Deck 9: Life in the Ocean

Question 1

The three domains of living things are the Eukarya, Bacteria, and .

A) Prokarya
B) Protista
C) Archaea
D) Animalia

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The form of autotrophy in which organic molecules are produced without using sunlight is called .

A) respiration
B) chemosynthesis
C) heterotrophy
D) decomposition

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A spontaneous, inheritable change in an organism's genes is called a .

A) mutation
B) selection
C) prokaryote
D) genus

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Beneficial inheritable structural or behavioral traits are known as .

A) skills
B) adaptations
C) domains
D) environmental pressures

Question 5

Mass extinctions can be caused by different events, such as .

A) extended absence of volcanic eruptions
B) asteroids colliding with Earth
C) steady climate conditions lasting millions of years
D) stable atmospheric conditions that lead to competition of rare gases

Question 6

Most mutations have no obvious effect or are unfavorable, and the organisms possessing them .

A) have a significant advantage
B) adapt to their physical environment
C) are eliminated by other organisms
D) live to reproductive age

Question 7

The process by which accumulated adaptations result in superficially similar animals derived from different stock is called .

A) copycat evolution
B) convergent evolution
C) common ancestry
D) genetic drift

Question 8

Dolphins, penguins, ichthyosaurs have undergone that gave them similar shapes through adaptations that permitted rapid swimming.

A) convergent evolution
B) speciation
C) divergent evolution
D) natural selection

Question 9

When the number of breeding animals within a species on an island is small, evolutionary change may be rapid through .

A) favorable adaptations
B) natural selection
C) unfavorable mutations
D) physical isolation

Question 10

Linnaeus was best known for his greatest contribution of .

A) theory of evolution and natural selection
B) classification system based on hierarchy, a grouping of objects by degrees of complexity, grade, or class
C) a complex food web consisting of producers, consumers, and decomposers
D) a simplified trophic pyramid of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and nektons

Question 11

Living organisms are , which differentiates them from nonliving organisms.

A) able to capture, store, and transmit energy
B) capable of producing and storing their own food
C) able to function without energy
D) unable to transfer energy into a different kind of energy

Question 12

The domain have evolved diverse metabolic abilities-some are photosynthetic, others heterotrophic-and are familiar to us as decomposers and disease agents.

A) Prokarya
B) Archaea
C) Bacteria
D) Eukarya

Question 13

After millions of years of favorable adaptations, Pygmy seahorses .

A) have no significant advantages in their natural environment
B) are more likely to survive because of their fast swimming ability
C) avoid predation through camouflage
D) are able to survive extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, and starvation

Question 14

Life on Earth exhibits both unity and diversity. The unity refers to the idea that .

A) Earth may house as many as 100 million different species of living organisms
B) all life depends on saline water within its cells to dissolve and transport chemicals
C) all species share the same underlying mechanisms for capturing and storing energy between generations
D) life on Earth is formed of carbon compounds transported to Earth by comets, asteroids, and meteors

Question 15

Charles Darwin proposed that organisms when he proposed his idea of evolution .

A) resist change and force the environment to suit their needs
B) die off so new organisms to take its place
C) move throughout time to new physical and chemical environments
D) change with time to fit the physical and chemical environment

Question 16

In photosynthesis, plants use the energy in sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into .

A) carbohydrates and hydrogen sulfide
B) oxygen and hydrogen
C) sulfate and hydrogen
D) carbohydrates and oxygen

Question 17

Mass extinctions have occurred in the last .

A) five times; 4.5 million years
B) six times; 4.5 billion years
C) only once; 66.5 million years
D) five times; 450 million years

Question 18

The term used to describe species that are remotely related, yet resemble each other in shape because their traits were independently selected by environmental conditions .

A) convergent evolution
B) speciation
C) divergent evolution
D) natural selection

Question 19

What do prokaryotes lack?

A) a nucleus
B) cell walls
C) the ability to perform photosynthesis
D) the ability to evolve over time

Question 20

Cells of the domain are larger than those of the domain.

A) Bacteria; Archaea
B) Bacteria; Eukarya
C) Archaea; Bacteria
D) Eukarya; Bacteria

Question 21

Roughly % of the biomass consumed by any consumer is stored in the consumer as flesh.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 25

Question 22

When the concentrations of dissolved substances in water on either side of a cell membrane are the same, the situation is described as being .

A) isotonic
B) hypertonic
C) diffuse
D) hypotonic

Question 23

Which wavelength of light penetrates to the greatest depth in ocean water?

A) red
B) blue
C) yellow
D) ultraviolet

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of a primary producer?

A) phytoplankton
B) crabs
C) fish
D) seals

Question 25

Consumers that eat primary producers are called .

A) primary consumers
B) top consumers
C) autotrophs
D) trophic consumers

Question 26

Scientists can observe primary productivity in the ocean from space by measuring the .

A) temperature of the surface water
B) depth of the euphotic zone
C) amount of chlorophyll in surface waters
D) salinity of surface waters

Question 27

are responsible for the vast majority of the ocean's primary productivity.

A) Seaweeds
B) Chemosynthetic organisms
C) Extremophiles
D) Phytoplankton

Question 28

The zone of ocean water where photosynthetic organisms have enough light to thrive is called the .

