Deck 1: Introduction to Chemistry

Question 1

Insight into Aluminum
Use the web to determine the difference in how much aluminum is recycled in states where there are deposits on aluminum cans versus states in which recycling is voluntary. What is the most reliable way to estimate this value? What uncertainty is there in this estimate?

Answer 1

Utilize a world wide web search engine to acquire the reference.

Question 2

The Study of Chemistry
Why do physical properties play a role in chemistry if they do not involve any chemical changes?

Answer 2

Physical properties can be used to identify substances in qualitative and quantitative analysis and can provide a wide range of useful information.

Question 3

Observations and Models
James provides Martha with two statements: "All bald men are intelligent" and "Lance is bald." Based on the statements, Martha concludes that Lance is intelligent. What type of reasoning (deductive or inductive)did Martha use to arrive at this conclusion?

Answer 3

Martha used deductive reasoning to arrive at this conclusion. The two statements represent pieces of information that are processed and lead to the conclusion that "Lance is intelligent."

Question 4

Numbers and Measurements
Convert the value 38.4 ppm into ppb.

Question 5

Numbers and Measurements
What is the difference between a qualitative and a quantitative measurement?

Question 6

Observations and Models
What is a law of nature? Are all scientific laws examples of laws of nature?

Question 7

Numbers and Measurements
Oxygen boils at − 186 ° C. What is this temperature in Kelvin?

Question 8

Numbers and Measurements
Use the web to determine how the Btu unit was initially established. For the engineering applications where this unit is still used today, why is it a sensible unit?

Question 9

Insight into Aluminum
What properties of aluminum might cause you concern if you had to use the aluminum tableware that Napoleon employed to impress his guests?

Question 10

Insight into Aluminum
Use the web to determine the amount of aluminum used in the US in a single year. What is the primary use for this material?

Question 11

The Study of Chemistry
All molecules attract each other to some extent, and the attraction decreases as the distance between particles increases. Based on this idea, which state of matter would you expect has the strongest interactions between particles----: solids, liquids or gases?

Question 12

The Study of Chemistry
Do the terms element and atom mean the same thing? If not, how do they differ?

Question 13

Observations and Models
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a question?

Question 14

Observations and Models
Two golfers are practicing shots around a putting green. Each golfer takes 20 shots. Golfer 1 has 7 shots within 1 meter of the hole, and the other 13 shots are scattered around the green. Golfer 2 has 17 shots that go into a small sand trap near the green and three just on the green near the trap. Which golfer is more precise? Which is more accurate?

Question 15

The Study of Chemistry
Explain chemical properties with an example.

Question 16

Numbers and Measurements
The largest computers now include disk storage space measured in terabytes. How many bytes are in a terabyte? (Recall that in computer terminology, the prefix is only "close" to the value it designates in the metric system.)

Question 17

Numbers and Measurements
What is a "derived" unit?

Question 18

The Study of Chemistry
Which of the following items are matter and which are not?
a)A flashlight
b)Sunlight
c)An echo
d)Air at sea level
e)Air at the top of Mount Everest

Question 19

The Study of Chemistry
How can a liquid be distinguished from a fine powder? What type of experiment or observation might be undertaken?

Question 20

Observations and Models
Data that have a small random error may be:
 (accurate, precise, both, or neither).

Question 21

Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
If a particle is traveling at 98% of the speed of light in a vacuum (2.998 x 10 ⁸ m\s), what is its velocity in miles per hour? 1.00 mile = 1.61 kilometers.

Question 22

Focus on Problem Solving Exercises
Battery acid has a density of 1.285 g\mL and contains 38.0% sulfuric acid by mass. Describe how you would determine the mass of pure sulfuric acid in a car battery, noting the item(s)you would have to measure or look up.

Question 23

Numbers and Measurements
In an attempt to determine the velocity of a person on a bicycle, an observer uses a stopwatch and times the length of time it takes to cover 25 "squares" on a sidewalk. A measurement of one of the squares shows it to be 1.13 m long. The bicycle takes 4.82 seconds to travel this far. What velocity, in m\sec, should the observer report?

