Deck 40: Nervous Systems

Question 1

In invertebrates, such as flatworms, groups of neurons called ____ perform common functions.

A) nerve cords
B) ganglia
C) brains
D) nerve nets
E) nerves

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which region(s) of the adult brain is/are derived from the metencephalon?

A) cerebellum only
B) pons only
C) medulla oblongata only
D) cerebellum and pons
E) medulla oblongata and pons

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which statement concerning the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous system is true?

A) The sympathetic system controls external stimuli, while the parasympathetic system controls internal stimuli.
B) The sympathetic system generally produces increased physical activity, while the parasympathetic system produces a decrease in physical activity.
C) Both nervous systems stimulate the activities of many organs.
D) Both nervous systems release norepinephrine.
E) The sympathetic system is under voluntary control, and the parasympathetic system is under involuntary control.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Sensory information is transmitted to the CNS by the ____.

A) efferent neurons of the autonomic nervous system
B) afferent neurons of the peripheral nervous system
C) somatic neurons of the peripheral nervous system
D) somatic neurons of the sympathetic division
E) efferent neurons of the sympathetic division

Question 5

Which region(s) of the adult brain is/are derived from the diencephalon?

A) cerebrum only
B) thalamus only
C) hypothalamus only
D) cerebrum and thalamus
E) thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 6

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. Identify the developmental brain region that gives rise to the shaded region in this image.

A) hindbrain
B) midbrain
C) telencephalon
D) medulla
E) forebrain

Question 7

In animals, the evolutionary development of bilateral symmetry is most associated with ____.

A) a brain
B) sensory neurons
C) ganglia
D) nerve nets
E) nerves

Question 8

In vertebrates, the two major divisions of the central nervous system are the ____.

A) autonomic and peripheral nervous systems
B) central and peripheral nervous systems
C) brain and spinal cord
D) nerves from the brain and the peripheral nervous system
E) cranial and spinal nerves

Question 9

Detection and response to environmental cues or stimuli are primarily functions of ____.

A) metabolism
B) the nervous system
C) catabolism
D) the digestive system
E) thermodynamics

Question 10

Identify the animal with the most advanced nervous system.

A) a flatworm
B) an arthropod
C) a chordate
D) a mollusk
E) an echinoderm

Question 11

When you encounter a bear while hiking, which part of your nervous system triggers an increase in your heart rate and breathing to help you run away?

A) the central nervous system
B) the sympathetic nervous system
C) the parasympathetic nervous system
D) somatic nervous system
E) cranial nerves

Question 12

Which region(s) of the brain, present in a five-week-old embryo, is/are derived from the midbrain?

A) telencephalon only
B) diencephalon only
C) mesencephalon only
D) telencephalon and diencephalon
E) telencephalon and mesencephalon

Question 13

Which animal has the simplest known central nervous system?

A) a flatworm
B) an arthropod
C) a chordate
D) a mollusk
E) an echinoderm

Question 14

What region of the five-week-old embryo gives rise to the cerebrum?

A) telencephalon
B) diencephalon
C) mesencephalon
D) metencephalon
E) myelencephalon

Question 15

Which animal has the least advanced nerve cord?

A) chordate
B) arthropod
C) flatworm
D) human
E) octopus

Question 16

Where are the cell bodies of most motor neurons located?

A) in the ganglia alongside the spinal cord
B) in the spinal cord
C) in the brain
D) in the brain stem
E) in the cerebellum

Question 17

The portion of the nervous system that is responsible for both increasing heart rate and increasing movement of the intestines is the ____.

A) peripheral nervous system
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) parasympathetic nervous system
D) somatic nervous system
E) interaction between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Question 18

Which region(s) of the brain, present in a five-week-old embryo, is/are derived from the forebrain?

A) telencephalon only
B) diencephalon only
C) mesencephalon only
D) telencephalon and diencephalon
E) telencephalon and mesencephalon

Question 19

Radially symmetrical animals have loose meshes of neurons that are called ____.

A) nerve nets
B) brain nets
C) ganglia nets
D) nerve cords
E) sensory nets

Question 20

Autonomic nervous system pathways contain ____.

A) three neurons
B) two neurons
C) one neuron
D) four neurons
E) no neurons

Question 21

Gay matter is located in the ____ of the cerebrum.

A) outer region
B) inner region
C) ventricle
D) right, but not left, hemisphere
E) left, but not right, hemisphere

Question 22

Chronic alcoholics often develop Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which is characterized by a number of different neurological symptoms, including ataxia (an abnormal gait). Which specific brain region is most likely responsible for this symptom?

