Deck 1: Crime and Criminology

Question 1

_____________________ is the branch of law that defines crimes and punishments and involves such issues as the mental and physical elements of crime, crime categories, and criminal defenses.

Answer 1

Substantive criminal law

Question 2

Under the Code of Hammurabi, the severity of punishment depended on ________.

Answer 2

class standing

Question 3

The concept of criminal law has been recognized for more than 3,000 years, beginning with the creation of the most famous set of written laws of the ancient world, known as __________________.

Answer 3

the Code of Hammurabi

Question 4

_________ are required to employ valid and reliable experimental designs and sophisticated data analysis techniques.

Question 5

The branch of law that deals with the government and its relationships with individuals or other governments, and also governs the administration and regulation of city, county, state, and federal agencies, is referred to as ___________________.

Question 6

According to the conflict view, ______________________ is a political concept designed to protect the power and positions of the upper class at the expense of the poor.

Question 7

Behaviors such as drug use and prostitution are problematic because the harm they inflict is only on those who are willing participants, yet punishment is justified because these acts undermine the ________________ and threaten the general well-being of society.

Question 8

According to the interactionist view of crime, individuals or groups who wage campaigns to control behaviors viewed as immoral or wrong are referred to as ______________________.

Question 9

_______ is a view that behaviors harmful to other people and society in general must be controlled.

Question 10

Criminology is also related to the study of __________________ behaviors or those actions that depart from social norms, values, beliefs, and customs.

Question 11

A major difference between criminology and criminal justice is that criminal justice refers to the study of agencies, while criminology refers to the ______________ of crime.

Question 12

_______________ are based on verified social facts and readily observed phenomena that can be consistently quantified and measured.

Question 13

Hans von Hentig and Stephen Schafer believed that the role of the _________ had to be considered before a full understanding of crime could be developed.

Question 14

The consensus view of crime links illegal behavior to the concept of __________________.

Question 15

The _________ view of crime states that crimes are behaviors believed to be repugnant to all elements of society.

Question 16

Acts that are inherently evil are referred to as ___________________ and are outlawed because they violate basic moral values.

Question 17

The interactionist view of crime traces its antecedents to the symbolic interaction school of sociology, first popularized by pioneering sociologists Charles Cooley, W. I. Thomas, and _________________.

Question 18

Criminologists have been trained in diverse fields-sociology, criminal justice, political science, psychology, public policy, economics, and even the natural sciences--because criminology is a(n) __________________ science.

Question 19

______ law is used to resolve, control, and shape personal interactions such as contracts.

Question 20

According to the __________________ view of crime, society is a collection of diverse groups asserting their political power to use the law and the criminal justice system to advance their economic and social position.

Question 21

Deviant behavior:

A) All of the above characterize deviant behavior.
B) is mala in se.
C) violates the legal code.
D) can be considered a felony.

Question 22

According to von Hentig and Schafer, ______ is often a key determinant of crime and may even precipitate it.

A) the victim's residence
B) the offender's attitude
C) victim behavior
D) the offender's race

Question 23

The influence of ________ leads to an increase in the public's fear of crime.

A) the media
B) society
C) criminologists
D) police

Question 24

Criminologists try to create valid and ___________ measurements of criminal behavior by accessing records, research, and statistical data to understand patterns and trends.

A) experimental
B) mathematical
C) innovative
D) reliable

Question 25

In order for a crime to occur, the state must show that the accused committed the criminal act, which is known as ____________.

Question 26

In the 2008 case of ______________________, the Court upheld the use of lethal injection unless there is a substantial risk of serious harm that the drugs will not work effectively.

Question 27

According to the text, which view of crime is best portrayed in the Hollywood hit film Fifty Shades of Grey?

A) consensus view
B) conflict view
C) individualist view
D) interactionist view

Question 28

According to the ____ view, examples of a "real" crime would be violations of human dignity and police brutality.

A) interactionist
B) consensus
C) conflict
D) individualist

Question 29

The quality of being fair under the law is referred to as:

A) the casebook method.
B) criminology.
C) justice.
D) legality.

