Deck 49: Animal Reproduction

Question 1

The acrosome of a sperm cell contains ____.

A) a haploid number of chromosomes
B) a diploid number of chromosomes
C) enzymes and other proteins
D) mitochondria
E) ATP

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The sequence of cells produced during oogenesis is ____.

A) oogonium   → primary oocyte → secondary oocyte → ootid → egg
B) oogonium → ootid → primary oocyte → secondary oocyte → egg
C) primary oocyte → secondary oocyte → oogonium → ootid → egg
D) ootid → oogonium → secondary oocyte → primary oocyte → egg
E) secondary oocyte → primary oocyte → oogonium  → egg → ootid

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In bees, haploid male drones are produced by ____ while new queens and sterile workers are produced by ____.

A) parthenogenesis; fertilization
B) budding; fertilization
C) fragmentation; parthenogenesis
D) fertilization; parthenogenesis
E) fission; budding

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In ____, pieces separate from the body of a parent and develop into new individuals.

A) fission
B) fertilization
C) fragmentation
D) budding
E) parthenogenesis

Question 5

Parthenogenesis ____.

A) is a form of sexual reproduction
B) involves the growth and development of a sperm cell without fertilization
C) involves the growth and development of an egg without fertilization
D) occurs through budding
E) always produces haploid offspring

Question 6

Which condition favors sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

A) a stable and uniform environment
B) highly variable environments
C) sparsely settled populations
D) sessile animals
E) an unstable environment

Question 7

The product of meiosis II during spermatogenesis is the ____.

A) sperm
B) spermatid
C) primary spermatocyte
D) secondary spermatocyte
E) spermatogonium

Question 8

Which statement best describes the gametes of most animals?

A) A sperm is large and motile; an egg is small and nonmotile.
B) A sperm is small and nonmotile; an egg is large and motile.
C) A sperm is large and nonmotile; an egg is small and motile.
D) A sperm is small and motile; an egg is large and nonmotile.
E) The sperm and egg are about the same size, but only the sperm is motile.

Question 9

The mammalian acrosome contains enzymes that ____.

A) digest the zona pellucida
B) digest the endometrium
C) stimulate ovulation
D) stimulate sperm motility
E) inhibit premature ejaculation

Question 10

In ____, a new individual grows and develops while attached to the parent.

A) fission
B) fertilization
C) fragmentation
D) budding
E) parthenogenesis

Question 11

One secondary spermatocyte ultimately produces ____ mature sperm.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) eight

Question 12

What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

A) Sexual reproduction generates less genetic diversity than asexual reproduction.
B) Sexual reproduction decreases the chance that offspring may be able to live and reproduce in diverse environments.
C) Sexual reproduction decreases the chance that, in a changing environment, at least some offspring will grow and reproduce successfully.
D) Sexual reproduction produces fewer offspring per parent than asexual reproduction.
E) On average, sexual reproduction generates unequal numbers of males and females.

Question 13

Which mechanism(s) increase(s) genetic diversity?

A) crossing-over between chromosomes during meiosis only
B) independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis only
C) random DNA mutations only
D) crossing-over between chromosomes and independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis only
E) crossing-over between chromosomes, independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, and random DNA mutations

Question 14

Asexual reproduction ____.

A) is common in vertebrates
B) involves the fusion of two sperm
C) involves the fusion of two eggs
D) gives rise to offspring without the fusion of gametes
E) involves the fusion of a male gamete and a female gamete

Question 15

In ____, the parent separates into two or more offspring of approximately the same size.

A) fission
B) fertilization
C) fragmentation
D) budding
E) parthenogenesis

Question 16

In humans, spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis in that spermatogenesis ____.

A) involves meiosis, while oogenesis involves mitosis
B) begins at birth, while oogenesis begins at puberty
C) has unequal cytoplasmic divisions, while oogenesis does not
D) produces somatic cells, while oogenesis produces gametes
E) produces four functional gametes, while oogenesis produces one functional gamete

Question 17

In females, meiosis II is completed ____.

A) before birth
B) at the time of birth
C) when eggs are ovulated each month
D) at puberty
E) only if the egg is fertilized

Question 18

Asexual reproduction can involve ____.