A) Wernicke ʼ s area
B) cerebellum
C) prefrontal association cortex
D) amygdala
E) brain stem

Question 23

Which structure of the brain contains the cerebral spinal fluid?

A) ventricles
B) thalamus
C) medulla
D) meninges
E) reflexes

Question 24

Bob is recovering from a brain injury. He is unable to speak, but he clearly understands both the written and spoken word. The area of damage that resulted in these symptoms is ____.

A) Wernicke ' s area of the temporal lobe
B) Broca ' s area of the frontal lobe
C) the primary somatosensory area of the parietal lobe
D) the cerebellar association area
E) the brain stem

Question 25

Which substance can easily cross the human blood-brain barrier in a healthy individual?

A) viral proteins
B) bacterial DNA
C) human white blood cells
D) cortisol
E) albumin

Question 26

The occipital lobe of the brain is responsible for ____.

A) speech
B) memory
C) smell
D) coordination of movement
E) vision

Question 27

To form the blood-brain barrier, capillary epithelial cells are sealed together by ____.

A) fibronectin
B) collagen
C) gray matter
D) myelin
E) tight junctions

Question 28

If the blood-brain barrier prevents toxic substances from getting into the central nervous system, how does alcohol most likely impair a person's judgment?

A) Alcohol acts on the peripheral nervous system, which then activates neurons in the cortex that impair judgment.
B) Alcohol acts on the liver, creating toxins that can cross the blood-brain barrier, which then activate neurons in the cortex that impair judgment.
C) Alcohol decreases blood oxygen levels, which leads to impaired judgment.
D) Alcohol can bind to glucocorticoid transporters in the brain, which causes impaired judgment by binding to neurons in the cortex.
E) Because it is hydrophobic, alcohol can pass directly across the blood-brain barrier and cause impaired judgment by binding directly to neurons in the cortex.

Question 29

A young woman develops a tumor in her pituitary gland. Which symptoms might the doctor use to diagnose this tumor?

A) inability to regulate temperature
B) inability to formulate new memories
C) inability to recognize faces
D) increase in anger
E) decrease in sensation in feet

Question 30

Which function is most likely controlled primarily by the gray-matter centers in the brain stem?

A) vomiting
B) learning
C) patellar tendon reflex
D) writing
E) pain recognition

Question 31

Patients with Parkinson's disease are treated with L-DOPA, a hydrophobic precursor to dopamine, a hydrophilic neurotransmitter that is depleted in these patients. What is the most probable reason why these patients are given the precursor L-DOPA instead of dopamine?

A) L-DOPA is better at activating dopamine receptors than dopamine.
B) L-DOPA is more toxic than dopamine.
C) L-DOPA cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
D) Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
E) Dopamine given orally could activate acetylcholine receptors.

Question 32

Which brain region is most likely to contribute to the establishment of motor memory, the ability to perform complex motor skills?

A) frontal cortex
B) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
D) amygdala
E) brain stem

Question 33

Arrange the steps of one of the two reflex pathway in the correct order.

A) stimulus → receptors → afferent neurons → interneurons → efferent neurons → muscle inhibition
B) stimulus → receptors → afferent neurons → efferent neurons → muscle inhibition
C) stimulus → receptors → afferent neurons → interneurons → efferent neurons → muscle activation
D) stimulus → receptors → efferent neurons → interneurons → afferent neurons → muscle inhibition
E) stimulus → receptors → efferent neurons → afferent neurons → muscle activation

Question 34

Brain tumors in children are very common in the cerebellum. Which symptoms might lead a doctor to suspect this type of tumor?

A) difficulty hearing
B) difficulty seeing
C) difficulty walking
D) forgetting previously learned skills
E) suddenly starting to speak in gibberish

Question 35

A lesion in which brain center is most likely to lead to a coma or even death?

A) occipital cortex
B) frontal cortex
C) hypothalamus
D) brain stem
E) spinal cord

Question 36

In vertebrates, the central nervous system (CNS) consists of the ____.

A) brain and spinal cord
B) brain and gray matter
C) spinal cord and gray matter
D) brain and reflexes
E) spinal cord and nerves

Question 37

If the protective coverings of the brain were damaged, the ____ would be damaged.

A) ventricles
B) thalamus
C) medulla
D) meninges
E) reflexes

Question 38

Your finger touches a hot pot on the stove. Information is carried via ____ neurons to the ____, where it connects to the ____, which signal you to move your hand.

