Deck 8: Social Conflict, Critical Criminology, and Restorative Justice

Question 1

Conflict promotes crime by creating a social atmosphere in which the ______ is a mechanism for controlling dissatisfied, have-not members of society while the wealthy maintain their power.

Answer 1

law

Question 2

Ralf Dahrendorf argued that modern society is organized into a plurality of competing __________.

Answer 2

interest groups

Question 3

The fringe members at the bottom of society who produce nothing and live, parasitically, off the work of others are known as the ______________.

Answer 3

lumpen proletariat

Question 4

The roots of critical criminology can be traced to the social philosopher _____________, who identified the economic structures in society that control all human relations.

Question 5

The _____________ are the people termed by Karl Marx as the working-class members of society who produce goods and services but do not own the means of production.

Question 6

By 1847, Marx and Friedrich   Engels had joined with a group of primarily German socialist revolutionaries known as the __________________.

Question 7

Critical thinkers believe that the key crime-producing element of modern corporate capitalism is the effort to create _____________________.

Question 8

___________________ is the process of creating transnational markets and political and legal systems.

Question 9

__________ thrusts people outside the economic mainstream, forcing them to live in areas conducive to crime.

Question 10

___________________ are those acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, either elected or appointed, in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives.

Question 11

In his_____________________, Marx focused his attention on the economic conditions perpetuated by the capitalist system.

Question 12

Two elements of globalization encourage criminality: one ______, the other cultural.

Question 13

Vold argued that laws are created by political groups who seek assistance from the _____________ to help them defend their rights and interests.

Question 14

Hegel argued that for every idea or thesis there exists an opposing argument, or _________, that results in a merger or synthesis.

Question 15

In 1973, critical theory was given a powerful academic boost when British scholars Ian Taylor, Paul Walton, and Jock Young published __________________.

Question 16

In 1968, a group of British sociologists formed the ___________________, made up of 300 members who were critical of positivist criminology and rejected the conservative stance of criminologists and their close financial relationships with government agencies.

Question 17

According to critical criminologists, crime is a __________ concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor.

Question 18

The owners of the means of production are the ________________.

Question 19

The study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the penal system in which such crimes are prosecuted and tried are known as ________________.

Question 20

When nations engage in violence to maintain their power over dissident groups, it is a type of _____________,

Question 21

In  Restorative Justice , Sullivan and Tifft reaffirm their belief that society must seek ___________ forms of justice without resorting to brutal punishment.

Question 22

_________ is a method of correction that encourages offenders to confront their misdeeds, experience shame because of the harm they caused, and then be reincluded in society.

Question 23

Within Marxist thought, the owners of the means of production are called:

A) lumpen proletariat.
B) capitalist proletariat.
C) capitalist bourgeoisie.
D) lumpen bourgeoisie.

Question 24

Conflict theorists are concerned with:

A) the role government plays in creating a criminogenic environment.
B) the relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law.
C) the prevalence of bias in the justice system operations.
D) all of these issues.

Question 25

In order to escape from a stifling life in male-dominated families, girls may try to break away by running away or even attempting suicide: this is a _____ behavior.

Question 26

Some critics of critical theory argue that it refuses to address the problems and conflicts that exist in _____ countries.

Question 27

Instrumental theorists consider it essential to ______ law and justice.

Question 28

_______________ believe that the law is not the exclusive domain of the rich but instead is used to maintain the long-term interests of the capitalist system.

Question 29

The purpose of _______________ is to promote a peaceful and just society.

Question 30

Rather than punish law violators harshly and make them outcasts of society, peacemakers look for ways to bring them back to the community. This peacemaking movement has adopted nonviolent methods and applied them to what is known as _______________.

Question 31

According to Willem Bonger, crimes are considered antisocial acts because they are harmful to:

A) the general consensus.
B) the working class.
C) the ruling class.
D) all classes.

Question 32

African American defendants are ______ to be prosecuted under habitual offender statutes if they commit crimes where the victim is likely to be  white.

Question 33

______________ is an approach in which community organization efforts eliminate or reduce crime before police involvement becomes necessary.

Question 34

______________________view criminal law and the criminal system as instruments for controlling the poor, have-not members of society.

Question 35

Braithwaite's vision rests on the concept of ___________; the feeling we get when we don't meet the standards we have set for ourselves or that significant others have set for us.

Question 36

Productive forces include which of the following?

