Deck 19: Nutrition and Older Adults: Conditions and Interventions

Question 1

What percentage of older people aged 65 and over consider their health to be good to excellent?

A) 25
B) 42
C) 60
D) 77
E) 90

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Death rates from high blood pressure are higher for white people than for black people.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Among people aged 65 and above, the leading cause of death is heart disease.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The percentage of total body water shrinks from infancy to old age.

Question 5

The most common cause of dementia is _____ and accounts for an estimated 60-80 percent of cases.

A) pernicious anemia
B) Parkinson's disease
C) alcoholism
D) Alzheimer's disease
E) vascular disease

Question 6

In free-living older adults, nutritional risk status was found to be the most important predictor of _____.

A) total number of physician visits
B) home visits by physicians
C) ambulatory surgery rates
D) medication rates
E) total number of pharmacy visits

Question 7

The two leading causes of death among the elderly are heart disease and _____.

A) cancer
B) influenza
C) arthritis
D) Alzheimer's disease
E) diabetes

Question 8

Studies have proven that the use of aluminum cans leads to the development of Alzheimer's disease.

Question 9

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines and the World Health Organization (WHO) define extreme obesity as a BMI of 35.5 or higher.

Question 10

_____ refers to conditions caused by problems that affect the blood supply to the brain.

A) Cerebrovascular disease
B) Gastrointestinal disease
C) Aphasia
D) Atrial fibrillation
E) Sarcopenia

Question 11

No matter what the cause, older adults are at higher risk for GI conditions, which might impair their daily activities.

Question 12

Increased homocysteine blood levels and normal levels of methylmalonic acid in the elderly are always related to vitamin B ₁₂ deficiency.

Question 13

Among the more common comorbidities among older Americans is _____.

A) osteoporosis
B) unintentional injury
C) arthritis
D) a hip fracture
E) dementia

Question 14

In older adults, BMI is an adequate indicator of excess body fat associated with morbidity and mortality.

Question 15

Shrinking in height due to osteoporosis happens quickly and with sharp, jabbing pains in the spinal column.

Question 16

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in old age remain the same as in younger adults except that the factors have _____ in old age.

A) more predictive value
B) no predictive value
C) less predictive value
D) fewer repetitions
E) more meaning

Question 17

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) as part of a comprehensive treatment plan can encourage health-promoting food choices once diseases have been diagnosed.

Question 18

Osteoporosis has been inversely linked to osteoarthritis.

Question 19

The risk factors for stroke include _____.

A) short-term high blood pressure
B) excessive use of alcohol
C) excess physical activity
D) caffeine
E) a history of migraines

Question 20

Diabetes diagnosis criteria and management goals for older adults are different from those of younger adults.

Question 21

Nutrition advice for people who are taking blood-thinning medication because of a stroke is to _____.

A) maintain a stable vitamin K intake
B) avoid all foods with vitamin K
C) eat vitamin K-rich foods only in the evening and take medication in the morning
D) take a supplement of vitamin C along with their medications
E) eat large amounts of vitamin C during every meal

Question 22

Development of osteoporosis is delayed when an individual develops _____.

A) smaller, lighter bones during youth
B) an active lifestyle
C) lean body mass during early adulthood
D) bigger, denser bones during youth
E) adequate fat mass during early adulthood

Question 23

The most common GI-related diagnosis given in clinic visits is _____.

A) constipation
B) GERD
C) diarrhea
D) food intolerance
E) malabsorption

Question 24

The DRI for calcium for women who are 51 years and older is _____.

A) 1000 mg/day
B) 1200 mg/day
C) 1300 mg/day
D) 1500 mg/day
E) 2500 mg/day

Question 25

_____ occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures.

A) A hemorrhagic stroke
B) Carotid artery disease
C) An ischemic stroke
D) Atrial fibrillation
E) Sarcopenia

Question 26

Which of the following can contribute to a drop in blood sugar?