Question 24

Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
A metallic cylinder displaces 91.0 mL and has a mass of 245.7 g. What is the density of the metal?

Question 25

Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
The distance between two atoms in a molecule is 148 pm. What is this distance in meters?

Question 26

Numbers and Measurements
How many significant figures are present in each of the following experimental measurements?
a)0.003 m
b)6030 kg
c)400.3 s
d)0.000701 L
e)31.624 km

Question 27

Insight into Materials Selection and Bicycle Frames
Use the web to research the elastic modulus and yield strength of carbon fiber composites. How do these materials compare to aluminum, steel and titanium?

Question 28

Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
Draw a molecular scale picture to show how a crystal differs from a liquid.

Question 29

Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
Carry out the following unit conversions.

Question 30

Numbers and Measurements
Assuming the numbers given are measurements, carry out the indicated arithmetic operations and give the answer with the correct number of significant figures.

Question 31

Numbers and Measurements
A rock is placed on a balance and its mass is determined to be 22.410 g. When the same rock is placed in a graduated cylinder that originally contains 11.34 mL of water, the new volume of water is 17.82 mL. What should the density of the rock be reported as?

Question 32

Focus on Problem Solving Exercises
A solution of ethanol in water has a volume of 54.2 mL and a mass of 49.6 g. What information would you need to look up and how would you determine the percentage of ethanol in this solution?

Question 33

Numbers and Measurements
Measurements indicate that 23.6% of the residents of a city with a population of 531,314 are college graduates. Considering significant figures, how many college graduates are estimated to reside in this city?

Question 34

Focus on Problem Solving Exercises
A student was given two metal cubes that looked similar. One had an edge of 1.05 cm and had a mass of 14.32 grams, and the other had an edge of 2.66 cm and had a mass of 215.3 grams. How can the student determine if these two cubes of metal are the same material using only the data given?

Question 35

Insight into Materials Selection and Bicycle Frames
Rank aluminum, steel, and titanium in order of increasing stiffness.

Question 36

Numbers and Measurements
Express each of the following temperatures in ° C.

Question 37

Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
If the cost to fill a gasoline tank is $78.42 and gasoline costs $3.66\gal, how many gallons can the tank hold? How many liters of gasoline could be purchased for $50.00?(1 gallon = 3.78 liter)

Question 38

Insight into Materials Selection and Bicycle Frames
Aluminum is not as strong as steel. What other factor should be considered when comparing the desirability of aluminum versus steel if strength is an important consideration for a design?

Question 39

Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
Mercury has a density of 13.6 g\mL. What is the mass of 4.72 L of mercury?

Question 40

Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
Use the web to determine the chemicals that are involved in the precipitation process while refining aluminum and draw a molecular scale drawing of this reaction.

Question 41

Focus on Problem Solving Exercises
If corn is traded by the "bushel" and an acre of crop land yields an average of 240 bushels of corn, how would you determine that the volume of corn in L is produced by a 160 acre field? What would you have to look up to solve the problem?

Question 42

The vast majority of touchscreen devices rely on a material called _____.

A)ferrous oxide
B)indium tin oxide
C)germanium
D)silicon

Question 43

Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
A load of hematite has a density of 5.3 g\cm3. If the mass of the load is 150 metric tons, how many dump trucks, each with a capacity of 15 cubic yards, will be needed to haul the whole load. Assume that the truck(s)can carry the load from the mine to the dumping zone only once.

Question 44

Focus on Problem Solving Exercises
Imagine you place a cork measuring 1.30 cm × 4.50 cm × 3.00 cm in a container filled with water. On top of this cork you place a small lead cube of side 1.15 cm. Describe how you would determine if the combination of the cork and the lead cube will still float in the water. Note any information you would need to look up to answer this question.

Question 45

Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
An engineer designed a process to manufacture ball bearings. The mass of each bearing was measured to be within 0.15% of 100 grains. What range of bearing masses, in mg, will meet this tolerance? 1 grain = 64.79891 mg.

Question 46

Describe the layers of a typical touchscreen display.

Question 47

What are the two important features that make indium tin oxide a reliable material for touchscreen devices?