Deck 14: The Troubled Mind Psychological Disorders

Question 1

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills, and often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior, is called

A) somatic symptom disorder.
B) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
C) autism spectrum disorder.
D) antisocial personality disorder.

Answer 1

autism spectrum disorder.

Question 2

Who would be exhibiting normal behavior under the statistical definition of abnormality?

A) A U.S. president (one of 45 men in history)
B) A Nepalese speaker (approximately 25 million out of over 7 billion people on earth)
C) A person with an IQ above 115 (almost 16% of the population)
D) A resident of the United States with a motor vehicle (for every 1,000 residents, there are approximately 800 motor vehicles)

Answer 2

A resident of the United States with a motor vehicle (for every 1,000 residents, there are approximately 800 motor vehicles)

Question 3

Many researchers believe that the social deficits observed in autism spectrum disorder, may be due to

A) a lack of auditory filtering.
B) slow development of language skills.
C) visual and auditory sensitivity.
D) a failure to develop a normal theory of mind.

Answer 3

a failure to develop a normal theory of mind.

Question 4

Candice is intensely sad most of the day, has trouble concentrating, and has lost some of her appetite. She has started to skip most of her classes and can't maintain eye contact with others. She calls her college's mental health helpline and says, "I'm so worried about my grades that my stomach hurts. I don't know what to do." Based on the text's continuum from normal behavior to severely disordered behavior, Candice's status would be considered

A) normal.
B) moderately disordered.
C) psychological disorder, less severe.
D) psychological disorder, more severe.

Question 5

Kelly is an undergraduate student in psychology and is fascinated by the topic of psychological disorders. She wants to study why they occur and ways to help restore healthy psychological functioning in those who suffer from such conditions. Kelly should probably focus on _____ psychology.

A) psychiatric
B) abnormal
C) developmental
D) forensic

Question 6

Most children with autism spectrum disorder (63%) have a level of auditory filtering that is _____ a group of typical, healthy children.

A) the same as
B) mildly different from
C) moderately different from
D) substantially different from

Question 7

Which of the following is an accurate statement?

A) Rates of psychological disorders in young adults are lower than in the general population and appear to be increasing.
B) College students have about the same rates of psychological disorders as their same-age peers who are not attending college.
C) College students have far fewer psychological disorders than their same-age peers who are not attending college.
D) Rates of psychological disorders in young adults are higher than in the general population but appear to be decreasing.

Question 8

Different methods of assessment for ASD produce different numbers, with higher rates of diagnosis in

A) educational settings than in the medical/psychological settings.
B) years prior to 2006.
C) the 7- to 10-year old range than in the 2- to 5-year-old range.
D) girls than boys.

Question 9

What is the system for classification of psychological disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association?

A) International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
B) Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders
C) American Guide for Psychiatric Diagnosis
D) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Question 10

The presence of two or more disorders in the same individual would be called _____ disorders.

A) bimodal
B) bipathological
C) comorbid
D) cofunctional

Question 11

The text defines abnormal behavior as behavior that is distressing, and

A) harmful to self or others.
B) culturally insensitive.
C) a deviation from the norm.
D) illegal.

Question 12

What is the current edition of the DSM ?

A) DSM-II
B) DSM-III
C) DSM-IV-TR
D) DSM-5

Question 13

In order to understand the reciprocal relationships between factors that lead to psychological disorders, which is the most helpful perspective?

A) Evolutionary
B) Integrated
C) Developmental
D) Biological

Question 14

A drawback to the purely statistical approach to abnormality is that it might result in different definitions of psychological disorder

A) from one person to the next.
B) from one disorder to the next.
C) from one day to the next.
D) from one culture to the next.

Question 15

Critics of the DSM argue that the DSM has contributed to

A) the misdiagnosis of schizophrenia as dissociative identity disorder.
B) a decline in efforts to apply research to diagnosis.
C) three "false epidemics."
D) in increase in the prevalence of self-diagnosis of psychological disorders.