A) fertilization only
B) fission only
C) fission, budding, or fertilization
D) fragmentation, fission, or fertilization
E) fragmentation, fission, or budding

Question 19

The mitochondria present in the sperm provide ____.

A) energy for the movement of the flagellum
B) energy for the acrosome to penetrate the egg
C) energy for the maturation of the sperm
D) nutrients for the sperm
E) nutrients for the developing embryo

Question 20

The palolo worm reproduces by ____ reproduction, and its biological clock is timed by ____.

A) asexual; periods of moonlight
B) sexual; periods of moonlight
C) asexual; the age of the worm
D) sexual; the age of the worm
E) asexual; the temperature of its environment

Question 21

In some fish, fertilized eggs develop and hatch inside the mother's body before the offspring are released to the exterior. This is an example of ____.

A) oviparity
B) viviparity
C) ovoviparity
D) budding
E) fission

Question 22

In humans, the gonads ____.

A) produce gametes only
B) secrete hormones only
C) nourish the embryo only
D) produce gametes and secrete hormones only
E) produce gametes, secrete hormones, and nourish the embryo

Question 23

The ovarian cycle includes the ____ phases.

A) luteal and secretory
B) menstrual and proliferative
C) follicular and luteal
D) follicular and proliferative
E) proliferative and secretory

Question 24

A human female could ovulate about ____ times in her lifetime.

A) 40
B) 400
C) 4,000
D) 40,000
E) 400,000

Question 25

In the ovarian cycle, the pituitary gland releases ____.

A) estrogen and estradiol
B) progesterone only
C) progesterone and inhibin
D) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 26

Individuals change from one sex to the other in ____.

A) simultaneous hermaphroditism
B) sequential hermaphroditism
C) oviparity
D) parthenogenesis
E) gametogenesis

Question 27

External fertilization is most common in animals living in ____.

A) mountains
B) prairies
C) forests
D) oceans
E) deserts

Question 28

The cortical reaction is triggered by ____.

A) the acrosomal reaction
B) sperm entering the nucleus
C) a depolarization event
D) Ca⁺²ions

Question 29

The starting point for the ovarian cycle is a ____.

A) primary oocyte arrested in meiosis I
B) primary oocyte arrested in meiosis II
C) primary oocyte having just completed meiosis I
D) secondary oocyte arrested in meiosis I
E) secondary oocyte arrested in meiosis II

Question 30

One function of the developing follicle is to ____.

A) stimulate ovulation
B) secrete progesterone
C) secrete estrogens
D) secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
E) secrete glycoproteins, which promote sperm motility

Question 31

The ovarian cycle produces a(n) ____.

A) mature egg
B) parthenogenic egg
C) embryo
D) endometrium
E) mature somatic cell

Question 32

Oviparous animals ____.

A) lay eggs that contain the nutrients needed for development of the embryo outside the mother's body
B) retain the embryo within the mother's body and nourish it at least through early embryo development
C) have a specialized temporary structure, the placenta , which connects the embryo to the uterus during development
D) retain fertilized eggs within the body, where the embryo develops using the nutrients provided by the egg
E) have mature egg-producing and mature sperm-producing tissue present in the same individual

Question 33

The presence of both male and female reproductive tissue in the same individual is termed ____.

A) parthenogenesis
B) hermaphroditism
C) oviparity
D) viviparity
E) ovoviparity

Question 34

At birth, the baby passes from the uterus to the outside of the mother's body through the ____.

A) oviduct
B) urethra
C) ovary
D) vagina
E) vulva

Question 35

Which mammalian group lays eggs?

A) monotremes
B) eutherians
C) polytherians
D) metatherians
E) marsupials

Question 36

If the number of chromosomes in an animal's gametes is 20, then a somatic cell from that animal would contain ____ chromosomes.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 40
E) 80

Question 37

The greater vestibular glands ____.

A) secrete a mucus-rich fluid that lubricates the vulva
B) receive and transport newly ovulated eggs to the uterus
C) maintain the endometrium
D) assist in transporting eggs to the oviduct
E) produce and release female steroids, such as estrogen and estradiol

Question 38

Humans are ____ animals.