A) technology.
B) energy sources.
C) material resources.
D) all of the above.

Question 37

In 1848, Marx issued his famous:

A) Communist Manifesto.
B) Mein Kampf.
C) Marxist Manifesto.
D) Declaration of Dialectic Method.

Question 38

______________ holds that street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class.

Question 39

The attachments that exist among the people producing goods and services are known as:

A) productive forces.
B) productive relations.
C) productive handicaps.
D) productive facilitators.

Question 40

Although the number of traditional _______________ families is in steep decline, in those that still exist, a wife's economic dependence ties men more securely to wage-earning jobs, further serving the interests of capitalists by undermining potential rebellion against the system.

Question 41

Which of the following is defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials, either elected or appointed, in pursuit of their jobs as government representatives?

A) state-organized crime
B) government-sanctioned crime
C) state-fostered criminality
D) fiscal crime

Question 42

According to Bonn, the ________ administration initiated a campaign to convince the U.S. public  and the world that Iraq was involved in the attacks of 9/11 as an example of state-ordered crime.

A) Bush
B) Obama
C) Clinton
D) Nixon

Question 43

Left-realists do not view police as being inherently evil tools of capitalism, but they do wish that police would do which of the following?

A) reduce their use of force
B) increase their sensitivity to the public
C) be more responsive to community needs
D) all of the above

Question 44

According to Marx, those at the bottom of the class structure are the _______, who produce nothing and live off the work of others.

A) proletariat
B) capitalist bourgeoisie
C) lumpen proletariat
D) lumpen bourgeoisie

Question 45

Conflict theorists believe that ______________ occurs when people are thrust outside the economic mainstream, forcing a larger portion of the population to live in areas conducive to crime.

A) classification
B) symbolic interaction
C) marginalization
D) economic interaction

Question 46

Which theorist argued that modern society is organized into imperatively coordinated associations--those who possess authority, and those who lack authority?

A) Willem Bonger
B) Ralf Dahrendorf
C) George Vold
D) Karl Marx

Question 47

According to Ralf Dahrendorf, modern society is comprised of:

A) competing interest groups.
B) general community consensus.
C) a majority rule.
D) united groups.

Question 48

Richard Quinney's theory that criminal definitions represent the interests of those who hold power in society is known as:

A) Marxist feminism.
B) radical feminism.
C) social reality of crime.
D) dialectic method.

Question 49

The desire for ___________was one of the primary reasons for Japan's invasion of China and other Eastern nations that sparked their entry into World War II.

A) natural resources
B) cheap labor
C) slaves
D) revenge

Question 50

Critical theorists believe that the motive of multinational corporations for providing jobs in third-world counties is to:

A) build the economies of these countries.
B) provide the poorest individuals better jobs.
C) supply the poor in the United States with affordable goods.
D) exploit natural resources and desperate workers while avoiding regulations.

Question 51

When conducting a meta-analysis of literature on police arrest practices, Koche, Wilson, and Mastrofski found that, after being stopped by the police,:

A) minority suspects were significantly more likely to be arrested than white suspects.
B) white suspects were significantly more likely to be arrested than minority suspects.
C) minority and white suspects had an equal likelihood of being arrested.
D) middle- and lower-class individuals had an equal likelihood of being arrested.

Question 52

The view held by Marx that the laboring class produces goods whose value exceeds that of wages is known as:

A) surplus profit.
B) surplus value.
C) surplus efficiency.
D) surplus production.

Question 53

Which branch of conflict theory focuses on the emergence of a strict "law and order" philosophy and believes that street criminals prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making the poor doubly abused--first by the capitalist system, and then by members of their own class?

A) power control
B) peacemaking theory
C) critical realism
D) left realism

Question 54

Which of the following is the view that criminal law and the criminal justice system are means of defending and preserving the capitalist system?

A) critical feminist theory
B) instrumental critical theory
C) power-control theory
D) structural critical theory

Question 55

High schools located in poverty-stricken inner cities with completion rates of 40 percent or less are referred to as:

A) dropout factories.
B) level-three schools.
C) bottom schools.
D) disadvantaged institutions.

Question 56

In 2013, a leak of documents stolen from the National Security Agency (NSA) by contract employee Edward Snowden revealed an example of:

A) illegal domestic surveillance.
B) evidence tampering.
C) the failures of Obamacare.
D) war crimes in third-world countries.