Question 16

Jan is 9 years old and dislikes and often avoids doing things that require sustained mental effort, such as religious studies and homework. According to the DSM ,

A) she has met one criterion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B) she may be showing signs of early-onset schizophrenia.
C) she is demonstrating a symptom of generalized anxiety disorder.
D) she has met one criterion for autism.

Question 17

Ethan, a 10-year-old with autism spectrum disorder, is engaged in the extremely limited preoccupation of learning all models of cars ever made by Ford. A possible factor contributing toward this "ritualistic" behavior is

A) a failure to develop a normal theory of mind.
B) a general dysfunction in sensory networks.
C) slow development of language skills.
D) a low level of energy.

Question 18

Dr. Vasquez believes that depression is purely the result of chemical imbalances of the brain and that an antidepressant prescription should address each patient's needs. This single-perspective thinking usually leads to

A) more effective treatments.
B) a more accurate understanding of causal factors.
C) better outcomes.
D) single-perspective treatments.

Question 19

Under an integrated approach to psychological disorders, each perspective

A) will have more to say about some disorders than about others.
B) contributes equally to understanding each disorder.
C) narrows down numerous factors in order to determine a primary causal factor.
D) must be viewed as independent entities to reach a balanced conclusion.

Question 20

Psychologists find that agreeing on the differences between typical and abnormal behaviors is surprisingly difficult. However, deciding that an individual's behaviors and mental processes are abnormal is essential because

A) it provides a benchmark for statistical analysis of these behaviors.
B) it is the first step toward labeling that person with a psychological disorder and providing treatment.
C) it establishes a cross-cultural consensus of what constitutes a disorder.
D) it protects society from possible psychopathological behavior.

Question 21

One reliable correlate of schizophrenia is the presence of enlarged ventricles, which indicates that schizophrenia is associated with

A) frontal lobe activity.
B) neural degeneration.
C) synapses that rely on glutamate.
D) excessive dopamine activity.

Question 22

Which of the following is true regarding the role of genes in schizophrenia?

A) A single gene has been identified for schizophrenia that is present in most families that experience more than one case of the disorder.
B) There is little support for a genetic basis for schizophrenia.
C) Based on adoption studies, socioeconomic status is more determinative of schizophrenia than genetic factors.
D) A large number of different genes have been implicated in the development of schizophrenia and appear to overlap with those involved with bipolar disorder.

Question 23

When compared to normal non-autistic individuals, those with autism spectrum disorder have been found to have smaller minicolumns in the cerebral cortex. Related to information processing, smaller minicolumns

A) apply a response to similar stimuli.
B) favor detailed focus.
C) favor generalization.
D) assist in language acquisition.

Question 24

Libby has hallucinations and delusions. Which of the following is a hallucination, as opposed to a delusion?

A) Libby believes that her neighbors are watching her through the television.
B) Libby hears critical voices commenting on her every action.
C) Libby knows that Ryan Gosling, the actor, is in love with her.
D) Libby feels that members of al Qaeda are trying to kill her.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) Fewer than 40% of surveyed pediatricians reported using the DSM criteria to evaluate cases of ADHD.
B) Almost 90% of the children in a very large sample who were receiving medication for ADHD met the carefully constructed criteria spelled out in the DSM.
C) The DSM provides precise criteria to distinguish between normal and abnormal inattentiveness and hyperactivity.
D) The combination of inattentiveness and hyperactivity in children is, by definition, ADHD.

Question 26

One unfortunate result of the scientifically unsupported contention that vaccinations play a major role in the development of autism spectrum disorder is that in the first half of 2008, rates of _____ cases in the United States doubled as compared to the rates observed between 2000 and 2007.

A) mumps
B) measles
C) rubella
D) shingles

Question 27

The weight of scientific evidence (Schechter & Grether, 2008) indicates that thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative that has been used in vaccines,

A) has been found to cause autism spectrum disorder.
B) may contribute to the development of autism spectrum disorder.
C) plays no part in the development of autism spectrum disorder.
D) caused autism spectrum disorder when used in the routine measles/mumps/rubella vaccination.

