Deck 25: Body Fluids

Question 1

Blood pressure across capillary walls is

A)highest at the venous end of the capillary.
B)highest at the arterial end of the capillary.
C)the same at the venous and arterial ends of the capillary.
D)zero all along the capillary.

Answer 1

highest at the arterial end of the capillary.

Question 2

Which of the following is considered to be a normal constituent of urine?

A)protein
B)ketone bodies
C)amino acids
D)hemoglobin

Answer 2

amino acids

Question 3

Nonoxygenated hemoglobin is called _____ .

A)deoxyhemoglobin
B)carboxylhemoglobin
C)carbaminohemoglobin
D)nitrosohemoglobin

Answer 3

deoxyhemoglobin

Question 4

Carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream chiefly in the form of _____ .

A)CO₂
B)HCO₃ ⁻
C)H₂CO₃
D)CO₃^{2 −}

Question 5

Which function of the blood is the most critical to life on a second to second basis?

A)transport of nutrients
B)transport of oxygen
C)transport of neurotransmitters
D)transport of plasma about the body

Question 6

The following reaction is a part of the respiration process. H⁺ + HCO₃^- H₂CO₃
It takes place at _____ .

A)the lungs
B)the tissue cells
C)the lungs and tissue cells
D)neither the lungs nor tissue cells

Question 7

Bicarbonate ions which migrate from red blood cells into the surrounding fluid are replaced by _____ .

A)Na⁺
B)K⁺
C)Cl ⁻
D)

Question 8

Carbaminohemoglobin is produced when hemoglobin combines with _____ .

A)CO₂
B)O₂
C)CO
D)urea

Question 9

As blood moves from the arterial end of a capillary to the venous end, the flow from the interstitial fluid _____ .

A)increases
B)decreases
C)remains constant
D)might increase or decrease

Question 10

What is the fluid type that holds the majority of the human body fluids?

A)intracellular fluid
B)interstitial fluid
C)extracellular fluid
D)plasma

Question 11

Which of the following functions is performed by the circulatory system?

A)helps to control body fluid
B)helps to control acid-base balance
C)helps to control water balance
D)More than one response is correct.

Question 12

The principal negative ion in intracellular fluid is _____ .

A)Cl ⁻
B)
C)
D)

Question 13

Which of the following fluids are nearly identical except for protein content?

A)plasma and intracellular fluid
B)plasma and interstitial fluid
C)intracellular and interstitial fluid
D)extracellular and intracellular

Question 14

Which of the following reactions takes place in red blood cells in the capillaries surrounding the cells of active tissues?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 15

Oxygen is transported in the blood stream chiefly in the form of _____ .

A)molecules of
B)molecules of
C)molecules of
D)molecules of oxyhemoglobin

Question 16

Which is the principal positive ion in  interstitial fluids?

A)K⁺
B)Na⁺
C)Mg²⁺
D)Ca²⁺

Question 17

Which of the following substances is least likely to be reabsorbed in the kidney tubules?

A)water
B)glucose
C)urea
D)amino acids

Question 18

Which is the principal cation of the intracellular fluid?

A)Ca²⁺
B)Na⁺
C)Mg²⁺
D)K⁺

Question 19

The fluid surrounding tissue cells is called _____ .

A)interstitial fluid
B)intracellular fluid
C)plasma
D)lymph

Question 20

Which of the following fluids has the highest concentration of proteins?

A)plasma
B)interstitial
C)intracellular
D)More than one response is correct.

Question 21

The body loses water through the _____ .

A)kidneys
B)lungs
C)skin
D)More than one response is correct.

Question 22

How should urinary output be affected by the inhibition of vasopressin synthesis by alcohol?

A)increased output
B)slightly decreased output
C)greatly decreased output
D)no effect on output

Question 23

The hormone that helps to regulate the level of sodium ions in the blood is _____ .

A)aldosterone
B)vasopressin
C)insulin
D)progesterone

Question 24

If the pH of blood rises slightly above normal, the condition is termed _____ .

A)acidosis
B)alkalosis
C)hemolysis
D)ketosis

Question 25

The net result of excretion of H⁺ in the urine is the ____ within the blood.

A)retention of Na⁺
B)retention of
C)conversion of CO₂ to H₂CO₃
D)conversion of CO₂ to

Question 26

Which part of the buffer pair will react with a strong acid?

A)H₂CO₃
B)
C)both parts react
D)neither part reacts

Question 27

Which of the following functions is essential in maintaining a constant pH for the blood?

A)respiration reactions associated with breathing
B)kidney activity
C)formation and excretion of perspiration
D)More than one response is correct.

Question 28

Hyperventilation aids in controlling pH by

A)removing CO₂ from blood.
B)bringing in more O_2.
C)increasing the amount of .
D)More than one response is correct.

Question 29

Which buffer system is closely linked to the respiratory system?

A)bicarbonate
B)phosphate
C)protein
D)pyruvate

Question 30

Very slow or shallow breathing can lead to a condition physiologists call

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)metabolic acidosis.
C)respiratory alkalosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 31

Excessive vomiting can lead to a condition of _____ .

A)metabolic acidosis
B)metabolic alkalosis
C)respiratory acidosis
D)respiratory alkalosis

Question 32

Breathing too rapidly may cause _____ .

A)metabolic acidosis
B)metabolic alkalosis
C)respiratory acidosis
D)respiratory alkalosis

Question 33

Which of the following is normally interdependent with fluid balance in the body?

A)electrolyte balance
B)pH balance
C)blood lipid levels
D)More than one response is correct.

Question 34

What is the approximate pH of blood?

A)6.4
B)7.0
C)7.4
D)8.0

Question 35

The presence of protein in urine may be due to _____ .