Question 30

The study of agencies of social control such as the police, courts, and corrections is:

A) law inquiry.
B) criminology.
C) sociology.
D) criminal justice.

Question 31

According to the consensus view, deviant behavior is illegal if it causes:

A) conflict.
B) social harm.
C) legal concerns.
D) disparities.

Question 32

According to the _________________ view, crimes are behaviors believed to be repugnant to all elements of society.

A) interactionist
B) consensus
C) conflict
D) individualist

Question 33

The organization known as the ____________________ is responsible for prosecuting significant violations with regard to pollution, spills, and devastation to U.S. water, wetlands, forests, and lands.

Question 34

The Supreme Court ruled in 2005 in the case of ________________________ that the federal government can prosecute medical marijuana patients, even in states with compassionate use laws.

Question 35

Crime is a _____ phenomenon, according to Sutherland and Cressey's definition.

A) developmental
B) psychological
C) biological
D) social

Question 36

In the _____ view, groups able to assert their political power use the law and criminal justice system to advance their economic and social positions.

A) consensus
B) common
C) conflict
D) interactionist

Question 37

________ uses scientific methods to assess the effectiveness of crime control and offender treatment programs.

A) Penology and social control
B) Crime typologies
C) Victimology
D) The sociology of law

Question 38

Criminologists use ________ methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.

A) economic
B) sociological
C) scientific
D) psychological

Question 39

A serious offense, such as rape, murder, or robbery, punishable by a prison sentence or death, is referred to as a(n): __________________.

Question 40

The interactionist view of crime is similar to the _____________ in that both suggest that behavior is outlawed and considered criminal when it offends people who hold social, economic, and political power.

A) consensus perspective
B) individualist perspective
C) justice perspective
D) conflict perspective

Question 41

The branch of the law that defines crimes and their punishments, _____________ involves such issues as the mental and physical elements of crime, crime categories, and criminal defenses.

A) administrative law
B) substantive criminal law
C) procedural criminal law
D) civil law

Question 42

Regardless of its source, all criminal law in the United States must conform to the rules set forth in the:

A) Bill of Rights.
B) Bible.
C) U.S. Constitution.
D) Code of Hammurabi.

Question 43

______ argued that the deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied, meaning that those who hold power will reflect the opinions and perceptions of others.

A) Michael Heise
B) Howard Becker
C) Albert Cohen
D) Keith Bell

Question 44

The case of Baze and Bowling v. Rees  (2008) dealt with:

A) the legality of Obamacare.
B) immigration rights for children.
C) the use of the electric chair.
D) the use of lethal injection.

Question 45

According to conflict view, _____ would be an example of a "real" crime.

A) murder
B) environmental pollution
C) rape
D) armed robbery

Question 46

The act of illegal gambling, because it violates law or clashes with current norms or public opinion, is referred to as:

A) in se prohibitum .
B) mala in se .
C) mala prohibitum .
D) actus reus .

Question 47

A serious offense punishable by a prison sentence, or perhaps capital punishment, is known as a:

A) status offense.
B) misdemeanor.
C) felony.
D) super-max offense.

Question 48

These laws were originally formulated to protect women terrorized by former husbands and boyfriends.

A) rape shield laws
B) limited liability statutes
C) mala prohibita laws
D) stalking statutes

Question 49

The first known written law of the ancient world was called the:

A) Ten Commandments.
B) Code of Hammurabi.
C) Code of Justinian.
D) Code of Babylon.

Question 50

As of the writing of this text, ____ states have legalized marijuana in some form, most for medicinal purposes.

A) 3
B) 8
C) 15
D) 23

Question 51

A battered wife who kills her mate might argue that she acted out of duress-committing her crime to save her own life. She would be:

A) denying mens rea.
B) using an excuse defense.
C) denying the actus reus.
D) using a justification defense.

Question 52

Early English law, developed by judges, incorporated Anglo-Saxon tribal customs, feudal practices, and everyday rules of behavior, and is referred to as ____ law.