Question 28

A brain imaging study showed that, in healthy children, peak cortical thickness occurred around the age of 7.5 years, and in children with ADHD, on average around 10.5 years. This finding implies that children with ADHD

A) can be expected to lag behind their same-age peers in some tasks but will eventually experience improvement.
B) will never be as intelligent as their same-age peers.
C) can be expected to go through puberty approximately 3 years behind their same-age peers.
D) will never catch up with their same-age peers.

Question 29

The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia for a person in the general population is about 1%. For an identical twin of someone with schizophrenia, it is about

A) 15%.
B) 18%.
C) 27%.
D) 50%.

Question 30

Family and twin studies examining the rates of autism spectrum disorder have provided compelling evidence for a genetic influence in the development of the condition. In fact, the concordance rate of autism spectrum disorder was _____ in identical twins (Ronald & Hoekstra, 2011).

A) 24% to 28%, or maybe slightly less
B) varying between 40% and 49%
C) steady, at 50% to 55%
D) 76% to 88%, and possibly more

Question 31

Which of the following statements is true regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A) The highest prevalence rates are in the Southwest.
B) Regional discrepancies might represent the DSM's varying diagnostic criteria for different parts of the country.
C) Regional discrepancies might be associated with low socioeconomic status, which is considered a risk factor.
D) The highest prevalence rates are in the Northeast.

Question 32

Most patients with schizophrenia demonstrate a lower level of frontal lobe activity than healthy control participants. Why would this difference be significant?

A) The frontal lobes are important to higher cognitive processes and attention.
B) The frontal lobes manage motor skills and speech.
C) The frontal lobes are important to stress reaction and the formation of memories.
D) The frontal lobes manage vision and hearing.

Question 33

The parts of the brain implicated in ADHD, such as the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia, feature large amounts of _____ activity. Many of the medications used to treat ADHD work by boosting the activity of this chemical.

A) benzodiazepine
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) orexin

Question 34

Recent research attention on the causes of autism focuses on the expression of genes during brain development, with specific attention to

A) a single gene.
B) gene expression in the parietal lobe.
C) those affected by vaccines.
D) a large number of genes.

Question 35

Lucy is 5 years old and cannot sit still. She is almost always fidgeting and bursting out in class and has difficulty maintaining keeping her attention and following instructions in her kindergarten class. What condition might she have?

A) Autism spectrum disorder
B) Somatic symptom disorder
C) Generalized anxiety disorder
D) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 36

Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, avolition/asociality, and

A) restricted affect.
B) excessive emotionality and tears.
C) weight fluctuation.
D) hypersexuality.

Question 37

Which of the following is a potential cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

A) Sugar
B) Food additives
C) Poor parenting
D) Thimerosal

Question 38

John says to his mother, "I will put on my seatbelt when your door is not ajar. Let's jar up the jelly. Don't jar the table Jenga master." This is an example of

A) avolition.
B) catatonia.
C) loosening of associations.
D) delusions of grandeur.

Question 39

In the development of autism spectrum disorder, environmental factors are likely to interact with genetics, especially

A) during sensitive periods of brain development.
B) when the mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy.
C) for parents who are known carriers of genetic disorders.
D) at the time of conception.

Question 40

A delusion is a(n)

A) false perception.
B) belief in the supernatural.
C) instinctual reaction.
D) false, illogical belief.

Question 41

In the general population of the United States, women experience MDD more frequently than men do. Which of the following is cited in the textbook as a possible contributing factor?

A) Women have more dependence than men on others for emotional support.
B) Women ruminate more on positive events than men.
C) Even when they are working out of the home, women have a greater portion of childcare than men.
D) Women are more likely than men to admit feeling depressed.

Question 42

What is the ratio of the incidence of schizophrenia in members of lower socioeconomic groups compared to higher socioeconomic groups?

A) About 5 to 1
B) Slightly under 3 to 1
C) More than 1 to 2
D) Right around 1 to 5

Question 43

Which of the following is true regarding the prevalence of major depressive disorder?

