Deck 26: Reproduction and Development

Question 1

Sperm use ____ for their energy source.

A)fructose
B)glucose
C)ions
D)proteins
E)prostate gland secretions

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The yolk, which is a component of many animal eggs, contains a mixture of____.

A)individual amino acids and nucleic acids
B)proteins and lipids
C)proteins and carbohydrates
D)nucleic acids and proteins
E)lipids and nucleic acids

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Why are women given hormones prior to obtaining eggs for IVF?

A)to protect eggs from damage
B)to protect the eggs from mutating
C)to prevent premature maturation of the eggs
D)to prepare the uterus for eggs
E)to cause multiple eggs to mature at once

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Shortly after fertilization, successive cell divisions convert the zygote into a multicellular embryo during a process known as ____.

A)meiosis
B)parthenogenesis
C)gastrulation
D)cleavage
E)blastulation

Question 5

Sexually reproducing animals that can produce both eggs and sperm are called ____.

A)invertebrates
B)asexual
C)hermaphrodites
D)amniotes
E)zygotes

Question 6

Which recent technology has allowed women the option of reproducing later in life, either by choice or because of a medical condition that may prevent them from conceiving later?

A)artificial insemination
B)asexual fertilization
C)surrogate transfer
D)egg freezing and banking
E)fertility drugs

Question 7

A sexually reproducing animal that can fertilize itselfis known asa ____ hermaphrodite.

A)simultaneous
B)sequential
C)parthogenic
D)gastrulated
E)preferential

Question 8

Mammals nourish their embryos by means of a ____.

A)placenta
B)uterus
C)yolk sac
D)blastocyst
E)amnion

Question 9

From which germ layer(s)do(es)the stomach arise?

A)ectoderm only
B)endoderm only
C)mesoderm only
D)mesoderm and endoderm
E)endoderm and ectoderm

Question 10

A sexually reproducing animal that can produce both eggs and sperm and can switch from one sex to another is called a____ hermaphrodite.

A)simultaneous
B)sequential
C)parthogenic
D)gastrulated
E)preferential

Question 11

Select the correct sequence of animal developmental events.

A)fertilization >>> cleavage >>> organ formation >>>gastrula
B)fertilization >>> cleavage >>> gastrula >>> organ formation
C)fertilization >>> gastrula >>> cleavage >>> organ formation
D)fertilization >>> organ formation >>> gastrula >>> cleavage
E)fertilization >>> organ formation >>> cleavage >>> gastrula

Question 12

Gastrulation producesa(n)____.

A)hollow balls of cells
B)embryo with germ layers
C)solid balls of cells
D)haploid cells
E)yolk sac

Question 13

The first cell of a new individual is the ____.

A)blastula
B)gastrula
C)embryo
D)zygote
E)gamete

Question 14

The first child conceived using IVF was born in ____.

A)1958
B)1968
C)1978
D)1988
E)1998

Question 15

The germ layers are formed during which developmental stage?

A)cleavage
B)meiosis
C)gastrulation
D)zygote formation
E)blastula formation

Question 16

External fertilization is common in most _____.

A)insects
B)amniotes
C)lizards
D)bony fish
E)hydra

Question 17

The end result of cleavage is a(n)____.

A)blastula
B)gastrula
C)zygote
D)embryo
E)mesoderm

Question 18

Which of the following is referred to as a hollow ball of cells?

A)cleavage
B)egg
C)gastrula
D)zygote
E)blastula

Question 19

At what point in development do the organs begin to form?

A)immediately after fertilization
B)during cleavage
C)immediately after cleavage
D)during gastrulation
E)after gastrulation

Question 20

Which species is a hermaphrodite?

A)hydra
B)banana slugs
C)chameleon
D)sharks
E)pigeons

Question 21

Which cellular component can be found in a mature sperm cell?

A)mitochondria
B)Golgi apparatus
C)endoplasmic reticulum
D)mRNA
E)ribosomes

Question 22

What is the fate of most of a woman's mature eggs?

A)they are fertilized
B)they are stored for future use
C)they die
D)they are reset back to primary oocytes
E)they stay immature

Question 23

Where in a sperm cell are mitochondria found?

A)the head
B)the midpiece
C)the tail
D)both the tail and the midpiece
E)both the head and the midpiece

Question 24

Ovulation is triggered by ____.

A)high levels of LH
B)low levels of LH
C)low levels of estrogen
D)high levels of estrogen
E)high levels of progesterone

Question 25

Which hormone prepares the reproductive tract for pregnancy?

A)estrogen
B)luteinizing hormone
C)oxytocin
D)progesterone
E)prolactin

Question 26

Inside the penis, there are ____ cylinders of spongy tissue.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)five

Question 27

Erectile dysfunction drugs cause ____.

A)penis muscles to contract
B)blood vessels of the penis to widen
C)the spongy tissue of the penis to stiffen
D)an increase in hydrostatic pressure
E)increased semen flow

Question 28

What is the function of a polar body?