A)kidney damage
B)starvation
C)diabetes mellitus
D)blockage of bile duct

Question 36

An increase in blood pH above normal stimulates

A)an increased rate of breathing.
B)hypoventilation.
C)hyperventilation.
D)More than one response is correct.

Question 37

Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine?

A)creatinine
B)chloride
C)phosphate
D)ketone bodies

Question 38

Which of the following is an important factor in maintaining electrolyte balance?

A)protein balance
B)fatty acid balance
C)carbohydrate balance
D)water balance

Question 39

Prolonged diarrhea can lead to _____ .

A)metabolic acidosis
B)metabolic alkalosis
C)respiratory acidosis
D)respiratory alkalosis

Question 40

The presence of ketone bodies in urine may be due to _____ .

A)bladder infection
B)diabetes mellitus
C)hepatitis
D)kidney infection

Question 41

A patient comes in with all the signs of jaundice. You order a test of the patient's urine. What constituent in the urine would you be looking for at elevated levels?

A)glucose
B)protein
C)ketone bodies
D)bile pigments

Question 42

In the red blood cells in the capillaries surrounding a lung alveolus, which of the following reactions occurs predominantly in the forward direction?

A)
B)
C)
D)all of these

Question 43

The human body contains approximately 70% ____ fluid.

A)interstitial
B)intracellular
C)blood plasma
D)other

Question 44

The total amount of CO₂  in the body is found several forms.  Which of the following correctly ranks these forms from highest to lowest amount found in the body?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 45

In a healthy individual, which substance would be found at the lowest level in urine?

A)creatinine
B)urea
C)NH₄⁺
D)glucose

Question 46

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus results in an increase in ketone body levels.  This can cause ___.

A)respiratory acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis

Question 47

Urine accounts for approximately what percentage of your total body fluids?

A)>50%
B)15 - 20%
C)8-12%
D) <5%

Question 48

The main route for elimination of water by the body is the ____.

A)kidneys
B)lungs
C)skin
D)intestines

Question 49

How many oxygen molecules can bind to a single hemoglobin molecule?

A)1
B)2
C)4
D)8

Question 50

The medical condition that can result from either cirrhosis or hepatitis is ______.

A)jaundice
B)hematuria
C)albuminuria
D)hemoglobinuria

Question 51

The largest amount of water output in the human body occurs in the

A)kidneys.
B)skin.
C)intestine.
D)lungs.

Question 52

Unless otherwise directed, take all medications with ____ on an empty stomach to increase the rate of absorption.

A)a full glass of water
B)food
C)your vitamins
D)a full glass of wine

Question 53

Which of the following will shift the reaction shown below to the right? HHb + O₂ HbO₂^- + H⁺

A)pH increase
B)decrease the partial pressure of O₂
C)pH decrease
D)More than one response is correct.

Question 54

Which of the following contains the greatest amount of protein per ml?

A)plasma
B)intercellular
C)interstitial
D)lymphatic

Question 55

Hyperventilation occurs when too much CO₂ is exhaled. According to Le Châtelier's principle which way will the following equilibrium shift as a result of hyperventilation? H₂CO₃ H₂O + CO₂

A)right
B)no effect
C)left
D)need more information

Question 56

A 1 pint donation of blood decreases the body's total blood volume by about __ .

A)5%
B)10%
C)15%
D)20%

Question 57

How is most of the CO₂ that is produced in the body transported?

A)by carbaminohemoglobin
B)as bicarbonate ions
C)dissolved in the plasma
D)none of these

Question 58

Which of the following compounds does not contain nitrogen?

A)uric acid
B)creatinine
C)urea
D)All contain nitrogen.

Question 59

A pulse oximeter monitors blood oxygenation levels by _____.

A)measuring color changes of blood.
B)determining fluid density differences
C)testing for oxygen in ones breath.
D)proper evaluation of a MRI.

Question 60

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is referred to as ______.

A)nitrituria
B)polyurea
C)pyuria
D)ketonuria

Question 61

The chloride shift occurs due to the increase in oxygen in the blood at the lungs and decreases as the oxygen is used by the tissues.

Question 62

Interstitial fluid contains low concentrations of protein.

Question 63

The principal anion in plasma is .

Question 64

About two-thirds of the total body weight is composed of fluids.

Question 65

The principal anion of extracellular fluid is Cl ⁻ .

Question 66

Oxygen displaces carbon dioxide in the lungs because oxygen is much more soluble than is carbon dioxide.

Question 67

There is a greater volume of interstitial fluid than plasma in the body.

Question 68

Erythropoietin (EPO)has the effect of increasing the oxygen content in the blood and is used by athletes just before an event.

Question 69

The life sustaining biochemical reactions take place mostly in the intracellular fluid.

Question 70

The principal anion of extracellular and intracellular fluid is the same.

Question 71

Hematuria is a condition where which elevated levels of which of the following is present in urine?

A)hemoglobin
B)bile pigments
C)red blood cells
D)protein

Question 72

The principal cation of plasma is K⁺.

Question 73

A rapid drop in CO₂ concentration normally results in hyperventilation.

Question 74

A major buffer system in the blood includes the carbonic acid\bicarbonate ion equilibrium.

Question 75

Acidosis is a condition in which the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled is reduced and is an exclusive symptom of some diabetic conditions.

Question 76

Some of the water loss from the human body is by means of kidneys, water vapor exhaled, and perspiration.

Question 77

Normal urine contains 10% urine salts.

Question 78

Chemically, plasma and interstitial fluid are nearly identical.

Question 79

CO₂ is transported in the blood primarily as carbaminohemoglobin.

Question 80

The recommendation for avoiding osteoporosis is to drink skim milk and to take Vitamin C to aid the process of calcium uptake.