A) aspirin
B) caffeine
C) theophylline
D) antacids
E) amoxicillin

Question 27

Which of the following conditions is characterized by degeneration of the heart muscle, leading to irregular contractions?

A) carotid artery disease
B) atrial fibrillation
C) cerebral embolism
D) aneurysm
E) ischemia

Question 28

A piece of a blood clot formed elsewhere that travels to the brain is called _____.

A) ischemia
B) aneurysm
C) cerebral embolism
D) thrombus
E) aphasia

Question 29

The main symptoms of GERD are _____ and acid regurgitation.

A) nausea
B) xerostomia
C) chest pain
D) abdominal pain
E) heartburn

Question 30

_____ is the only way to prevent muscle loss.

A) Excess intake of animal protein
B) Strength training
C) Excess intake of calcium supplements
D) Sedentary lifestyle
E) Excess intake of sodium

Question 31

Obesity is defined as having a body mass index of _____.

A) 18.5-24.9
B) 25-29.9
C) ≥30
D) ≥35
E) ≥40

Question 32

Guidelines for treating dehydration in older adults include providing roughly _____ of the overall fluid deficit each day in the form of water or a 5 percent glucose solution.

A) 10-15%
B) 15-25%
C) 25-33%
D) 35-50%
E) 50-75%

Question 33

A reasonable hemoglobin A1C goal for healthy adults aged 65 and older is less than _____.

A) 3%
B) 7.5%
C) 10%
D) 12%
E) 15%

Question 34

Risk factors for osteoporosis include _____.

A) excess calcium intake
B) moderate alcohol consumption
C) being overweight
D) sarcopenia
E) high levels of testosterone

Question 35

WHO defines grade 3 thinness as _____.

A) BMI 17.0-18.49
B) BMI 18.5-19.99
C) BMI 20.0-21.49
D) BMI 16.0-16.99
E) BMI

Question 36

In the DASH sodium study, the greatest overall blood pressure reduction occurred in the subjects who _____.

A) reduced sodium intake to no more than 2400 mg/day
B) reduced sodium intake to no more than 1500 mg/day
C) lost 10-15% of their body weight
D) increased aerobic activity
E) had the highest blood pressure

Question 37

The only chronic condition that has higher prevalence in older adults than arthritis is _____.

A) diabetes
B) hypertension
C) cancer
D) stroke
E) osteoporosis

Question 38

The final stage of the grieving process is _____.

A) denial
B) reestablishment
C) guilt
D) loss
E) disorganization

Question 39

Which of the following readings corresponds to the blood pressure of an elderly woman who is diagnosed with hypertension?

A) 90 mm Hg/70 mm Hg
B) 120 mm Hg/70 mm Hg
C) 110 mm Hg/80 mm Hg
D) 80 mm Hg/85 mm Hg
E) 140 mm Hg/90 mm Hg

Question 40

An overweight elderly woman with type 2 diabetes visits her health care provider. When asked how her blood sugar control has been, the woman remarks, "Better than ever." What blood test could the health care provider order to verify this?

A) hemoglobin
B) hematocrit
C) hemoglobin A1C
D) blood triglycerides
E) random finger stick

Question 41

What is the BMI range associated with the lowest mortality in older adults?

A)
B)
C) 24.0-30.9
D) 28.0-32.5
E) 29.5-33.0

Question 42

Bone mass density that is _____ standard deviations below the adult normal denotes osteopenia.

A) 0.1-0.49
B) 0.5-0.99
C) 1-2.5
D) 2.6-3.0
E) 3.1-3.5

Question 43

A factor that may prevent a diabetic from achieving tight blood sugar control includes _____.

A) use of medications that decrease the risk of hypoglycemia
B) being overweight
C) declining cognitive function
D) a new support system
E) the likelihood for self-care

Question 44

The use of xanthine derivatives such as theophylline for the treatment of COPD may result in _____.

