Deck 45: Defenses Against Disease

Question 1

The complement system is a group of ____.

A) vaccines
B) defense proteins
C) antibodies
D) antibiotics
E) lymphocytes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which type of leukocyte is involved in killing eukaryotic parasites?

A) monocytes
B) neutrophils
C) eosinophils
D) lymphocytes
E) basophils

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Natural killer cells destroy target cells by releasing ____.

A) antibiotics, which break down the target cell's membrane
B) perforin, which creates holes in the target cell's membrane
C) histamine, which signals other blood cells to aggregate
D) lysozyme, which breaks down the bacterium's cell wall
E) antibodies, which break down the bacterium's cell wall

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Disease-causing viruses or organisms are called ____.

A) pathogens
B) vaccines
C) mast cells
D) macrophages
E) memory cells

Question 5

The immune system consists of ____.

A) physical barriers only
B) innate immunity only
C) adaptive immunity only
D) innate and adaptive immunity only
E) physical barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity

Question 6

How is adaptive immunity different from innate immunity?

A) Adaptive immunity is less effective than innate immunity.
B) Adaptive immunity is nonspecific; innate immunity is specific.
C) Adaptive immunity is immediate; innate immunity is slower acting.
D) Adaptive immunity has memory; innate immunity does not.
E) Adaptive immunity is the first line of defense; innate immunity is the second line of defense.

Question 7

Upon a second exposure to a pathogen, the ____ immune system responds ____ than it did upon the first exposure.

A) innate; slower
B) adaptive; slower
C) innate; faster
D) adaptive; faster
E) innate; more powerfully

Question 8

Edward Jenner infected individuals with ____ to protect them from ____.

A) chickenpox; smallpox
B) smallpox; chickenpox
C) smallpox; cowpox
D) cowpox; smallpox
E) cowpox; chickenpox

Question 9

Interferons____.

A) make holes through bacterial cell membranes
B) make holes through bacterial cell walls
C) prevent entry of viruses into cells
D) block the replication of viruses within cells
E) bind iron and make it unavailable for bacteria and viruses

Question 10

During inflammation, tissue damage activates ____, which release ____.

A) cytotoxic T cells; cytokines
B) macrophages; histamine
C) mast cells; histamine
D) neutrophils; cytokines
E) eosinophils; chemokines

Question 11

Edward Jenner's work became the basis for worldwide ____ against ____.

A) vaccination; polio
B) vaccination; smallpox
C) antibiotic treatment; polio
D) antibiotic treatment; smallpox
E) vaccination; chickenpox

Question 12

Which symptoms are characteristic of the inflammatory response?

A) pain only
B) swelling only
C) tenderness and swelling only
D) pain and heat only
E) pain, swelling, tenderness, and heat

Question 13

The inherited mechanisms that protect the body from pathogens are called ____.

A) the immune system
B) vaccination
C) restriction endonucleases
D) the pathogen defense system
E) immunological tolerance

Question 14

Molecules that regulate defense responses via signal transduction pathways are called ____.

A) complement proteins
B) histamines
C) macrophages
D) cytokines
E) defensins

Question 15

The major phagocytic cells in the body are____.

A) macrophages and lymphocytes
B) macrophages and neutrophils
C) macrophages and mast cells
D) monocytes and mast cells
E) monocytes and basophils

Question 16

Adaptive immunity is also referred to as ____ immunity.

A) acquired
B) innate
C) secondary
D) latent
E) hidden

Question 17

The enzyme lysozyme offers protection from some ____ by breaking down their ____.

A) viruses; protein coat
B) bacteria; cell walls
C) viruses; envelopes
D) bacteria; DNA
E) viruses and bacteria; nucleic acids

Question 18

Arrange the three lines of defense from the first to the last. 1 = Adaptive immune system
2 = Physical barriers
3 = Innate immune system

A) 1, 2, 3
B) 2, 1, 3
C) 2, 3, 1
D) 3, 1, 2
E) 3, 2, 1

Question 19

While running in a garden, a girl steps on an old board and a nail goes through her shoe and skin, causing a deep puncture wound. Which nonspecific defense mechanism will aid in protecting her from pathogens?