A)it directs sperm to the urethra
B)it provides nourishment to the developing oocyte
C)it serves as a nurse cell to spermatids
D)it may become a functional oocyte
E)it has no function

Question 29

What is the order of anatomical structures through which a sperm cell passes during maturation and expulsion from the body?
1. vas deferens
2. epididymus
3. urethra

A)1-2-3
B)1-3-2
C)2-3-1
D)2-1-3
E)3-1-2

Question 30

Immature sperm pass through the ____, a coiled duct on top of the testes, where they mature.

A)epididymis
B)seminal vesicle
C)prostate
D)vas deferens
E)prostate

Question 31

What is the function of the prostate secretions?

A)sperm maturation
B)to provide sperm with energy
C)to protect sperm from vaginal acidity
D)to stimulate the release of LH
E)to increase sperm motility

Question 32

The first day of the menstrual cycle is marked by ____.

A)the beginning of ovulation
B)the onset of PMS
C)the beginning of menstruation
D)an increase in the thickness of the uterine lining
E)the beginning of the luteal phase

Question 33

The cessation of regular menstrual cycles due to age is called ____.

A)menopause
B)the luteal phase
C)the follicular phase
D)PMS
E)menstruation

Question 34

A penis becomes erect because of ____.

A)muscle contractions
B)blood flow into spongy tissue
C)hydrostatic pressure
D)osmosis
E)abdominal wall contractions

Question 35

In the human male, sperm are produced in the ____.

A)bulbourethral glands
B)prostate
C)seminiferous tubules
D)vas deferens
E)epididymis

Question 36

Fertilization in humans occurs in the ____.

A)ovary
B)uterus
C)vagina
D)oviduct
E)follicle

Question 37

Menstrual flow results in the discharge of ____.

A)the follicle
B)the corpus luteum
C)the lining of the uterus
D)surface cells from the vagina
E)blood from the blood vessels on the outer surface of the uterus

Question 38

Human female germ cells form ____.

A)before birth
B)shortly after birth
C)at puberty
D)during late teenage-hood
E)at fertilization

Question 39

A fully functional corpus luteum secretes ____.

A)LH and FSH
B)estrogens and progesterone
C)GnRH and estrogens
D)estrogens and FSH
E)progesterone and LH

Question 40

The reproductive organ in the human female that is responsible for egg production is the ____.

A)uterus
B)ovary
C)vagina
D)clitoris
E)oviduct

Question 41

What triggers the decline in estrogen and progesterone levels at the end of the menstrual cycle?

A)menstruation
B)breakdown of the corpus luteum
C)decreasing LH levels
D)increasing GnRH secretions
E)shedding of the uterine lining

Question 42

What is responsible for the large surge of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A)the maturation of the follicle
B)the surge in estrogen
C)the surge in LH
D)the release of the egg
E)the formation of the corpus luteum

Question 43

During a human pregnancy, implantation occurs at which stage?

A)zygote
B)early cleavage
C)blastocyst
D)gastrula
E)embryo

Question 44

The presence of which hormone in a woman's urine indicates that she is pregnant?

A)luteinizing hormone
B)follicle-stimulating hormone
C)human chorionic gonadotropin
D)progesterone
E)estrogen

Question 45

Which STD causes warts on the genitals and can lead to cervical and anal cancers?

A)gonorrhea
B)syphilis
C)chlamydia
D)genital herpes
E)HPV infection

Question 46

During implantation, the inner cell mass develops into two flattened layers of cells called the ____.

A)blastocyst
B)amnion
C)embryonic disk
D)chorion
E)placenta

Question 47

Why do decreased testosterone levels in men lead to infertility?

A)lower testosterone prevents sperm from being made
B)lower testosterone prevents sperm from maturing
C)lower testosterone inhibits sperm motility
D)lower testosterone prevents ejaculation
E)lower testosterone prevents the removal of the coating on the head of the sperm

Question 48

Early symptoms of which STD include flattened, painless chancres at the initial infection site; if left untreated in the long term, this STD can cause mental illness, blindness, and death?

A)gonorrhea
B)syphilis
C)chlamydia
D)trichomoniasis
E)genital herpes

Question 49

Mifepristone, also known as RU-486, is used in combination with ____ to terminate an unwanted pregnancy

A)copper
B)cyclooxygenase
C)estrogen
D)progesterone
E)a prostaglandin

Question 50

"Plan B", the most widely used emergency contraceptive, delivers a large dose of which hormone?

A)estrogen
B)luteinizing hormone
C)oxytocin
D)progesterone
E)prolactin

Question 51

Which two sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)commonly occur together?

A)HPV infection and chlamydia
B)chlamydia and gonorrhea
C)gonorrhea and syphilis
D)trichomoniasis and genital herpes
E)trichomoniasis and syphilis

Question 52

During a vasectomy, which structure is cut?

A)epididymis
B)prostate
C)seminiferous tubules
D)seminal vesicles
E)vas deferens

Question 53

Which of the listed contraceptive methods is the most effective?

A)withdrawal
B)diaphragm
C)condoms
D)douching
E)rhythm method

Question 54

Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome have difficulty conceiving because ____.

A)they don't produce enough oocytes
B)the oocytes they produced cannot mature
C)they ovulate infrequently
D)the uterus is filled with mucus that impedes implantation
E)the oviducts are scarred

Question 55

The type of contraception that functions by preventing implantation, even after successful fertilization, is ____.