Question 57

According to the instrumental view of critical criminology, the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich, but:

A) their crimes are less visible.
B) they are arrested and punished less often.
C) their crimes are more serious.
D) they are arrested and punished more often.

Question 58

Within Marxist thought, the people who perform the actual work are called:

A) productive forces.
B) lumpen proletariat.
C) capitalist bourgeoisie.
D) the proletariat.

Question 59

Georg W. H. Hegel argued that for every idea or thesis there exists an opposing argument or:

A) antithesis.
B) subthesis.
C) hypothesis.
D) synthesis.

Question 60

According to instrumental theorists, unmasking the true purpose of law and justice is said to _____________ it.

A) destigmatize
B) discredit
C) dishonor
D) demystify

Question 61

Which key element of power-control theory has been supported by research?

A) Middle-class girls in egalitarian households are the most likely to violate the law.
B) Females in paternalistic households are more likely to experience stigma and shame than are their brothers.
C) Females in paternalistic households have learned to fear legal sanctions more than have their brothers.
D) Females in egalitarian households are more likely to have the same expectations of career success as their brothers.

Question 62

According to power-control theory, families in which fathers and mothers assume the traditional role of the man working outside the home and women working inside the home are called _______ families.

A) maternal
B) egalitarian
C) paternalistic
D) power

Question 63

_________ emerged from Native American culture; they require people accused of breaking the law to meet with community members, victims, village elders, and agents of the justice system.

A) Mediation programs
B) Sentencing circles
C) Jails
D) Probation

Question 64

Marx's collaborator, Engels, portrayed crime as a function of social demoralization.Z

Question 65

Which is the best example of a role-exit behavior?

A) running away from home
B) hanging out with deviant peers
C) living in an egalitarian family
D) shoplifting on a regular basis

Question 66

Consider the relationship between patriarchy, powerlessness, and crime. When lower-class males are shut out of the economic opportunity structure, they try to build their self-image through acts of machismo; such acts may involve:

A) self-mutilation.
B) violent abuse of women.
C) drug use.
D) the use of weapons.

Question 67

Marx claimed that the character of every civilization is determined by its mode of production.

Question 68

According to Marxist theory, class does not refer to an attribute of a person; rather, it is one's position in relation to others.

Question 69

In his Masculinities and Crime , what did Messerschmidt call men's struggle to dominate women in order to prove their manliness?

A) "doing domination"
B) "doing machismo"
C) "doing tough"
D) "doing gender"

Question 70

In what type of families do husbands and wives share similar positions of power at home and at the workplace?

A) matriarchal
B) patriarchal
C) paternalistic
D) egalitarian

Question 71

According to which movement is the main purpose of criminology to promote a peaceful and just society?

A) peacemaking criminology
B) left realism
C) postmodernism
D) globalization

Question 72

The system of _______, in which men dominate public, social, economic, and political affairs, sustains female oppression at home and in the workplace.

A) equiarchy
B) oligarchy
C) matriarchy
D) patriarchy

Question 73

One challenge facing restorative justice is the difficult task of balancing the:

A) degree of stigma with the degree of reintegration.
B) rehabilitation of the offender with the offender's symbolic punishment.
C) concept of justice with the concept of deterrence.
D) needs of offenders with those of their victims.

Question 74

Braithwaite's view of restorative justice rests on the concept of shame. What is known about shame?

A) Symbolic shaming is more effective that actual shame.
B) Sentencing circles rely heavily on shaming the offender.
C) As a specific deterrent, stigmatization is doomed to failure.
D) All of the above notions are known about shame.

Question 75

Restorative processes generally include which basic elements?

A) asking the offender to accept responsibility
B) a determination of community support and assistance for both the victim and the offender
C) turning the justice system into a healing process
D) all of the above

Question 76

According to Messerschmidt, men commit more crime than females because of ______, which argues that men control women both economically and biologically.

A) feminist stance
B) double marginality
C) dual discrimination
D) double control

Question 77

Rather than punishment and prison, peacemaking scholars advocate policies such as:

A) mediation and conflict resolution.
B) counseling and probation.
C) stigmatization and deterrence.
D) fines and detention.

Question 78

Contemporary critical criminologists try to explain crime within economic and social contexts.

Question 79

There are more than 1,700 dropout factories in the United States.

Question 80

Critical criminologists embrace statistical analysis of computerized data to describe criminal and delinquent behavior.