A) ciliated epithelial cells
B) lysozyme
C) acidic skin secretions
D) inflammation
E) cytotoxic T cells

Question 20

Histamine ____.

A) causes blood vessels to contract
B) causes capillaries to lose their permeability
C) causes an outward flow of fluids from the capillaries
D) reduces tissue swelling
E) causes cells to release interferons

Question 21

A foreign molecule that triggers an adaptive immune response is called a(n)____.

A) lymphocyte
B) antibody
C) antigen
D) chemokine
E) pyrogen

Question 22

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The constant region of a light chain is indicated by number____.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 23

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. If an antibody serves as a B-cell receptor, it will bind to the host cell membrane via region number____.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 6

Question 24

Antibodies are classified as____.

A) nucleoproteins
B) immunoglobulins
C) steroids
D) carbohydrates
E) lipids

Question 25

A CD4+ T cell binds to an antigen only if this antigen is ____.

A) in a complex with a class I MHC protein
B) in a complex with a class II MHC protein
C) in a complex with a class III MHC protein
D) not in a complex with MHC proteins
E) presented on the surface of a B cell

Question 26

The major source of diversity for B- and T-cell receptors is____.

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) transcript processing
D) random recombination of gene segments
E) mutation

Question 27

The leukocytes that are central to adaptive immunity are the____.

A) lymphocytes
B) macrophages
C) neutrophils
D) mast cells
E) eosinophils

Question 28

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The constant region of a heavy chain is indicated by number____.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 29

A dendritic cell with an antigen displayed on its surface is called a(n) ____.

A) cytotoxic T cell
B) plasma cell
C) antigen presenting cell
D) major histocompatibility complex
E) CD4+ T cell

Question 30

Figure 45.1 (questions 28-33)
Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The antigen-binding site is indicated by number____.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 31

An antibody molecule consists of ____ polypeptide chain(s).

A) four light
B) four heavy
C) two light and two heavy
D) three light and one heavy
E) one light and three heavy

Question 32

B-cell receptors on B cells are ____.

A) IgG molecules only
B) IgE molecules only
C) IgD or IgE molecules
D) IgM or IgD molecules
E) IgM molecules only

Question 33

Helper T cells secrete ____, which activate B cells and stimulate their proliferation.

A) antigens
B) allergens
C) antibodies
D) interferons
E) interleukins

Question 34

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The region that determines the class of antibody is indicated by number ____.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 35

An epitope is ____.

A) the antigen binding site of an antibody molecule
B) found only in IgG and IgM
C) part of an antigen that binds to a specific antibody
D) too small to stimulate an immune response
E) a complement protein that initiates lysis of target cells

Question 36

Answer the question using the accompanying figure. The variable region of a light chain is indicated by number____.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 37

Dendritic cells present antigens on their surface in the context of ____.

A) class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
B) class II MHC proteins
C) antibodies
D) B-cell receptors
E) T-cell receptors

Question 38

How is antibody-mediated immunity different from cell-mediated immunity?

A) Antibody-mediated immunity requires lymphocytes; cell-mediated immunity does not.
B) Antibody-mediated immunity is innate; cell-mediated immunity is adaptive.
C) Antibody-mediated immunity is adaptive; cell-mediated immunity is innate.
D) Antibody-mediated immunity requires both B and T cells; cell-mediated immunity requires T cells but not B cells.
E) Antibody-mediated immunity requires T cells; cell-mediated immunity requires B cells.

Question 39

B cells differentiate in the ____, while T cells mature in the ____.

A) bone marrow; thymus
B) thymus; bone marrow
C) bone marrow; bone marrow
D) bone marrow; blood
E) blood; thymus

Question 40

Which macromolecules can serve as antigens?

A) proteins only
B) carbohydrates only
C) nucleic acids only
D) proteins and carbohydrates only
E) proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Question 41

The secondary immune response is ____ than the primary immune response because the secondary immune response ____.