A)tubal ligation
B)spermicidal jelly
C)birth control pills
D)morning after pills
E)diaphragm

Question 56

The birth control pill is a mixture of synthetic ____.

A)testosterone and estrogens
B)progesterone and estrogens
C)LH and FSH
D)LH and estrogens
E)progesterone and testosterone

Question 57

Protein digesting enzymes are released from the sperm head when it binds to the ____.

A)secondary oocyte plasma membrane
B)follicle cells
C)corpus luteum
D)secondary oocyte protein layer
E)egg nucleus

Question 58

Endometriosis can lead to infertility by ____.

A)preventing oocytes from forming
B)preventing maturation of oocytes
C)causing the formation of cysts
D)causing scarring in the oviducts
E)decreasing sperm viability

Question 59

Typically, one sperm fertilizes an oocyte because ____.

A)an acid solution is released that kills all other sperm
B)special organelles within the oocyte eject more than one sperm
C)changes occur to the oocyte's protein coat that prevent further penetration
D)follicle cellular space is only wide enough for one sperm
E)usually only one sperm arrives at the oocyte

Question 60

What is the most common cancer of the female reproductive tract?

A)breast
B)cervical
C)ovarian
D)uterine
E)vaginal

Question 61

In humans, the blastocyst develops about ____ days after fertilization.

A)​1
B)​3
C)​5
D)​7
E)​9

Question 62

How many weeks does prenatal development last in humans?

A)31
B)38
C)40
D)45
E)52

Question 63

Which hormone prevents menstruation in a pregnant woman?

A)follicle stimulating hormone
B)lutenizing hormone
C)estrogens
D)human chorionic gonadotropin
E)testosterone

Question 64

In human prenatal development, cleavage occurs in the ____.

A)cervix
B)upper part of the uterus
C)vagina
D)oviduct
E)ovary

Question 65

Eyelids form and eyes open during which month of human development?

A)first month
B)third month
C)fifth month
D)seventh month
E)ninth month

Question 66

All organ systems in a human embryo have formed by ____.

A)day 5
B)week 2
C)week 8
D)week 15
E)the 8th month

Question 67

Which process is responsible for the formation of fingers and toes?

A)gastrulation
B)apoptosis
C)menstruation
D)cleavage
E)implantation

Question 68

The heart in a human embryo begins to beat about ____ after fertilization.

A)5 days
B)3 weeks
C)7 weeks
D)9 weeks
E)12 weeks

Question 69

In humans, the fluid immediately surrounding the embryo is contained in the _____.

A)allantois
B)placenta
C)chorion
D)amnion
E)yolk sac

Question 70

By the end of the fourth week of development, the embryo is ____ times larger than its starting size, although it is still less than a centimeter long.

A)100
B)200
C)300
D)400
E)500

Question 71

After gastrulation, the next event in human embryo formation is ____.

A)formation of the bones
B)formation of the neural tube
C)the initiation of the heart beat
D)formation of the pharyngeal arches
E)apoptosis between fingers and toes

Question 72

Why is more than one sperm needed for fertilization to occur, when only one sperm actually penetrates the egg?

A)the sperm work together to lower the acidity in the uterus for survival
B)the sperm work together reduce drag as they swim up the oviduct
C)the sperm work together to surround the egg prior to fertilization
D)the sperm work together to break down the egg's protein layer
E)the sperm work together to break down the cap on the sperm's head

Question 73

Gastrulation in human embryos occurs about ____ after fertilization.

A)5 days
B)2 weeks
C)4 weeks
D)2 months
E)5 months

Question 74

During parturition, mechanical pressure caused by the movement of the fetus through the uterus causes the release of ____ from the ____.

A)HCG; hypothalamus
B)oxytocin; posterior pituitary
C)oxytocin; hypothalamus
D)HCG; posterior pituitary
E)oxytocin; adrenal cortex

Question 75

The pharyngeal arches give rise to the ____.

A)spinal cord
B)neck
C)brain
D)heart
E)backbone

Question 76

What are somites?

A)neural tissue that gives rise to the cranial nerves
B)neural tissue that give rise to the peripheral nerves
C)neural tissue that gives rise to the two hemispheres of the brain
D)mesoderm tissue that gives rise to the bones and skeletal muscles of the trunk
E)mesoderm tissue that gives rise to the smooth muscles of the heart and lungs

Question 77

Which structure becomes part of the placenta?

A)chorion
B)amnion
C)blastocoel
D)yolk sac
E)allantois

Question 78

Which extraembryonic tissue burrows into, and thus attaches to, maternal tissues?

A)the amnion
B)the yolk sac
C)the chorion
D)the blastocyst protein coat
E)the inner cell mass

Question 79

Pregnant women are advised to avoid eating tuna, due to the presence of ____, which can impact prenatal brain development.

A)copper
B)mercury
C)nicotine
D)bisphenol-A (BPA)
E)fluoride

Question 80

Which hormone stimulates smooth muscle contractions during parturition?

A)oxytocin
B)FSH
C)HCG
D)LH
E)progesterone