A) elevated liver enzymes
B) heartburn
C) hypoglycemia
D) anorexia
E) arthritis

Question 45

A 75-year-old female client reports that she has lost 20 pounds in the last 3 months and now weighs 100 pounds; she is 5?3?. She complains that food has lost its taste, and when she does eat, she develops severe heartburn. She is now in your office for assessment. Her daily intake is 1000 calories with 35 grams of protein. A sampling of her typical daily menu is as follows:
$$\begin{array} { l l } 1 \text { cup nonfat milk } & 1 / 3 \text { cup cooked rice } \\1 \text { medium apple } & 1 / 2 \text { cup cooked zucchini } \\1 \text { slice bread } + 3 \text { Tbsp butter } & 2 \text { oz ground beef } \\1 \text { cup black coffee } + 3 \text { Tbsp sugar } & 1 \text { cup orange juice } \\& 1 \text { oz cheddar cheese } \\& \text { Black coffee } \\& 2 \text { martinis before dinner }\end{array}$$
How does this client's current weight compare to her usual weight?

A) She is 67% of her usual body weight.
B) She is 75% of her usual body weight.
C) She is 83% of her usual body weight.
D) She is 92% of her usual body weight.
E) She is 120% of her usual body weight.

Question 46

The DASH diet, the Prudent Pattern, and the Mediterranean Diet are eating patterns associated with reduced _____ incidence.

A) hypertension
B) stroke
C) diabetes
D) osteoporosis
E) osteoarthritis

Question 47

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures _____.

A) hypertension
B) blood sugar levels
C) body mass index
D) lean body mass
E) bone density

Question 48

Cardioprotective medications constituted about _____ percent of all prescriptions in 2009-2010.

A) 26
B) 35
C) 46
D) 52
E) 65

Question 49

To prevent vitamin B ₁₂ deficiency, it is recommended that adults aged 51 and over obtain their vitamin B ₁₂ from _____.

A) a diet high in animal protein
B) a diet featuring leafy green and cruciferous vegetables
C) fortified foods and/or supplements
D) a primarily vegetarian diet
E) drinking nondairy (soy, nut) milk products

Question 50

A 75-year-old female client reports that she has lost 20 pounds in the last 3 months and now weighs 100 pounds; she is 5?3?. She complains that food has lost its taste, and when she does eat, she develops severe heartburn. She is now in your office for assessment. Her daily intake is 1000 calories with 35 grams of protein. A sampling of her typical daily menu is as follows:
$$\begin{array} { l l } 1 \text { cup nonfat milk } & 1 / 3 \text { cup cooked rice } \\1 \text { medium apple } & 1 / 2 \text { cup cooked zucchini } \\1 \text { slice bread } + 3 \text { Tbsp butter } & 2 \text { oz ground beef } \\1 \text { cup black coffee } + 3 \text { Tbsp sugar } & 1 \text { cup orange juice } \\& 1 \text { oz cheddar cheese } \\& \text { Black coffee } \\& 2 \text { martinis before dinner }\end{array}$$
 
How does the client's intake compare to her estimated protein needs?

A) It is low; based on her current weight, she should be consuming at least 100 g per day.
B) It is high; based on her current weight, she should be consuming at least 25 g per day.
C) It is low; based on her current weight, she should be consuming between 70 and 99 g per day.
D) It is low; based on her current weight, she should be consuming between 45 and 70 g per day.
E) Client's intake is adequate to meet her needs based on her current weight and calorie intake.

Question 51

A major contributor to hypertension is _____ intake.

A) vitamin E
B) protein
C) fiber
D) salt
E) sugar

Question 52

The public perception of "being regular" is having a bowel movement _____.

A) each morning
B) each morning and evening
C) thrice daily
D) before bedtime
E) 5 times a week

Question 53

Adults aged 50 years and older should aim for _____ IU of vitamin D per day.