A) As many as 50% of women may experience depression during their lifetimes.
B) Men may make their depressed mood more apparent by drinking alcohol.
C) People over 60 are about one third as likely as people between 18 and 29 to be diagnosed with depression.
D) Men are diagnosed with depression more frequently than women in non-Western cultures.

Question 44

The symptoms of depression that occur in a person diagnosed with bipolar disorder are

A) the same as the symptoms in major depressive disorder.
B) distinct from the symptoms in unipolar disorder.
C) the same as the symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) distinct from the symptoms in major depressive disorder.

Question 45

African immigrants living in London neighborhoods were more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia if they lived in a neighborhood with a low proportion of African immigrants than if they lived in neighborhood with higher proportions of minorities (Boydell et al., 2001). According to the text, what do these findings suggest?

A) Persons susceptible to schizophrenia experienced downward drift to these neighborhoods.
B) Certain ethnicities are more biologically vulnerable to schizophrenia than others.
C) The stress of social isolation because of minority status might contribute to the risk of schizophrenia.
D) Persons may self-select neighborhoods in order to live among those similar to themselves.

Question 46

Which of the following is true regarding the role of dopamine in schizophrenia?

A) Medications that block dopamine activity can produce schizophrenia-like hallucinations and delusions.
B) Abnormalities in the dopamine system may be the major biochemical culprit in many cases of schizophrenia.
C) Phencyclidine (PCP, or angel dust) can reduce schizophrenia-like symptoms by acting on synapses that use dopamine as their neurotransmitter.
D) The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia accounts for 90% to 95% of the symptoms that people with schizophrenia experience.

Question 47

What is bipolar disorder?

A) A disorder characterized by impairments in identity, in personality traits, and in the establishment of empathy or intimacy
B) A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
C) A disorder characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion
D) A disorder characterized by disruptions in a person's identity, memory, or consciousness

Question 48

Mania, unlike many other disorders, actually

A) increases the ability to listen quietly to another.
B) reduces a sense of self-importance.
C) reduces risk-taking behavior.
D) increases productive, goal-directed behavior.

Question 49

Of the following, who is demonstrating mania?

A) Imogen, who screams at her girlfriend for talking too much with another woman
B) Courtney, who is euphoric over her approaching wedding day
C) Dakota, who feels so cheerful that he talks extensively and rapidly with strangers on the subway and on the street
D) Andie, who becomes aggressive after drinking several margaritas

Question 50

Richard is 16 and his older brother Tommy is 18. Their oldest sister is in her twenties and is showing signs that the doctors now believe are related to schizophrenia. Richard, Tommy, and their friends enjoy relaxing by holding blues-based guitar jam sessions and smoking marijuana. How might this affect Richard and Tommy's risk of developing schizophrenia?

A) It will double their risk.
B) It will not have an effect.
C) It will increase their risk by 25%
D) It will depend on whether they continue to smoke marijuana into their twenties and thirties.

Question 51

Concordance rates among identical twins for bipolar disorder are commonly reported to be

A) as low as 25%.
B) 30% to 40%.
C) 60% to 70%.
D) as high as 70%.

Question 52

Who, of the following, falls within the group most likely to have the lowest rate of bipolar disorder?

A) Adrien, from Germany, who eats lots of boiled vegetables such as cabbage
B) Daniel, from Korea, whose family has always eaten a lot of fish
C) Jeff, a Canadian, who has been taking omega-3 supplements for over 2 years
D) Roberto, from Italy, who enjoys tomatoes in any form

Question 53

The parts of the brain that are affected in bipolar disorder are similar to those seen in cases of

A) Huntington's disease
B) Parkinson's disease.
C) Broca's aphasia.
D) frontotemporal dementia.