A) afferent; thalamus; efferent
B) efferent; thalamus; afferent
C) afferent; spinal cord; efferent
D) efferent; spinal cord; afferent
E) afferent; somatosensory cortex; efferent

Question 39

Destruction of the motor areas in the right cerebral cortex results in the loss of ____.

A) sensation on the right side of the body
B) sensation on the left side of the body
C) voluntary movement on the left side of the body
D) voluntary movement on the right side of the body
E) involuntary control of the right side of the body

Question 40

One of your friends is an excellent pianist. Which statement could be used to describe your friend?

A) Her limbic system is very well developed.
B) Her right hemisphere is well developed for musical ability.
C) Her left hemisphere is well developed for musical ability.
D) Her reticular formation is well developed for musical ability.
E) Her right hemisphere is well developed for control over the right side of the body.

Question 41

In an experiment, the development of the parietal lobe of a rat was inhibited. Predict the most likely consequence of this procedure.

A) The rat was not able to make noises.
B) The rat was unable to move.
C) The rat was unable to detect touch.
D) The rat was not able to process visual input.
E) The rat could not right itself.

Question 42

In an experiment, the development of the frontal lobe of a rat was inhibited. Predict the most likely consequence of this procedure.

A) The rat was not able to make noises.
B) The rat was unable to move.
C) The rat was unable to detect touch.
D) The rat was not able to process visual input.
E) The rat could not hear.

Question 43

In humans, the amputation of a limb results in the loss of neurons in the brain due to the absence of its target cells. However, not all of these neurons are lost-some of them become rerouted and can establish connections with other neurons. What is this process called?

A) sensitization
B) plasticity
C) long-term potentiation
D) myelination
E) lateralization

Question 44

Areas of the body such as the lips or fingers are represented by ____ regions of the somatosensory cortex; the arms and legs are represented by relatively _____ regions of the somatosensory cortex.

A) large; small
B) small; large
C) motor; sensory
D) sensory; motor
E) cerebellum; brain stem

Question 45

In examining sex differences in the brains of male and female humans, researchers found that males had ____ connections between the two hemispheres of the cortex and ____ connections between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum than females.

A) stronger; stronger
B) stronger; weaker
C) weaker; weaker
D) weaker; stronger
E) weaker; indistinguishable

Question 46

A person suffers a stroke due to a blood clot that reduces blood flow in the brain. She is unable to speak, but is able to read and understand text. Which scenario best explains the damage caused by the stroke?

A) The cortex of the cerebellum was affected by the reduced blood flow.
B) The interruption in blood flow affected the corpus callosum.
C) The region of damage was responsible for integration of visual and auditory stimuli.
D) The reduced blood flow damaged Wernicke ' s area of the temporal lobe.
E) The reduced blood flow damaged Broca ' s area of the temporal lobe.

Question 47

A PET scan can be used to monitor ________ when a person is performing specific _______ tasks.

A) brain activity; physical
B) glucose activity; physical
C) brain activity; mental
D) hemoglobin activity; mental
E) hemoglobin; physical

Question 48

Which phenomenon describes the unequal distribution of functions between the right and left hemisphere?

A) unihemispherization
B) bifunctionality
C) lateralization
D) functional segregation
E) functional localization

Question 49

Memory is ____.

A) the storage and retrieval of sensory or motor experience
B) the response to stimuli based on experiences
C) the awareness of ourselves and surroundings
D) voluntary
E) involuntary

Question 50

Regine Verma and colleagues wanted to know if there was a sex difference in the human connectome. Which age group(s) had a detectable a sex difference using DTI?

A) 8-13.3 years
B) 13.4-17 years
C) 17.1-22 years
D) both 13.4-17 and 17.1-22 years
E) all ages examined

Question 51

The temporal lobe is associated with ____.

A) touch and movement to that touch
B) vision
C) smell
D) speech
E) memory

Question 52

In an experiment, the development of the occipital lobe of a rat was inhibited. Predict the most likely consequence of this procedure.

A) The rat was not able to make noises.
B) The rat was unable to move.
C) The rat was unable to detect touch.
D) The rat was not able to process visual input.
E) The rat could not right itself.

Question 53

Memories are associated with which brain regions?

A) parietal lobe of the cortex
B) frontal lobe of the cortex
C) parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex
D) limbic association cortex
E) prefrontal association cortex

Question 54

If light were prevented from reaching the right side of both retinas, what would occur?