A) common
B) procedural
C) criminal
D) customary

Question 53

Mens rea refers to an individual's:

A) social standing.
B) guilty mind.
C) risk of flight.
D) criminal act.

Question 54

Acts such as rape, murder, assault, and robbery that are outlawed because they violate basic moral values are referred to as:

A) mens rea.
B) actus reus.
C) mala prohibitum.
D) mala in se.

Question 55

Defense of duress, self-defense, and entrapment are considered a type of defense called:

A) magnification.
B) association.
C) justification.
D) adjudication.

Question 56

To satisfy the requirements of ________________, guilty actions must be voluntary.

A) mala reus
B) actus reus
C) mens rea
D) mala prohibitum

Question 57

________ is the branch of the law that sets out the basic rules of practice in the criminal justice system.

A) Civil law
B) Procedural criminal law
C) Substantive criminal law
D) Administrative law

Question 58

___________ involve crimes in which the accused is charged simply for doing what a statute prohibits; intent does not enter the picture, nor is it required.

A) Misdemeanors
B) Wrongful offenses
C) Strict liability offenses
D) Felonies

Question 59

This method of determining guilt was based on the principle that divine forces would not allow an innocent person to be harmed.

A) compurgation
B) the Magna Carta
C) the Code of Hammurabi
D) trial by ordeal

Question 60

An individual has his dog, which has never bitten before, off-leash, and it bites someone. This is an example of a(n):

A) intentional tort.
B) procedural criminal law case.
C) administrative law case.
D) strict liability tort.

Question 61

A modification to Virginia's Computer Crimes Act in 2005 made ______, the act of sending out bulk email messages designed to trick consumers into revealing personal information and accounts, illegal.

A) netting
B) cyberbullying
C) widening the net
D) phishing

Question 62

Criminology in action refers to the efforts of criminologists to use their insight, training, and experience to understand human behavior and predict its occurrence.

Question 63

The media often downplay crime and manipulate crime statistics to help society feel less fearful.

Question 64

Crime typologies refer to the study of criminal behavior involving research on the links between different types of crime and criminals.

Question 65

A revision of this 1994 act, which required states to register individuals convicted of sex crimes against children, also established a community notification system.

A) Megan's Law
B) Sex Offender Registration Act
C) Jacob Wetterling Act
D) Sex Offender Notification Act

Question 66

In which of these states is marijuana use not fully legal?

A) West Virginia
B) Alaska
C) Washington
D) Colorado

Question 67

The development of valid methods to measure crime and the accuracy of crime data are crucial aspects of criminology in action.

Question 68

Most terrorists are psychopaths.

Question 69

Heath Miller and Gregory Polanco were the first to suggest that victim behavior is often a key determinant in crime.

Question 70

Lawrence v. Texas (2003) was a case dealing with these types of laws.

A) stalking
B) environmental
C) sodomy
D) obituary

Question 71

Criminal justice explains the etiology, extent, and nature of crime in society.

Question 72

If a defendant is falsely accused, he or she uses which defense?

A) Justification defense.
B) Denies actus reus
C) Denies mens rea.
D) Self-defense.

Question 73

All crimes are deviant behaviors.

Question 74

Mental illness is not a critical factor in explaining terrorist behavior.

Question 75

The Supreme Court routinely uses and cites research findings by legal scholars and criminologists before it renders an opinion; for example, in showing that there is a greater likelihood of an initial wrongful conviction in a death penalty case.

Question 76

In which case in 2005 did the Supreme Court rule that the federal government can prosecute medical marijuana patients, even in states with compassionate use laws?

A) United States v. Booker
B) Plessy v. Furgeson
C) Gonzales v. Raich
D) Jackson v. The Citadel

Question 77

A highly controversial book authored by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray was:

A) The Bell Curve
B) Race and Crime
C) The Rabbit Hole
D) To Kill a Mockingbird

Question 78

Deviant behaviors are those actions that depart from social norms, values, and beliefs.

Question 79

Research reveals that there is a "terrorist" personality and psychological profile.

Question 80

Criminological theories use a method referred to as the symposium method for testing theories.