Question 54

Frank and Marie have been married for over 40 years. The marriage started out with very little conflict, and Frank was happy to please Marie. However, as the years have passed, no matter what Frank does, Marie criticizes him: his appearance, his opinions, his cooking, the gifts he buys for her, and all of his other actions. At this point Frank is feeling more and more discouraged despite his best efforts to make her happy. This is likely a case of

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) rumination.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 55

Who of the following is among a group that seems to have a disproportionate risk for bipolar disorder?

A) LeBron James, a basketball player
B) Mike Pence, a politician
C) Larry Page, a computer programmer/entrepreneur
D) Amy Adams, an actress

Question 56

Women experience depression more frequently than men do. This discrepancy between rates of depression in men and women has been observed to

A) be independent of race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence.
B) be dependent on race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence.
C) vary by race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence.
D) be causally related to race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence.

Question 57

Blake is an accomplished vocalist and dreams of performing on a nationally televised talent show someday. After a series of unsuccessful auditions and remaining unselected to advance in the program's screening process, he tells his parents that he was never very good, he will never make it into the vocalist competition, and singing is a waste of time anyway. Inside he begins to think that he will never be happy doing anything but singing, and that he must be a huge failure. His parents worry that he is becoming depressed. Blake's psychological state fits with the

A) biological explanation of depression.
B) cognitive theory of depression.
C) social explanation of depression.
D) learning theory of depression.

Question 58

Lenny, who is 9 years old, has many of the symptoms of bipolar disorder. Which of the following would be the most appropriate diagnosis for Lenny according to DSM-5 ?

A) Bipolar I disorder
B) Bipolar II disorder
C) Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
D) Mixed psychoaffective disorder

Question 59

Teens typically experience a burst of cortical gray matter growth at puberty followed by a wave of gray matter loss extending into their early twenties. Teens diagnosed with schizophrenia experience

A) no loss of gray matter.
B) loss of abnormally low levels of gray matter.
C) loss of gray matter that has been likened to a forest fire.
D) loss of gray matter that progresses like a drip through midlife.

Question 60

What is the ratio of women to men affected by bipolar disorder?

A) 1 to 3
B) 1 to 2
C) 3 to 2
D) 2 to 1

Question 61

Approximately _____% of those who attempt suicide show some prior evidence of their intent to do so.

A) 25
B) 33
C) 50
D) 75

Question 62

Professor Smith is giving a surprise test in economics class. All other things being equal, which of the following students is likely to make the most errors on the exam?

A) Reed, who has been in a depressed mood but keeps picturing the rainbow he saw just before class
B) Johnny, who is picturing the cheeseburger he is going to have for lunch
C) Susan, who is depressed that her boyfriend broke up with her and cannot stop thinking about how awful she feels
D) Ben, who is confused about his attraction to Alicia and is thinking about next steps

Question 63

Lauren, as maid-of-honor, is expected to give a short speech at her best friend's wedding reception when the dinner guests finish eating. She is worried about how she will look and sound to the wedding guests, her palms are sweaty, and she can feel her heart beating. She is terrified that she will be negatively judged or scrutinized by those attending the reception. This is best described as

A) agoraphobia.
B) a specific phobia.
C) social anxiety disorder.
D) a panic attack.

Question 64

Pharrell's doctor tells him that his depression and sleep problems are related. How would the doctor most likely explain this?

A) Pharrell has too little dopamine activity at the synapse.
B) Pharrell is spending too little time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
C) Pharrell is spending too much time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
D) Pharrell has too much dopamine activity at the synapse.

Question 65

Among college students, suicide is the

A) leading cause of death.
B) second leading cause of death.
C) fourth leading cause of death.
D) seventh leading cause of death.

Question 66

The experience of intense fear and autonomic arousal in the absence of real threat is called a(n)

A) panic attack.
B) anxiety attack.
C) phobia.
D) panic disorder.

Question 67

Which of the following biological factors may be implicated in depression?

A) Smaller hippocampal volume
B) Overactivity in the anterior cingulate cortex
C) A surplus of serotonin availability at the synapses
D) Lower levels of natural benzodiazepine activity

Question 68

According to the diathesis-stress model, a psychological disorder such as depression might be caused by stress interacting with which of the following?

