Deck 6: Energy Balance and Body Composition

Question 1

The body's adaptations to fasting are sufficient to maintain life for only a very short period.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

People can change their voluntary actions to spend more or less energy in a day, but they cannot change their basal metabolic rate.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Voluntary activities normally require less energy in a day than basal metabolism does.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Fat can be made from an excess of any energy-yielding nutrient.

Question 5

Basal metabolic needs are large compared to energy needs for activities.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of alcohol on body weight?

A) Alcohol yields no energy, so it does not affect body weight.
B) Alcohol is low in kcalories and has very little effect on body weight.
C) Alcohol slows down the body's use of fat, causing more fat to be stored.
D) Alcohol speeds up the body's metabolism and discourages the storage of body fat.
E) Alcohol contains enzymes that convert protein to fat, encouraging the storage of body fat.

Question 7

When carbohydrate consumption exceeds body needs, the excess glucose is:

A) not absorbed from the small intestine.
B) excreted in the feces.
C) stored as glucose.
D) stored as glycogen only.
E) stored as glycogen and fat.

Question 8

Alcohol contributes to obesity because it:

A) diminishes the body's use of fat for fuel.
B) has as many kcalories as fat.
C) increases appetite.
D) encourages storage of body protein.
E) reduces activity levels.

Question 9

Skinfold measurements provide an inaccurate estimate of total body fat.

Question 10

In the first few days of a fast, what percentage of needed glucose is supplied by protein breakdown?

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 90
E) 100

Question 11

The body metabolically recognizes the difference between fasting and starving.

Question 12

Within a day of beginning a fast, most of the body's stores of which of the following are depleted?

A) glycogen
B) amino acids
C) fatty acids
D) glycerol
E) protein

Question 13

A smoker may weigh less than a non-smoker, but will likely have more visceral fat.

Question 14

Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles when:

A) excessive fat is present in the blood.
B) vigorous muscular activity has just ended.
C) excessive glucose is present in the blood.
D) excessive cholesterol is present in the blood.
E) starvation conditions are present.

Question 15

Normally, the nervous system consumes less than 10% of the total glucose used each day.

Question 16

Energy is stored in the body as:

A) nitrogen.
B) glycerol.
C) fatty acids.
D) lecithin.
E) body fat.

Question 17

Ketones can meet some of the nervous system's energy needs.

Question 18

When protein consumption exceeds body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and:

A) stored as fat.
B) excreted in the feces.
C) stored as amino acids.
D) stored as glycogen and fat.
E) stored in the gallbladder as bile.

Question 19

Surplus dietary carbohydrate is first stored as:

A) glycogen.
B) protein.
C) fat.
D) triglycerides.
E) cholesterol.

Question 20

Of all the nutrients, which is the easiest for the body to store as fat?

A) protein
B) carbohydrates
C) fat
D) vitamins
E) minerals

Question 21

Which of the following individuals would be classified as being very active?

A) a carpenter
B) a teacher
C) a football player
D) a gardener
E) a golfer

Question 22

The energy needed to maintain life when a person is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest is termed:

A) basal metabolism.
B) the kcalorie.
C) physiological fuel value.
D) the Estimated Energy Requirement.
E) body composition.

Question 23

BMR is lowest during:

A) pregnancy.
B) physical activity.
C) sleep.
D) sedentary activity.
E) exercise.

Question 24

Your client, Samantha, has been fasting to lose weight. Which of the following changes in her body would be least likely?

A) loss of lean tissue
B) disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance
C) impairment of disease resistance
D) increased body temperature
E) increased metabolic rate

Question 25

Which of the following are acidic, water-soluble compounds formed from the incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available?

A) amino acids
B) pyruvate molecules
C) carbon dioxide
D) ketone bodies
E) ammonia and urea

Question 26

Fasting results in:

A) degradation of lean body tissue.
B) safe, quick, and easy loss of fat tissue.
C) immediate loss of energy and mental alertness.
D) cleansing of toxins from the body.
E) improved resistance to infections.

