

Question 39

Which type of epithelium functions in diffusion?

A) simple squamous epithelium
B) stratified squamous epithelium
C) cuboidal epithelium
D) simple columnar epithelium
E) simple pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 40

Which molecule is the most abundant in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues?

A) collagen
B) cholesterol
C) fibronectin
D) albumin
E) elastin

Question 41

What cell type(s) are found in nervous tissue?

A) neurons only
B) glial cells only
C) squamous cells only
D) both neurons and glial cells
E) both glial cells and squamous cells

Question 42

Which part(s) of a neuron that conduct(s) an electrical signal towards an adjacent neuron?

A) dendrites
B) cell body
C) axon
D) both dendrites and the axon
E) dendrites, cell body, and the axon

Question 43

Which tissue type can transmit electrical impulses from one part of an organism to another?

A) epithelial tissue
B) connective tissue
C) muscle tissue
D) nervous tissue
E) adipose tissue

Question 44

Unlike single-celled organisms that have direct contact with their external environment, most cells in a multicellular organisms do not have direct contract with their external environment. How do these cells acquire nutrients and eliminate wastes?

A) by active and passive transport between the basal lamina and the interstitial fluid
B) by active and passive transport between the basal lamina and the plasma
C) by active and passive transport between the intracellular fluid and the interstitial fluid
D) by active and passive transport between the intracellular fluid and the plasma
E) through gap junctions between the intracellular fluid and the plasma

Question 45

What is the correct order of the components of a negative feedback loop?

A) stimulus → integrator → sensor → effector(s) → compensatory response
B) stimulus → sensor → integrator → effector(s) → compensatory response
C) stimulus → effector(s) → integrator → sensor → compensatory response
D) sensor → integrator → stimulus → effector(s) → compensatory response
E) sensor → stimulus → integrator → effector(s) → compensatory response

Question 46

What type of animal is most likely a thermoconformer?

A) eagle
B) monkey
C) shark
D) elephant
E) penguin

Question 47

The two most important regulatory systems for the maintenance of homeostasis are ____.

A) circulatory and nervous systems
B) endocrine and circulatory systems
C) lymphatic and circulatory systems
D) nervous and endocrine systems
E) lymphatic and circulatory systems

Question 48

Which organ system includes the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands?

A) endocrine system
B) reproductive system
C) lymphatic system
D) respiratory system
E) skeletal system

Question 49

Which organ system includes the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus?

A) circulatory system
B) endocrine system
C) nervous system
D) digestive system
E) lymphatic system

Question 50

A ____ feedback control system functions when a change in the internal environment triggers the body to oppose the change and restore the normal environmental conditions.

A) positive
B) physiological
C) reflex
D) negative
E) anatomical

Question 51

Which component of a negative feedback mechanism does the brain or spinal cord represent?

A) response
B) sensor
C) integrator
D) effector
E) stimulus

Question 52

Which tissue is composed of spindle-shaped contractile cells that are commonly found in the walls of tubular organs such as blood vessels?

A) squamous epithelium
B) smooth muscle
C) skeletal muscle
D) cardiac muscle
E) adipose tissue

Question 53

Which human cell type can be over a meter in length?

A) neurons
B) chondrocytes
C) columnar epithelial cells
D) skeletal muscle cells
E) adipocytes

Question 54

The cells of which muscle type are connected by gap junctions?

A) skeletal muscle only
B) cardiac muscle only
C) smooth muscle only
D) both cardiac and skeletal muscle
E) both cardiac and smooth muscle

Question 55

Which structure is a component of the integumentary system?

A) bone marrow
B) nails
C) cartilage
D) sensory organs
E) thymus

Question 56

Which component of a negative feedback mechanism is responsible for producing the effect that counteracts the original environmental change away from homeostasis?

A) sensor
B) response
C) effector
D) stimulus
E) integrator

Question 57

Which organ system(s) play role(s) in eliminating metabolic wastes from the body?

A) excretory system only
B) respiratory system only
C) nervous system only
D) excretory and respiratory system
E) excretory, respiratory, and circulatory system

Question 58

A new species of mammal is discovered deep in the Antarctic. This mammal contains an organ that does not seem to be homologous to any other known organ. Upon examination, it appears that this organ is responsible for secreting hormones necessary for regulating subcutaneous fat levels to regulate body temperature. To which system does this new organ most likely belong?