A) more rapid; does not require B or T cells
B) more rapid; involves memory B and T cells that have been stored
C) slower; requires initiation of clonal selection of new B and T cells
D) slower; requires more antigen than the primary immune response
E) more rapid; is less specific than the primary immune response

Question 42

The main antibody present during the primary immune response is____.

A) IgE
B) IgA
C) IgD
D) IgG
E) IgM

Question 43

Autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown in the ability of the body to____.

A) produce antibodies
B) produce memory cells
C) destroy major histocompatibility proteins
D) distinguish self from non-self
E) distinguish between harmless and pathogenic microorganisms

Question 44

The transfer of IgA antibodies in the first breast milk fed from the mother to the baby is an example of ____.

A) active immunity
B) passive immunity
C) innate immunity
D) cell-mediated immunity
E) autoimmunity

Question 45

Antibodies enhance ____ of bacteria and viruses because cells, such as macrophages, have receptors on their surfaces that recognize the ____ end of antibodies.

A) phagocytosis; heavy-chain
B) phagocytosis; antigen-binding
C) neutralization; heavy-chain
D) neutralization; light-chain
E) phagocytosis; light-chain

Question 46

A typical primary response to an antigen peaks at about____.

A) one-two days
B) four-five days
C) two weeks
D) two months
E) four months

Question 47

A patient's serum is analyzed and found to have an abnormally low level of CD8 molecules. This suggests that the patient has insufficient numbers of ____.

A) macrophages
B) B cells
C) cytotoxic T cells
D) helper T cells
E) NK cells

Question 48

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by____.

A) a deficiency of antibodies
B) inability to respond to antigenic stimulation
C) a virus
D) a self-attack on blood cells
E) a self-attack on joints

Question 49

A monoclonal antibody reacts against____.

A) a single antigenic determinant
B) different epitopes on the same antigen
C) different antigens of the same organism
D) a single type of pathogen
E) different types of macromolecules on the same pathogen

Question 50

How is active immunity different from passive immunity?

A) Active immunity is slower in onset and shorter-lived.
B) Active immunity is slower in onset and longer-lived.
C) Active immunity is faster in onset and shorter-lived.
D) Active immunity is faster in onset and longer-lived.
E) Only active immunity involves antibodies.

Question 51

Which immune cells are long-lived cells that can respond to a later encounter with the same antigen?

A) helper T cells
B) plasma cells
C) dendritic cells
D) memory cells
E) cytotoxic T cells

Question 52

APCs interact with ____during an antibody-mediated immune response, and with ____ during a cell-mediated immune response.____

A) CD8+ T cells; CD4+ T cells
B) CD4+ T cells; CD8+ T cells
C) CD8+ T cells; CD8+ T cells
D) CD4+ T cells; CD4+ T cells
E) macrophages; CD4+ T cells

Question 53

B cells and dendritic cells can both ____.

A) act as APCs
B) produce antibodies
C) differentiate into memory cells
D) carry out a cell-mediated immune response
E) activate helper T cells

Question 54

Immunological tolerance refers to ____.

A) decreased immune system response to latent viruses
B) decreased immune system response to nonpathogenic bacteria
C) decreased tolerance of the body for pathogens it has already encountered
D) desensitization to allergens to lessen allergic responses
E) protection of the body's own molecules from attack by its immune system

Question 55

Vaccinations introduce ____ into the body to stimulate the immune system and produce immunological memory.

A) T cells
B) antigens
C) antibodies
D) B cells
E) dendritic cells

Question 56

A CD8+ T cell binds to an antigen only if this antigen is____.

A) in a complex with a class I MHC protein
B) in a complex with a class II MHC protein
C) in a complex with a class III MHC protein
D) not in a complex with MHC proteins
E) presented on the surface of a B cell

Question 57

Arrange the steps of antibody-mediated immunity in the proper order. 1. Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
2) Helper T cells interact with B cells displaying the same antigen-MHC complex. 
3) Contact with antigen.
4) Clones of B cells produced.
5) Fragmentation of antigen.