A) 200-500
B) 800-1000
C) 1000-1500
D) 1500-1700
E) 1800-2000

Question 54

A 75-year-old female client reports that she has lost 20 pounds in the last 3 months and now weighs 100 pounds; she is 5?3?. She complains that food has lost its taste, and when she does eat, she develops severe heartburn. She is now in your office for assessment. Her daily intake is 1000 calories with 35 grams of protein. A sampling of her typical daily menu is as follows:
$$\begin{array} { l l } 1 \text { cup nonfat milk } & 1 / 3 \text { cup cooked rice } \\1 \text { medium apple } & 1 / 2 \text { cup cooked zucchini } \\1 \text { slice bread } + 3 \text { Tbsp butter } & 2 \text { oz ground beef } \\1 \text { cup black coffee } + 3 \text { Tbsp sugar } & 1 \text { cup orange juice } \\& 1 \text { oz cheddar cheese } \\& \text { Black coffee } \\& 2 \text { martinis before dinner }\end{array}$$
Which diet-related activity would likely help with the client's heartburn?

A) consuming just one drink before dinner
B) consuming just one cup of coffee after dinner
C) restricting herself to a low-fat diet
D) eating a light breakfast but a big supper
E) a 30-minute nap after eating

Question 55

One of the seven signs and symptoms associated with dehydration in the elderly is _____.

A) hearing difficulty
B) confusion
C) swollen tongue
D) bulging eyes
E) lower-body weakness

Question 56

Sarcopenia refers to _____.

A) lack of appetite
B) muscle wasting
C) porous bones
D) shrinking height
E) loss of saliva

Question 57

The first remedy advised for osteoarthritis is _____.

A) weight loss if overweight
B) an anti-inflammatory eating pattern
C) chondroitin and glucosamine supplements to relieve inflammation
D) gamma-linolenic acid supplements to help reduce pain and stiffness
E) physical therapy

Question 58

What is the percentage of older persons who die within a year of breaking a hip?

A) 2-10
B) 10-20
C) 20-28
D) 25-30
E) 30-35

Question 59

Which of the following conditions causes a change in brain chemistry that can affect memory and the ability to maintain high-level functioning?

A) diverticulitis
B) physical trauma
C) vascular dementia
D) dehydration
E) depression

Question 60

Among the effects of dehydration is _____.

A) increase in the resting heart rate
B) lack of thirst
C) susceptibility to arthritis
D) frequency of urination
E) decrease in the resting heart rate

Question 62

Define the two types of vitamin B ₁₂ deficiency. Identify the DRI of vitamin B ₁₂ for older adults.

Question 63

Differentiate between the two types of stroke and list factors that place an individual at higher risk for stroke.

Question 64

What are the effects of stroke?

Question 65

Discuss special concerns for self-management training in older adults with diabetes.

Question 66

Discuss nutritional risk factors for constipation and list a few nutritional remedies for treating it.

Question 67

List some factors that can lead to a stroke.

Question 68

A 75-year-old female client reports that she has lost 20 pounds in the last 3 months and now weighs 100 pounds; she is 5?3?. She complains that food has lost its taste, and when she does eat, she develops severe heartburn. She is now in your office for assessment. Her daily intake is 1000 calories with 35 grams of protein. A sampling of her typical daily menu is as follows:
$$\begin{array} { l l } 1 \text { cup nonfat milk } & 1 / 3 \text { cup cooked rice } \\1 \text { medium apple } & 1 / 2 \text { cup cooked zucchini } \\1 \text { slice bread } + 3 \text { Tbsp butter } & 2 \text { oz ground beef } \\1 \text { cup black coffee } + 3 \text { Tbsp sugar } & 1 \text { cup orange juice } \\& 1 \text { oz cheddar cheese } \\& \text { Black coffee } \\& 2 \text { martinis before dinner }\end{array}$$
 
Given her heartburn, what food choice should the client avoid?

A) milk
B) mashed potatoes
C) protein shake
D) decaffeinated tea
E) oranges

Question 69

Name three characteristics that may place some elderly persons at an increased risk for dehydration. Identify five of the seven symptoms of dehydration.

Question 70

List nutritional strategies to normalize blood pressure for older adults. Discuss some highlights and features of the DASH diet.