A) digestive system
B) integumentary system
C) immune system
D) endocrine system
E) nervous system

Question 59

A person takes a medication that blocks the neurons' ability to receive chemical signals. Which part of the neuron is most likely being affected by this medication?

A) axon terminals
B) the axon
C) dendrites
D) nucleus
E) All parts of the neuron would be affected.

Question 60

Glial cells function to ____.

A) conduct electrical impulses
B) support and nourish neurons
C) secrete collagen fibers into the extracellular matrix
D) release secretions from a free surface
E) move ions across the cell membrane

Question 61

Many people develop "mountain sickness" when they travel to high altitudes, developing headaches, difficulty sleeping, and nausea from the lack of oxygen. Which process fails to occur in people who continue to have mountain sickness after being at high altitude for a few days?

A) evolution
B) dynamic equilibrium
C) acclimation
D) acclimatization
E) biorhythms

Question 64

Which component of the accompanying scenario would be considered the stimulus?

A) release of insulin
B) glycogen and fat synthesis
C) potassium ion channel
D) increased glucose levels
E) liver and muscle

Question 65

The cell body of a neuron propagates electrical signals to the axon terminals.

Question 66

Which component of the accompanying scenario would be considered the compensatory response?

A) release of insulin
B) glycogen and fat synthesis
C) potassium ion channel
D) increased glucose levels
E) liver and muscle

Question 67

Which scenario is an example of positive feedback?

A) When oxygen levels are low, the kidneys secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of red blood cells until oxygen demands are met.
B) As blood pressure increases, specialized neurons relay the change to the brainstem, which in turn, decreases the contractility of the heart and leads to vasodilation, thereby decreasing blood pressure.
C) After an injury, chemicals released at the site of injury will activate platelets, which will in turn activate additional platelets, and so on, until the clot has formed and the injury is no longer bleeding.
D) When stress levels are high, the hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which in turn stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which then triggers the release of cortisol. Increased cortisol levels then inhibit the release of CRH and ACTH.
E) After eating, when glucose levels are high, insulin levels increase, leading to an increase in glycogen and fat synthesis to remove excess glucose from circulation.

Question 68

Tight junctions between muscle cells help muscle tissue function as a unit.

Question 69

Why are both blood and bone considered connective tissue?

Question 70

Which component of the accompanying scenario would be considered the sensor?

A) release of insulin
B) glycogen and fat synthesis
C) potassium ion channel
D) increased glucose levels
E) liver and muscle

Question 71

The lymphatic system is composed of lymph nodes and ducts, the spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and white blood cells, all of which are central players in defending the body against microorganisms and viruses.

Question 72

The regulation of blood pressure is an example of local homeostatic controls .

Question 73

Which process would be considered a biorhythm?

A) eating at preset times throughout the day
B) feeling sleepy right after you eat a big meal
C) seasonal depression manifesting every winter
D) removing your hand rapidly from a hot stove
E) a gestation period of approximately 40 weeks

Question 74

Which component of the accompanying scenario would be considered the effector?

A) release of insulin
B) glycogen and fat synthesis
C) potassium ion channel
D) increased glucose levels
E) liver and muscle

Question 75

In animals, the functions of organ systems are integrated and coordinated to accomplish five main tasks that are vital for survival. List these tasks.

Question 76

For changes that occur in response to environmental conditions, changes in gene expression are most likely due to ____, while changes in DNA sequence are more likely due to ____.

A) evolutionary adaptation; acclimatization
B) evolutionary adaptation; acclimation
C) evolutionary adaptation; biorhythms
D) acclimatization; evolutionary adaptation
E) acclimation; evolutionary adaptation

Question 77

A response to change in the internal/external environment that intensifies the change is called ____ feedback.

A) positive
B) physiological
C) reflex
D) negative
E) anatomical

Question 78

Skeletal muscle is arranged in highly ordered parallel units, giving the tissue a banded appearance under a microscope.

Question 79

Distinguish between a circadian clock and circadian rhythm.

Question 80

Due to disruptions in circadian rhythms, when are heart attacks and strokes most likely to occur?

A) 8 am
B) 12 pm
C) 4 pm
D) 10 pm
E) 3 am