Deck 7: Psychology and Sociology of Drug Use

Question 1

Freud posited that the __________ consists of repressed feelings and experiences that nonetheless exert a dominant influence over our behavior.

A) conscious
B) subconscious
C) preconscious
D) unconscious

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to Freud, the __________ exercises a sense of morality that controls behavior.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is cited in the text as a noted behaviorist?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Howard Becker
C) B.F. Skinner
D) August Aichhorn

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Differential association reinforcement theory was reformulated from Sutherland's differential association theory by _________________.

A) Erich Goode
B) Robert Burgess and Ronald Akers
C) Robert Merton
D) Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin

Question 5

Social control theory argues that lower risk of drug use is closely related to __________.

A) learning
B) little stress
C) moral development
D) close-knit families

Question 6

According to social control theory, external restraints include ______________.

A) social disapproval linked to public shame
B) social ostracism
C) fear of punishment
D) all of the above

Question 7

The third stage of alcohol addiction involves __________ drinking.

A) social
B) unrestricted
C) dependent
D) heavy

Question 8

When some aspect of animal or human behavior is followed by a certain type of consequence-a reward-the behavior is more likely to be repeated. The reward is called _________________.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement

Question 9

Part of the psychological explanation for drug abuse has been a presumed __________, a psychological vulnerability resulting from problematic family relationships, inappropriate reinforcement, the lack of healthy role models, contradictory parental expectations, and/or an absence of love and respect.

A) defeatist personality
B) ego deficiency
C) rebellious personality
D) addictive personality

Question 10

The pairing of two stimuli, one of which elicits a reflex and one of which is neutral is known as ____________.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement

Question 11

__________ is a heroin addict's technique for mixing the drug solution with blood by using the plunger to move blood back and forth between the vein and the syringe.

A) "Priming"
B) "Booting"
C) "Stoking"
D) "Swirling"

Question 12

Freud posited that the __________ consists of what we are currently thinking.

A) conscious
B) subconscious
C) preconscious
D) unconscious

Question 13

Learning theory proceeds on the basis that all forms of behavior are ______________.

A) conditioned
B) involuntary
C) voluntary
D) instinctual

Question 14

In general, cocaine abusers __________________.

A) do not appear to present any clearly discernible subculture
B) present a loosely structured subcultural pattern delineated by socioeconomic status
C) present a highly structured subcultural pattern delineated by socioeconomic status
D) present a loosely structured subcultural pattern delineated by form of use (i.e., powder versus crack)

Question 15

The genital stage of psychological development occurs from about ages:

A) three to six years
B) two to five years
C) four to six years
D) three to five years

Question 16

The struggle for _______________ through the progressive process of relationships and experiences enables the person to manage the complexities of adolescence.

A) moral development
B) independence
C) competence
D) identity

Question 17

A person __________ a negative reinforcer.

A) works to receive
B) works to escape
C) involuntarily benefits from
D) is involuntarily penalized by

Question 18

Freud posited that the __________ consists of thoughts and memories that can easily be called forth.

A) conscious
B) subconscious
C) preconscious
D) unconscious

Question 19

If the probability of a behavior goes up after the removal of a stimulus, then __________ has occurred.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement

Question 20

According to Freud, each person is born with powerful drives, wishes, urges, and psychic tension that are energized in the form of the ________________.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) libido

Question 21

The central premise of symbolic interactionism is that ________________.

A) people make their own reality
B) people develop and maintain situationally-induced multiple realities
C) the behavior of the actor explains drug abuse
D) drug abuse is an inherently deviant behavior

Question 22

A more recently observed phenomenon of behavior leading to heroin use is the progression from __________________.

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) prescription drugs
D) cocaine

Question 23

Thouts and memories that can easily be called into consciousness.

A) conscious
B) preconscious
C) unconscious
D) postconscious

Question 24

In this stage, alcohol is used to enhance pleasant social situations.

A) Social drinking
B) Heavy drinking
C) Dependent drinking
D) Independent drinking

Question 25

According to Savitt, it is not euphoria that the addict seeks in narcotics but a satiated feeling reminiscent of infancy.