Question 27

As the body shifts to partial dependence on ketones for energy during prolonged fasting:

A) the body increases its energy output.
B) the body conserves its lean tissue.
C) the body increases its metabolism.
D) the body's loss of lean tissue increases.
E) the body's fat stores increase.

Question 28

Men generally have a higher BMR than women do because:

A) women have less lean body mass.
B) women tend to eat less.
C) men tend to eat more.
D) men have less lean body mass.
E) testosterone reduces BMR.

Question 29

The thermic effect of food represents about what percentage of the total food energy taken in?

A) 4
B) 10
C) 16
D) 25
E) 50

Question 30

Which of the following statements would you be least likely to tell your client regarding metabolic rate?

A) BMR is measured after a 12-hour fast.
B) RMR is higher than BMR.
C) RMR represents only that energy needed for life-sustaining processes.
D) BMR is increased during growth.
E) BMR is typically expressed as kcalories per kilogram of body weight per hour.

Question 31

The amount of fat a person's body stores when excess food is consumed:

A) is directly proportional to weight.
B) is not influenced by GI functioning.
C) always equals 1 pound per 3500 kcal.
D) varies widely among individuals.
E) cannot exceed 200,000 kcalories.

Question 32

Which of the following individuals would have the lowest basal metabolic rate?

A) a pregnant woman
B) a tall, thin person
C) a malnourished person
D) a person with a fever
E) a bodybuilder

Question 33

The part of a triglyceride that can be made into glucose is:

A) the saturated fatty acids.
B) the medium-chain fatty acids.
C) the unsaturated fatty acids.
D) the long-chain fatty acids.
E) the glycerol.

Question 34

An individual can most easily alter his/her energy output by altering:

A) the time of day he/she exercises.
B) the intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise.
C) his/her eating patterns.
D) the combination of foods eaten at a meal.
E) sleep patterns.

Question 35

You are discussing energy requirements with your client. Which of the following would you be least likely to mention to her regarding variability of energy needs between individuals?

A) gender
B) age
C) physical activity
D) body composition
E) food preferences

Question 36

What body component has the greatest variability in quantity and quality?

A) bone mass
B) muscle mass
C) fluid
D) fat mass
E) nervous tissue

Question 37

In the first few days of fasting, body protein is used primarily to:

A) rebuild tissue.
B) replace worn out cells.
C) provide glucose.
D) stabilize fluid balance.
E) provide immunity to infection.

Question 38

Which of the following individuals would have the slowest basal metabolic rate?

A) a 51-year-old male
B) a 20-year-old inactive woman
C) a 25-year-old pregnant woman
D) a 3-year-old child
E) a 32-year-old hyperthyroid woman

Question 39

The basal metabolic rate slows with increasing age because:

A)  the elderly are malnourished.
B) fat mass in the body decreases.
C) digestive efficiency declines.
D) lean body mass diminishes.
E) kidney function decreases.

Question 40

Basal metabolic rate is lowered by:

A) bodybuilding.
B) stress or fever.
C) high thyroid gland activity.
D) an increase in lean body mass.
E) loss of lean body mass.

Question 41

Calculate the BMI of a male who is 5'11" tall and weighs 210 pounds.

A) 18
B) 23
C) 27
D) 29
E) 33

Question 42

You suspect that your 14-year-old female client may have an eating disorder. What advice would you give her?

A) cut kcalories
B) only eat when hungry
C) monitor blood glucose regularly
D) take a multivitamin
E) establish a reasonable weight goal based on a healthy body composition

Question 43

According to BMI criteria, a person with a BMI of 24 would be considered:

A) underweight.
B) overweight.
C) obese.
D) normal weight.
E) physically fit.

Question 44

Which of the following people would be at lowest risk for the accumulation of abdominal fat?

A) a smoker
B) a postmenopausal woman
C) a middle-aged man
D) a premenopausal woman
E) a 15-year-old male football player

Question 45

A good indicator of fat distribution on an individual is:

A) BMI.
B) body weight.
C) hip circumference.
D) visual assessment.
E) waist circumference.