A) Events over the life course
B) A reduction in positive reinforcement or an increase in negative outcomes
C) An individual's biological vulnerabilities
D) Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future

Question 69

A research study (Gollan et al., 2010) found that the recognition of facial expressions by people with depression followed which of the following patterns?

A) Participants with depression were more likely than control participants to misidentify happy or surprised facial expressions.
B) Participants with depression were more sensitive to sad faces than control participants, especially at lower intensities.
C) Participants with depression were less likely than control participants to misidentify harsh facial expressions, such as fear or anger.
D) The severity of the participants' depression was negatively correlated with their accuracy in recognizing sad faces.

Question 70

What is the definition of a specific phobia?

A) The unrealistic fear of an object or situation other than those associated with agoraphobia or social anxiety
B) The experience of intense fear and autonomic arousal in the absence of any real threat
C) A disorder featuring anxiety that is not proportional to a person's circumstances
D) An intrusive, distressing thought that leads to intrusive, ritualistic behaviors

Question 71

A biological bridge between the experience of stress, circadian rhythms, and the development of depression is formed by hormones released at times of stress, including

A) cortisol.
B) serotonin.
C) orexins.
D) benzodiazepines.

Question 72

What is taijin kyofusho?

A) A person's self-consciousness regarding his or her height or weight
B) A lack of self-consciousness regarding one's odor or appearance
C) A fear of offending or embarrassing other people with one's odor, eye contact, or appearance
D) A belief that one has a terrible defect or flaw in one's physical appearance, one that others cannot see

Question 73

Four students in sociology class received a D on their final project and are required to rewrite and resubmit it. In their responses to this situation, who exemplifies the attribution style that is most prone to depression?

A) Gina, who feels that she is not smart, she is not good at sociology, and she is never going to have success on written tests
B) Max, who thinks this assignment was silly and that overall his grade point average will be fine
C) Katie, who realizes that the flu really hampered her thinking on this project and that she can do better on the rewrite
D) Logan, who realizes that he did not put enough time into the project and that he needs to allocate his time better during finals week

Question 74

Social and evolutionary theories of depression and loneliness suggest that these states might promote an individual's survival by

A) increasing serotonin levels.
B) avoiding infectious diseases.
C) strengthening his or her independence.
D) protecting people from additional negative interactions by reducing their social activities.

Question 75

Which perspective suggests that phobias might be exaggerations of an otherwise useful sense of caution?

A) The evolutionary perspective
B) The social perspective
C) The integrative perspective
D) The cognitive perspective

Question 76

Which of the following scenarios is most suggestive of someone who might intend to commit suicide?

A) Jesse purchases bungee cords and sheets of plastic, saying that they are for her car trip home at the end of the school year.
B) Nat purchases a significant amount of alcohol, using a fake ID, to share with friends.
C) Melanie cleans her dorm room from top to bottom when final exams are over.
D) Ethan gives his roommate his hardcover collection of Harry Potter books, saying, "I want you to have these."

Question 77

Of the following, who is most likely to have anxiety, as opposed to fear?

A) Harry, who sweats profusely when he watches a horror movie
B) David, who clutches the door handle when his girlfriend drives very fast
C) Siegfried, who is so worried about his psychology final that he is unable to study
D) Roy, who sees a snake in the garden and screams

Question 78

An anxiety disorder features anxiety that

A) is due entirely to genetic factors.
B) affects roughly 65% of the population.
C) temporarily increases one's level of performance.
D) is not proportional to a person's circumstances.

Question 79

Which of the following exemplifies specific phobia?

A) A fear of open spaces or crowds
B) A fear of public speaking
C) A fear of meeting new people
D) A fear of flying or heights

Question 80

Which of the following is true of anxiety?

A) People appear to have genetic vulnerabilities to specific types of anxiety disorders.
B) Evidence of a predisposition to anxiety appears early in life.
C) Children first show anxiety to novel situations around the time they start to crawl.
D) Highly reactive infants are usually calm by the time they are 4 or 5 years old.