Question 26

When people reject the conventional social structure and seek to instead establish a new social order.

A) conformity
B) rebellion
C) innovation
D) retreatism

Question 27

Although psychoanalytical theory has undergone change over the years, its basic proposition continues to be the influence of unconscious phenomena on human behavior.

Question 28

During this stage of psychological development there is a lessening of interest in sexual organs as well as an expanded relationship with playmates of the same gender and age.

A) anal stage
B) genital stage
C) latent stage
D) adolescence/adulthood

Question 29

Crack is significantly more addictive than powdered cocaine.

Question 30

The __________ response to anomie involves seeking to establish a new social order.

A) rebellion
B) retreatism
C) conformity
D) innovation

Question 31

When people use illegitimate means to gain success, in particular professional and organized criminality, including drug trafficking.

A) conformity
B) rebellion
C) innovation
D) retreatism

Question 32

After passage of the ___________in 1914, what had been lawful behavior became illegal, and a new class of criminals was created, as well as a lucrative new enterprise-drug trafficking.

A) Misuse of Drugs Act
B) Harrison Act
C) Anti Drug Abuse Act
D) Drug Accountability Act

Question 33

In this stage, the alcohol is used as a means to escape.

A) Social drinking
B) Heavy drinking
C) Dependent drinking
D) Independent drinking

Question 34

Drug-dependent adolescents suffer from severe superego inadequacies.

Question 35

In this stage, the person is addcited to alcohol and suffers from many consequences.

A) Social drinking
B) Heavy drinking
C) Dependent drinking
D) Independent drinking

Question 36

When the individual abandons all attempts to reach conventional social goals in favor of a deviant adaptation.

A) conformity
B) rebellion
C) innovation
D) retreatism

Question 37

When people scale down their aspirations back to conventional social norms.

A) conformity
B) rebellion
C) innovation
D) retreatism

Question 38

Part of the psychological explanation for drug abuse has been a presumed __________.

A) addictive personality
B) narcissistic personality
C) bipolar disorder
D) inflated id

Question 39

A negative reinforcer strengthens behavior that reduces or terminates it.

Question 40

A sociological perspective often views drug use as the product of _________________.

A) moral und evelopment
B) psychological problems
C) environmental condition
D) social conditions and relationships

Question 41

__________ decreases the probability or frequency of a behavior.  [Punishment, p. 216]

Question 42

Discuss the stages of cocaine addiction.

Question 43

As the drug user comes to define himself or herself as an addict, the wider society perceives him or her as such, in a process known as __________.

Question 44

Explain the three types of mental phenomena posited by Freud.

Question 45

What is an addictive personality ?

Question 46

Girls' strong attachments to their fathers is referred to as the __________ complex.

Question 47

__________ used the term anomie to describe an abnormal social condition wherein the cohesion of society is weakened by some crisis that causes individuals to pursue their own solitary interests without concern for the wider society.

Question 48

Initiation into drug use appears to be completely dependent on __________

Question 49

Differential association reinforcement theory posits that a person becomes delinquent if social norms or laws do not actually reinforce conforming legal behavior.

Question 50

Cocaine in the form of crack, however, seems to have produced a drug subculture in poor neighborhoods of urban areas.

Question 51

Explain anomie, including Durkheim's theory and Merton's Americanized adaptation.

Question 52

Drugs overcome competing reinforcers.

Question 53

__________ is a field of study that examines individual human behavior.

Question 54

Explain operant conditioning.

Question 55

Psychological theories can be broadly categorized into those that are based on a Freudian or psychoanalytic strain and those that are based on __________ or learning theory.

Question 56

Freud contended that the __________ consists of feelings and experiences that have been repressed and that can be made conscious only with a great deal of difficulty, and that nevertheless exert a dominant influence over our behavior.

Question 57

Initiation into drug use appears to be only moderately influenced by peer associations.

Question 58

During the __________ use stage of cocaine addiction, the user increases the number of friends who are users.

Question 59

Boys' strong attachments to their mothers is referred to as the __________ complex.

Question 60

Anomie does not explain cocaine use by people who have achieved notable social and economic success in either criminal or noncriminal enterprises.