Deck 10: Market Expansion and Industry in First Transition

Question 1

By 1860, two thirds of America's woolen output was produced in

A) the area surrounding Philadelphia.
B) New England .
C) the Mid-Atlantic states.
D) New York city .

Answer 1

New England .

Question 2

In 1791, what percent of America's clothing was homemade?

A) 10-20%
B) 30-40%
C) 60-80%
D) 95% or more was homemade.

Answer 2

60-80%

Question 3

According to Walton and Rockoff, what is not a pre-condition for factory production and industrialization?

A) Standardized parts
B) Sufficient power and energy
C) Continuous process production
D) A sufficiently centralized administrative structure

Answer 3

A sufficiently centralized administrative structure

Question 4

___________ is credited with introducing the water frame in American spinning mills.

A) Samuel Slater
B) Oliver Evans
C) Robert Fulton
D) Eli Whitney

Question 5

"Value added" is defined as

A) the price of the product multiplied by the quantity produced.
B) total sales revenue divided by the quantity produced.
C) total sales revenue minus sales taxes.
D) the value of total product minus raw materials costs.

Question 6

By 1830 home manufacture had declined significantly due to

A) increased industrial organization.
B) increased tariffs.
C) advances in transportation.
D) Both a and b are correct.
E) Both a and c are correct.

Question 7

The most important reason for the increasing prominence of the corporation was

A) protection from creditors.
B) that some businesses required more capital than one person or a few people could provide.
C) the use of "double liability."
D) None of the above were reasons.

Question 8

By 1860, almost ¾ of the U.S. output of cotton goods was produced in

A) the area surrounding Philadelphia.
B) New England .
C) the Mid-Atlantic states.
D) New York City .

Question 9

Which of the following phrases does not describe an essential characteristic of a factory?

A) produces a standardized product to be sold in a wide market
B) relies on stocks and bonds in order to finance plants and machinery
C) assemble workers under a definite organizational discipline
D) carries out complex operations in one building or in adjacent buildings

Question 10

According to the 1860 census, the top employer in manufacturing was the _______ industry.

A) boot and shoe
B) cotton textile
C) flour and meal
D) iron

Question 11

Which is not an advantage of corporations?

A) Limited liability
B) Longevity and permanence
C) More likely to earn higher profits
D) Ease of attracting investors

Question 12

As canals, steamboats and railroads were built,

A) home production declined.
B) artisan manufactures increased.
C) prices of basic goods like clothing increased.
D) product quality declined.
E) All of the above.

Question 13

Samuel Slater is most recognized for

A) inventing the cotton gin.
B) inventing the telegraph.
C) lobbying the government for the abolition of slavery.
D) playing an integral role in developing the first American factory.

Question 14

The first factories in the US were developed within the __________ industry.

A) iron smelting
B) grain milling
C) boot and shoe
D) cotton textile

Question 15

The Connecticut General Incorporation act

A) was passed in 1797 and allowed private citizens to pursue liability claims against corporations.
B) provided for the state legislature to grant charters.
C) expanded the liability for English joint-stock companies.
D) was passed in 1837 and made incorporation a right.
E) None of the above are correct.

Question 16

When they first appeared in the U.S., corporations did not have all the advantages that they have today. For example, early corporations

A) had to be re-chartered upon the death of a shareholder.
B) were taxed at a higher rate than sole proprietorships and partnerships.
C) did not have the legal protection of limited liability.
D) were not allowed to have more than 12 shareholders.
E) All of the above.

Question 17

Francis Lowell's Boston Manufacturing Company

A) specialized in the production of one type of cloth.
B) combined all four stages of cloth production in one plant.
C) sold its product throughout the U.S.
D) used power looms for weaving.
E) All of the above.

Question 18

In 1860, ______________ was the top industry as ranked by value added.

A) cotton textiles
B) boots and shoes
C) men's clothing
D) iron

Question 19

Which of the following industries was not among the 10 leading industries in 1860?

A) boots and shoes
B) printing and publishing
C) machinery
D) lumber

Question 20

________________, which produced ______________, is commonly cited as the first American factory.

A) The Oliver Evans Mill; flour
B) The Almy, Slater, Brown Mill; yarn and thread
C) The Boston Manufacturing Company; cotton cloth
D) The Whitney Armaments Firm; guns

Question 21

During the antebellum period high rates of labor productivity were common in

A) capital-intensive industries.
B) non-capital intensive industries.
C) shops and mills.
D) small firms with limited mechanization.
E) All of the above.

Question 22

From 1800-1860 which part of the nation most supported high tariffs?

A) Southeast.
B) New England .
C) Southwest.
D) Far Western States.

Question 23

The first successful application of continuous process manufacturing was in

A) textile mills.
B) automobile manufacturing.
C) manufacturing of guns.
D) grain milling.