A) oviparous
B) viviparous
C) ovoviviparous
D) marsupial
E) parthenogenic

Question 39

The acrosomal reaction is the ____.

A) activation of a sperm cell through attachment of an acrosome
B) release of digestive enzymes from the acrosome after the initial attachment of a sperm to an egg
C) fusion of sperm and egg nuclei using enzymes from the acrosome
D) use of enzymes from the acrosome to block the attachment of other sperm cells to the egg
E) initial binding of the sperm to the zona pellucida

Question 40

The female erectile structure analogous to the male penis is the ____.

A) labia majora
B) labia minora
C) mons pubis
D) cervix
E) clitoris

Question 41

Sperm are stored in the ____ after they are produced.

A) epididymis
B) seminiferous tubules
C) penis
D) prostate gland
E) vas deferens

Question 42

Sperm are produced in the ____.

A) epididymis
B) seminiferous tubules
C) penis
D) prostate gland
E) vas deferens

Question 43

Recent research has indicated that for human _____, vocal pitch changes may be associated with fertility.

A) males
B) females
C) males and females
D) females during menopause
E) males during puberty

Question 44

Ovulation typically occurs on day ____ of a 28-day ovarian cycle.

A) 1
B) 7
C) 10
D) 14
E) 28

Question 45

Which group lists the male accessory glands?

A) prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles
B) vestibular gland, seminal vesicles, prostate gland
C) bulbourethral gland, prepuce, prostate gland
D) seminal vesicles, prepuce, prostate gland
E) prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, hypothalamus

Question 46

Menstruation begins in response to ____.

A) rising levels of FSH and LH
B) rising levels of GnRH
C) rising levels of progesterone
D) falling levels of progesterone
E) rising levels of estrogen

Question 47

How does the human male body respond to a decrease in testosterone in the bloodstream?

A) The hypothalamus releases testosterone.
B) The hypothalamus releases GnRH.
C) The Sertoli cells release testosterone.
D) The Leydig cells release FSH.
E) The Leydig cells release inhibin.

Question 48

Which statement is a part of the definition of infertility?

A) Infertility only occurs in females.
B) Infertility is always caused by low sperm counts in males.
C) Infertility is diagnosed when a couple is unable to become pregnant after 12 months.
D) Female infertility is only caused by hormonal imbalances.
E) Female infertility is caused by environmental factors, such as rigorous physical exercise, that do not affect males.

Question 49

The ____ cells are stimulated by ____ to secrete testosterone.

A) Sertoli; LH
B) Sertoli; FSH
C) Leydig; LH
D) Leydig; FSH
E) Sertoli and Leydig; LH

Question 50

In the female, the ____ acts as a temporary endocrine gland and secretes ____.

A) pituitary; LH and FSH
B) corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone
C) ovaries; estrogen and LH
D) endometrium; estrogen and FSH
E) uterus; LH and FSH

Question 51

Which male structure is shared by both the urinary and reproductive systems?

A) urinary bladder
B) prostate gland
C) ureter
D) vas deferens
E) urethra

Question 52

The presence of ____ in urine indicates a pregnancy.

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) human chorionic gonadotropin
D) FSH
E) LH

Question 53

How does the hypothalamus of the sexually mature human male regulate reproductive hormone levels?

A) The hypothalamus continuously secretes large amounts of GnRH.
B) The hypothalamus responds to low levels of testosterone by synthesizing and releasing testosterone.
C) The hypothalamus secretes GnRH in brief pulses every two to three hours.
D) The hypothalamus secretes LH in response to high levels of testosterone.
E) The hypothalamus responds to low levels of GnRH by synthesizing and releasing testosterone.

Question 54

In many mammalian species, including bats and most non-human primates, a bone in the penis, called the ____, helps to maintain it in an erect state.

A) pendulum
B) baculum
C) colostrum
D) prepuce
E) marsupium

Question 55

A human egg can only be fertilized in the ____.

A) oviduct
B) ovary
C) uterus
D) cervix
E) vagina

Question 56

Investigators who study sea urchins, amphibians, and humans have reported that ____.