A) 3, 2, 5, 1, 4
B) 3, 5, 2, 4, 1
C) 1, 3, 5, 2, 4
D) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5
E) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1

Question 58

In ____, antibodies bind to toxin molecules, preventing them from carrying out their damaging action.

A) inflammation
B) phagocytosis
C) agglutination
D) neutralization
E) clonal selection

Question 59

Hybridomas are cells formed by the fusion of____.

A) B cells and melanoma cells
B) B cells and myeloma cells
C) T cells and melanoma cells
D) T cells and myeloma cells
E) B cells, T cells, and myeloma cells

Question 60

B cells and T cells that react with self-antigens are destroyed by____.

A) apoptosis
B) phagocytosis
C) cytokinesis
D) diakinesis
E) endocytosis

Question 63

The gut microbiome influences host immunity.

Question 64

The ____ is largely protected from pathogens because it is acidic.

A) skin
B) mouth
C) eye
D) nose
E) vagina

Question 65

Asthma is an inflammatory response mediated by ____ antibodies.

A) IgE
B) IgA
C) IgG
D) both IgE and IgA
E) both IgA and IgG

Question 66

Which autoimmune disease is correctly matched with the tissue it affects?

A) lupus - blood
B) rheumatoid arthritis - lymphatics
C) multiple sclerosis - joints
D) lupus - nerves
E) multiple sclerosis - pancreas

Question 67

In the respiratory tract, ciliated cells constantly sweep mucus that contains trapped foreign matter.

Question 68

According to a 2003 study performed by Michelle Khan and her coworkers, the rate of cervical cancer appears to be the greatest when women are ____.

A) positive for HPV16
B) negative for HPV16 but positive for HPV18
C) negative for HPV16/18 but positive for other cancer-causing HPV
D) negative for all cancer-causing HPV
E) positive for HIV

Question 69

Which defense mechanism(s) is/are found in invertebrates?

A) phagocytes and antibodies
B) lysozyme and antibodies
C) antibodies only
D) phagocytes and lysozyme
E) phagocytes, lysozyme, and antibodies

Question 70

B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies.

Question 71

Moths have an immunoglobulin-family protein called ____, which binds to pathogens and enhances their phagocytosis.

A) hemolysin
B) cadherin
C) interleukin
D) hemolin
E) defensin

Question 72

Arrange the steps of an allergic response in the proper order. 1. Allergic symptoms appear.
2) Allergen binds with IgE.
3) IgE combines with mast cell receptors.
4) Mast cells release histamine.
5) Plasma cells sensitized.

A) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1
B) 1, 5, 2, 4, 3
C) 5, 2, 4, 3, 1
D) 1, 4, 5, 2, 3
E) 4, 5, 2, 3, 1

Question 73

Anaphylactic shock can be controlled by an immediate injection of histamine.

Question 74

Anaphylactic shock ____.

A) involves IgG antibodies rather than IgE antibodies
B) can occur the first time an individual is exposed to an allergen
C) involves the release of antihistamine from mast cells
D) results from HIV infection
E) is a life-threatening condition resulting from severe inflammation

Question 75

You had a cold last month and you caught another one this month from your brother. What is the most likely reason for this happening?

A) Memory cells were not formed as a response to the first cold.
B) The antibodies formed as a response to the first cold were degraded.
C) The two cold viruses are different.
D) Your macrophages are unable to perform phagocytosis.
E) Your antigen-presenting cells do not recognize the second cold virus.

Question 76

All invertebrates have phagocytic cells, but lack antibodies.

Question 77

Upon antigenic stimulation, CD8+ T cells differentiate into helper T cells.

Question 78

Invertebrates have an adaptive immune and an innate immune system.

Question 79

Discuss the phenomena of immunological tolerance and autoimmune disease.

Question 80

Allergens induce ____ cells to secrete an overabundance of ____ antibodies.

A) CD4+ T; IgA
B) B; IgE
C) dendritic; IgG
D) CD8+ T; IgE
E) B; IgG