Question 46

The health risk associated with central obesity has to do with:

A) an imbalance in adipokines.
B) the proximity of the excess fat to the gallbladder.
C) an imbalance in cytokines.
D) the proximity of excess fat to the small intestine.
E) an imbalance in estrogen.

Question 47

Approximately what percentage of U.S. adults are overweight or obese?

A) 33
B) 42
C) 57
D) 71
E) 100

Question 48

The recommended range of body fat for a woman is:

A) 13-21%.
B) 15-23%.
C) 23-31%.
D) 27-35%.
E) 30-40%.

Question 49

Which type of fat poses the greatest risk to health?

A) visceral fat
B) dietary fat
C) subcutaneous fat
D) lower body fat
E) fat accumulated due to alcohol consumption

Question 50

Which of the following are the three indicators established by obesity experts for evaluating health risks from overweight and obesity?

A) disease risk profile, body fat percentage, and blood pressure
B) BMI, waist circumference, and blood pressure
C) waist circumference, blood pressure, and body fat percentage
D) diet history, BMI, and disease risk profile
E) disease risk profile, BMI, and waist circumference

Question 51

Obesity is officially defined as a BMI of equal to or greater than which of the following?

A) 25
B) 30
C) 35
D) 40
E) 43

Question 52

Given that EER for women = [354 - (6.91  x  age)] + PA  x ´ [(9.36  x ´ wt) + (726  x  ht)], estimate the energy requirements for Anne, an active 27 year old (PA = 1.27) who is 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighs 130 pounds.

A) 1700-1800
B) 2300-2400
C) 2600-2700
D) 3200-3300
E) 3500-3700

Question 53

Which of the following describes anorexia nervosa?

A) a n eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight
B) r ecurring episodes of binge eating combined with a morbid fear of becoming fat, often followed by purging
C) t he absence of cessation of menstruation
D) e nergy restriction followed by binging
E) u se of a cathartic after a binge

Question 54

A lack of body fat can result in:

A) infertility in women.
B) depression.
C) abnormal hunger regulation.
D) insomnia.
E) increased blood pressure.

Question 55

Which person is at the greatest health risk?

A) a 27-year-old woman with a waist circumference of 40 inches
B) a 25-year-old athlete with a BMI of 33
C) a 50-year-old male with a BMI of 29 who works out every day
D) a 42-year-old male with a waist circumference of 34 inches
E) a 20-year-old woman with a BMI of 18.

Question 56

A weakness in using BMI to assess body weight is that it only distinguishes between:

A) male and female.
B) young and old.
C) height and weight .
D) physical activity or inactivity .
E) muscle weight and fat weight .

Question 57

When calculating a person's EER, which of the following is required?

A) height, weight in kg, and physical activity factor
B) height, weight in kg, and percent body fat
C) weight in kg, physical activity factor, and percent body fat
D) weight in kg, gender, and percent body fat
E) height, daily fiber intake in grams, and physical activity factor

Question 58

Which of the following is most likely to occur among young competitive athletes with disordered eating?

A) hyperlipidemia
B) fluid retention
C) increased bone density
D) stress fractures
E) weight gain

Question 59

Sara is a 22-year-old college student with a BMI of 17.5. She is very anxious and stress triggers binge eating episodes followed by self-induced vomiting. From which of the following disorders does Sara most likely suffer?

A) bulimia nervosa
B) anorexia nervosa
C) clinical depression
D) binge eating disorder
E) relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S)

Question 60

You are discussing the health risks of obesity with a middle school class. Which of the following would you be LEAST likely to mention?

A) hypertension
B) diabetes
C) sleep apnea
D) tuberculosis
E) lowered self-esteem

Question 61

Explain why less fat may be lost during fasting than is lost when at least some food is supplied.

Question 62

Explain the mechanism through which excessive abdominal fat is thought to increase the risk of chronic disease.

Question 63

Define the thermic effect of food and explain its effect on energy expenditure

Question 65

Discuss three indicators used to identify and evaluate the health risks from overweight and obesity.

Question 66

Identify and briefly describe five factors that affect a person's basal metabolic rate.

Question 67

Describe how fat can be made from an excess of each of the energy nutrients-carbohydrate, protein, or fat.