A) sperm cannot detect and swim toward attractant molecules
B) sperm can detect and swim toward attractant molecules
C) eggs release chemicals that repel sperm
D) sperm attraction can be inhibited by chemicals
E) sperm can release chemicals that kill other sperm

Question 57

The oral contraceptive pill contains ____.

A) synthetic estrogen only
B) synthetic estrogen and/or progestin
C) synthetic estrogen and FSH
D) FSH and progestin
E) synthetic estrogen, progestin, and FSH

Question 58

In the female reproductive cycle, the endometrium is thickest ____.

A) as the menstrual phase transitions to the proliferative phase
B) as the proliferative phase transitions to the secretory phase
C) shortly before ovulation
D) during ovulation
E) as the secretory phase transitions to menstrual phase

Question 59

Menstrual flow results in the discharge of ____.

A) the follicle
B) the corpus luteum
C) the lining of the endometrium
D) surface cells from the vagina
E) blood from vessels on the outer side of the uterus

Question 60

Which contraception technique consists of avoiding intercourse during the time of the cycle when the egg can be fertilized?

A) withdrawal
B) tubal ligation
C) vasectomy
D) rhythm method
E) diaphragm and spermicidal jelly

Question 61

Research suggests that contamination of water by agricultural chemicals appears to____.

A) increase sperm count
B) decrease sperm count
C) increase sperm motility
D) eliminate sperm production completely
E) have no effect on sperm

Question 62

The morning-after pill works by ____.

A) blocking ovulation or fertilization
B) blocking passage of sperm through the female reproductive tract
C) blocking passage of sperm through the male reproductive tract
D) causing shedding of the endometrial lining and any implanted embryo
E) increasing the effectiveness of the acrosomal reaction

Question 63

The major difference between the human male and female reproductive systems is the ____.

A) site for fertilization and embryo development in the female
B) production of haploid gametes only by the male
C) diploid polar bodies of the female
D) generation of millions of eggs, but only thousands of sperm each month
E) presence of a duct system opening to the body's exterior only in females

Question 64

Which contraceptive method is the most effective form of birth control if properly implemented and adhered to?

A) condoms
B) diaphragms
C) abstinence
D) oral contraceptives
E) vasectomy

Question 66

Tubal ligation causes sterility because ____.

A) eggs are no longer produced
B) the endometrium is unable to form
C) sperm is unable to enter the female reproductive tract
D) sex hormones are no longer produced by the ovaries
E) eggs are unable to travel through the oviducts to the uterus

Question 69

The drug mifepristone (RU-486) is a contraceptive that ____.

A) blocks passage of sperm through the male reproductive tract
B) blocks passage of sperm through the female reproductive tract
C) prevents ovulation
D) causes shedding of the endometrial lining and any implanted embryo
E) prevents implantation by blocking estrogen receptors in the uterus

Question 70

Describe the cortical reaction, and explain its significance in the process of fertilization.

Question 71

List some of the environmental factors that may be associated with male and female infertility.

Question 72

Explain the roles of the hormones GnRH, FSH, and LH in the male and female reproductive systems.

Question 73

The type of contraception technique that can interfere with implantation of a fertilized egg is ____.

A) tubal ligation
B) spermicidal jelly
C) birth control pills
D) an intrauterine device
E) a diaphragm

Question 74

What is released by the acrosomal reaction?

A) enzymes that digest a path that a sperm can follow through the egg coats
B) proteins that solidify the sperm tail
C) sperm nuclei
D) enzymes that directly fuse the sperm and egg nuclei together
E) proteins that mark the path the sperm cells must follow to the oviduct

Question 75

The "pill" works primarily by ____.

A) blocking sperm from entering the uterus
B) causing spontaneous abortions
C) inhibiting the release of FSH and LH
D) preventing implantation of the embryo
E) stimulating the release of GnRH

Question 76

Vasectomy causes sterility because ____.

A) sperm is no longer produced
B) sperm is unable to leave the testis
C) sperm is unable to reach the vas deferens
D) sperm is unable to reach the urethra
E) semen is no longer produced