A) The right half of the visual field would be lost.
B) Only the right cerebral hemisphere would be stimulated by the light.
C) No information about the light would be carried in the left optic nerve.
D) The left half of the visual field would be lost.
E) Sight would be lost.

Question 55

During a fight, a boxer received a hard blow to the side of his head. As a result, the boxer was unable to recognize and interpret words. Which specific area of the brain must have been damaged during the fight?

A) the cortex of the cerebellum
B) Broca ' s area
C) the corpus callosum
D) Wernicke ' s area
E) the brain stem

Question 56

In experiments to determine the function of the cerebral hemispheres, all the patients in the study had ____, which was necessary to be able to parse out the lateralization of the cortex.

A) injury of the optic nerve
B) severed corpus callosum
C) damaged occipital cortex
D) impaired judgment
E) auditory impairment

Question 57

A patient has a stroke that leaves him unable to hear. Where is the most likely location of the brain damage?

A) limbic association cortex
B) prefrontal association cortex
C) Wernicke ' s area
D) temporal lobe
E) somatosensory cortex

Question 58

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a type of ____.

A) MRI
B) PET scan
C) X-ray
D) sonogram
E) CT scan

Question 59

Amnesia is common after surgery due to the drugs used to anesthetize the patient. Which brain region is most affected by these drugs to cause this symptom?

A) brain stem
B) Broca ' s area
C) limbic association cortex
D) prefrontal association cortex
E) parietal-tempora-occipital association cortex

Question 60

A patient has a stroke that leaves him without any impulse control. Where is the most likely location of the brain damage?

A) limbic association cortex
B) prefrontal association cortex
C) Wernicke ' s area
D) occipital cortex
E) somatosensory cortex

Question 61

Eric Kandel, who received a Nobel Prize for his discoveries in signal transduction pathways involved in memory, performed experiments on ____.

A) Pacific sea hares
B) sea anemones
C) sea stars
D) flatworms
E) Drosophila

Question 62

During conscious quiet rest, the brain is emitting ____.

A) alpha waves
B) beta waves
C) delta waves
D) gamma waves
E) rapid, irregular waves

Question 65

Similarities at the neural circuit level between humans and ____ are easy to detect and therefore are used in evolutionary studies examining the requirements for neural circuits.

A) rodents
B) invertebrates
C) fruit flies
D) sea hares
E) bees

Question 66

Bob dreamt he was biking for five hours. The actual time he was in ____ sleep was probably about ____ minutes.

A) beta; 15-20
B) EEG; 10-5
C) REM; 60-90
D) REM; 10-15
E) EEG; 90

Question 68

During a nap, the brain is emitting ____.

A) alpha waves
B) beta waves
C) delta waves
D) gamma waves
E) theta waves

Question 69

Which molecule represents one of the best examples of a commonly shared signaling pathway connected to memory in invertebrates and vertebrates?

A) cyclic AMP
B) cyclic GMP
C) RNA cyclase
D) RNA binding protein
E) non-responsive binding protein

Question 70

Define and explain the importance of the blood-brain barrier.

Question 71

Define long-term potentiation.

Question 72

If an action potential persists for one minute or longer, an increase in the strength of synaptic connections develops. Which term describes the resulting establishment of memory between two neurons?

A) lateralization
B) consciousness potentiation
C) long-term potentiation
D) long-term association
E) ganglion association

Question 73

Gray matter is composed of axons with myelin sheaths.

Question 74

Your alarm clock goes off once again, and it is 7 a.m. Which neural event sends the signal to your cortex for you to know to hit the snooze button?

A) The number of alpha waves emitted by the brain increases.
B) The number of theta waves emitted by the brain increases.
C) The reticular activating system sends stimuli to the cerebral cortex.
D) The cerebellum sends stimuli to the cerebral cortex.
E) The cerebellum sends stimuli to the limbic system.

Question 75

A brain is associated with bilateral symmetry.

Question 76

During deep sleep, the brain is emitting ____.

A) alpha waves
B) beta waves
C) delta waves
D) gamma waves
E) theta waves

Question 77

The limbic system is involved in sleep-wake cycles.

Question 78

Which brain waves are emitted while dreaming?

A) alpha waves
B) beta waves
C) delta waves
D) gamma waves
E) theta waves

Question 79

What are the three sequential mechanisms involved with learning? Explain how a mouse would learn to locate cheese in a maze as indicated by these steps.

Question 80

The parasympathetic ganglia are arranged in an orderly chain along the spinal cord.