A) disphotic zone
B) euphotic zone
C) aphotic zone
D) mesopelagic zone

Question 29

Chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of simple carbon molecules into carbohydrate using as a course of energy.

A) oxidation of organic molecules
B) reduction of inorganic molecules
C) oxidation of inorganic molecules
D) reduction of organic molecules

Question 30

The average pH of seawater is about .

A) 2
B) 5
C) 8
D) 10

Question 31

In , dissolved substances slowly spread out from regions of high concentrations to regions of low concentration.

A) diffusion
B) osmosis
C) active transport
D) hypotonic transport

Question 32

Though it is difficult to generalize for the ocean as a whole, the bottom of the euphotic zone is about deep in mid-latitudes.

A) 10 meters (33 feet)
B) 70 meters (230 feet)
C) 160 meters (525 feet)
D) 500 meters (1,640 feet)

Question 33

The organisms that make their own food are called .

A) primary consumers
B) primary producers
C) heterotrophs
D) secondary consumers

Question 34

Organisms that cannot make their own food are called .

A) primary producers
B) heterotrophs
C) secondary producers
D) autotrophs

Question 35

Light energy from the sun is trapped by in primary producers and change into chemical energy.

A) carbohydrates
B) bacteria
C) chlorophyll
D) protein

Question 36

An organism's metabolic rate increases as increases.

A) temperature
B) density
C) salinity
D) depth

Question 37

A physical or biological necessity whose presence in inappropriate amounts limits the normal action of an organism is known as a .

A) nutrient
B) limiting factor
C) trophic level
D) scarce condition

Question 38

The main inorganic nutrients necessary for photosynthesis are .

A) carbon dioxide and carbohydrates
B) glucose and oxygen
C) nitrate and phosphates
D) nitrate and carbohydrates

Question 39

The movement of water through a cell membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration is called .

A) diffusion
B) osmosis
C) active transport
D) chemosynthesis

Question 40

Organisms that thrive in harsh, high temperature conditions are an example of .

A) extremophiles
B) aquaphiles
C) osmophiles
D) halophiles

Question 41

Light energy from the sun is trapped by bacteria in organisms called primary producers.

Question 42

The aphotic zone is the upper layer of the ocean where there is enough light for photosynthesis and vision.

Question 43

Life on Earth exhibits unity and diversity: diversity because Earth may house as many as 100 million different species or living organisms, and unity because all species share the same underlying mechanism for capturing and storing energy.

Question 44

Primary productivity measures the grams of carbon bound into organic material per square meter of ocean surface area per year.

Question 45

Where in the ocean is oxygen most plentiful?

A) euphotic zone
B) aphotic zone
C) near the seafloor
D) disphotic zone

Question 46

An important part of Darwinian natural selection is that traits must be inheritable.

Question 47

A tuna is an example of a top consumer.

Question 48

When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, the water becomes slightly more .

A) acidic, meaning that its pH is higher
B) acidic,  meaning that its pH is lower
C) alkaline,  meaning that its  pH is higher
D) alkaline, meaning that its  pH is lower

Question 49

Hydrogen sulfide is a high-energy molecule that can be used to make carbohydrates through the process of chemosynthesis.

Question 50

Mammals and birds and some larger, faster fishes are "cold-blooded", or ectothermic.

Question 51

Why is the pH of ocean water more acidic in deep water?

A) More organic material is present.
B) More carbon dioxide is present.
C) More oxygen is present.
D) Temperature is lower.

Question 52

All other factors being equal, a greater quantity of gas can dissolve in seawater.

A) cold
B) warm
C) high salinity
D) low salinity

Question 53

Most marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings. They are known as organisms.

A) poikilothermic
B) endothermic
C) homeothermic
D) ectothermic

Question 54

Asteroids hitting Earth can result in mass extinctions.

Question 55

Living matter cannot function without energy, the capacity to reproduce.

Question 56

The scientific name of an organism includes the genus and species name.

Question 57

Two species that both have the ability to fly must have evolved from a common ancestor.

Question 58

Marine organisms are limited in terms of where in the ocean they can live because of the enormous amount of pressure in the deep sea.

Question 59

Bacteria and Archaea are both domains of very small single-celled organisms that lack distinct compartments within their cells.

Question 60

Nitrogen and phosphorous can be depleted by photosynthetic organisms during times of high productivity.

Question 61

How did the analysis of fundamental similarities and differences in nucleic acids give rise to three main kinds of living things? How do these domains differ?

Question 62

Describe energy flow through a generalized marine trophic system.

Question 63

Explain how osmosis contributes to organisms that are not isotonic.

Question 64

How do autotrophs differ from heterotrophs and how does it relate to the trophic pyramid?

Question 65

In your own words, describe the mechanism of natural selection.

Question 66

Explain the concept of convergent evolution using an example.

Question 67

There have been five mass extinctions in the last 450 million years. What are some of the possible cataclysmic events that lead to these mass extinctions?

Question 68

How is energy produced, stored, and transported through photosynthesis?

Question 69

How is photosynthesis different from chemosynthesis? How are they similar?

Question 70

Most marine organisms have the same body temperature and salinity as the surrounding environment. Why?