Question 24

The development of interchangeable parts by Whitney and North allowed

A) machinery to be replaced by skilled labor.
B) capital-labor proportions in the US to remain equal to those in England.
C) producers to raise the price of guns.
D) skilled labor to be replaced by unskilled labor and machines.

Question 25

Compared to England, the 19^th century American manufacturing labor force was

A) less likely to unionize.
B) less mobile.
C) less accepting of technological change in the workplace.
D) less productive.

Question 26

From 1800-1860 which part of the nation was most opposed to high tariffs?

A) South.
B) New England .
C) Middle Atlantic States .
D) Far Western States.

Question 27

In the antebellum period, most large manufacturers relied on the _____________ for power.

A) undershot water wheel
B) overshot water wheel
C) the breast water wheel
D) the water turbine

Question 28

According to James and Skinner, in 19^th century American manufacturing, ____________ was scarce, but __________________ was even scarcer.

A) labor; capital
B) capital; skilled labor
C) unskilled labor; fuel sources
D) capital; raw materials

Question 29

According to Robert Zevin's 1971 study of textiles, the U.S. cotton textile industry had ____ percent of the number of Britain's textile labor force, but produced ____ percent as much cotton.

A) 80; 80
B) 50; 80
C) 50; 40
D) 25; 40

Question 30

What best describes the antebellum economy?

A) By 1860 the size of most American firms was comparable to the size of firms today.
B) Manufacturing had replaced agriculture as the largest sector of employment in the US.
C) Heavy equipment was one of the top-three manufacturing sectors.
D) The U.S. developed many new ways of combining factors of production to substitute capital for labor.

Question 31

Which was not a way in which tariffs hurt the South?

A) Southern produced products lost US market share.
B) The tariffs raised the price of imported goods to consumers.
C) England had less money with which to purchase American made goods.

Question 32

In the late 18^th century, England

A) passed laws prohibiting the export of industrial machinery.
B) tried to discourage labor pirating.
C) was the second largest producer of manufactured goods in the world.
D) successfully prevented technology transfer to the U.S.
E) Both a and b are correct.

Question 33

Which of the following statements contains accurate information regarding power sources for manufacturing in the first half of the 19^th century?

A) For New England manufacturers steam engines were more costly than water power.
B) The water turbine was more efficient than the water wheel.
C) Coal was adopted more slowly in the U.S. than in England.
D) Along the Ohio River, steam was preferable to water power because of variable stream levels.
E) All of above.

Question 34

Early American manufacturers were particularly concerned about minimizing

A) raw material costs.
B) labor costs.
C) state-levied taxes on profits.
D) energy costs.

Question 35

The primary source of power for industrial production in the antebellum period was

A) coal.
B) steam.
C) water.
D) wood.

Question 36

What constituted the majority of federal government revenues in 1860?

A) Property tax.
B) Tariffs.
C) Income tax.
D) Fees and Licenses.

Question 37

At the Great Exhibition in London (1851), American products were a primary attraction because they were

A) elegantly designed.
B) very long lasting.
C) cheap and functional.
D) handmade by skilled artisans.

Question 38

What two basic ideas led to American preeminence in nineteenth-century manufacturing?

A) interchangeable parts and the right of incorporation
B) continuous-process manufacturing, and the breast water wheel
C) water frame spinning machines and the use of interchangeable parts
D) interchangeable parts and continuous-process manufacturing

Question 39

The first permanently successful application of standardized interchangeable parts was made in the American _________ industry.

A) textile
B) grain milling
C) armaments
D) iron

Question 40

The development of interchangeable parts by Eli Whitney and Simeon North allowed

A) skilled labor to be replaced by unskilled labor.
B) firms to better implement continuous-process manufacturing.
C) producers to reduce production costs and increase supply.
D) for easier and cheaper repair of damaged goods.
E) All of the above.

Question 41

High value-added per employee is associated with

A) "high-tech," capital intensive industries.
B) "low-tech," labor intensive industries.
C) the shoe industry in 1860.
D) the use of unskilled labor.

Question 42

The antebellum period was characterized by many changes in tariff rates. What best describes the effect of removing a tariff on foreign cotton textiles?

A) The total supply curve of textiles would shift back.
B) The price of both foreign-made and domestic-made textiles would decrease.
C) The price of foreign-made textiles would decrease and the price of domestic-made textiles would increase.
D) The total (foreign and domestically produced. quantity of textiles purchased in the US would decrease.
E) The real income of textile consumers would decrease.

Question 43

Between 1850 and 1860, the output of primary iron products and machinery in the United States

A) stagnated
B) grew modestly.
C) surpassed that of Great Britain.
D) doubled.

Question 44

During the antebellum period U.S. tariffs on imported cotton textiles

A) increased profits for British textile producers.
B) decreased the prices of cotton textiles in the U.S.
C) were supported by the southern states.
D) were harmful to U.S. textile producers and their employees.
E) None of the above is correct