Deck 4: Nutrition During Pregnancy

Question 1

The highest rate of weight gain generally occurs during mid-pregnancy, prior to the time the fetus gains most of its weight.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Assessed from conception, pregnancy averages _____ weeks.

A) 29
B) 32
C) 38
D) 48
E) 52

Answer 2

C

Question 3

_____ is a multifaceted problem in the United States; it is affected by access to quality health care, socioeconomic status, and medical interventions.

A) Preterm birth
B) Infant mortality
C) Teen pregnancy
D) Maternal mortality
E) Fetal death

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Edema in pregnancy, when not accompanied by hypertension, generally reflects a healthy expansion of plasma volume.

Question 5

Low levels of plasma volume expansion are associated with reduced fetal growth.

Question 6

Population-wide improvements in social circumstances, infectious disease control, and availability of _____ have corresponded to greater reductions in infant mortality than have technological advances in medical care.

A) industrial development
B) vaccination
C) safe and nutritious foods
D) transportation
E) pre- and post-pregnancy counseling

Question 7

Which of the following hormones stimulates the growth of the endometrium?

A) human placental lactogen
B) leptin
C) estrogen
D) human chorionic gonadotropin
E) progesterone

Question 8

The intake of iron supplements by women during their first trimester of pregnancy helps relieve nausea and vomiting.

Question 9

Neural-tube defects are among the most preventable types of congenital abnormalities that exist.

Question 10

The rate of human growth and development is higher during gestation than at any time thereafter.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of preterm infants?

A) It refers to those infants who die within a week after birth.
B) It refers to those infants who die after 1 year of birth.
C) It refers to those infants who die after 28 days of birth.
D) It refers to infants born before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed.
E) It refers to infants born before 34 weeks of pregnancy are completed.

Question 12

Insulin-like growth factor-1 is the primary growth stimulator of the fetus.

Question 13

Pregnancy weight-gain recommendations are the same for all women, regardless of their weight status before pregnancy.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of estrogen during pregnancy?

A) It stimulates the growth of the endometrium.
B) It may participate in the regulation of appetite and lipid metabolism.
C) It helps maintain the implant.
D) It increases lipid formation and storage.
E) It helps maintain early pregnancy by stimulating the corpus luteum.

Question 15

Bioactive food components are constituents in foods or dietary supplements that are essential nutrients.

Question 16

One of the functions of the placenta is the removal of waste products from the fetus.

Question 17

Maternal and fetal needs for protein are primarily fulfilled by the mother's intake of protein during pregnancy.

Question 18

Which of the following is a physiological change seen in women during pregnancy?

A) decreased basal metabolic rate in the second half of pregnancy
B) increased sodium conservation
C) decreased body temperature
D) decreased risk of urinary tract infections
E) increased blood pressure in the first half of pregnancy

Question 19

The neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Question 20

The stages of development in chronological order are _____.

A) embryo, fetus, and neonate
B) fetus, embryo, and neonate
C) neonate, fetus, and embryo
D) embryo, neonate, and fetus
E) fetus, neonate, and embryo

Question 21

A pregnant woman experienced a severe food shortage and lost weight near the end of her pregnancy. The infant born to this woman is most likely to be classified as _____.

A) very small for gestational age (vSGA)
B) disproportionately small for gestational age (dSGA)
C) proportionately small for gestational age (pSGA)
D) appropriate for gestational age (AGA)
E) large for gestational age (LGA)

Question 22

A cell's increase in size due to an accumulation of protein and lipids is known as _____.

A) hyperplasia
B) hypertrophy
C) differentiation
D) maturation
E) development

Question 23

Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat, lowered maternal utilization of glucose, and increased liver production of glucose help _____.

A) ensure the mother does not gain excessive weight during the second half of pregnancy
B) ensure a constant supply of fat for maternal energy needs
C) ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development
D) ensure that women do not expend too much energy on metabolism and have plenty of energy to support fetal growth
E) promote healthy weight gain in pregnant women

Question 24

Which substance cannot be transported across the placenta?

A) water
B) cholesterol
C) oxygen
D) ketones
E) insulin

Question 25

Which placental hormone increases maternal insulin resistance in order to provide a continuous supply of glucose that is required for fetal growth?

A) human chorionic somatotropin
B) leptin
C) estrogen
D) human placental lactogen
E) human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 26

The first organ to develop in humans is the _____.

A) brain
B) kidney
C) intestines
D) stomach
E) lungs

Question 27

Which placental hormone maintains early pregnancy by stimulating the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone?

A) human placental lactogen
B) human chorionic somatotropin
C) follicle-stimulating hormone
D) human chorionic gonadotropin
E) leptin

Question 28

The recommended weight gain range for normal-weight women is _____ pounds.

A) 5-10
B) 15-25
C) 25-35
D) 28-40
E) 35-45

Question 29

The primary purpose of increased body water composition is to _____.

A) store the excess hormones produced during pregnancy
B) expand blood flow and nutrient transfer to the placenta and fetus
C) provide the mother with plenty of fluids
D) dilute the high concentration of nutrients in pregnant women
E) make room for growing organs

Question 30

Which of the following is a function of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)?

A) It promotes lipid deposition in the mother.
B) It promotes uptake of nutrients by the fetus and inhibits fetal tissue breakdown.
C) It stimulates the growth of the endometrium during pregnancy.
D) It promotes uterine and breast duct development in pregnant women.
E) It increases maternal insulin resistance to maintain glucose availability for fetal use.

Question 31

The placenta transports _____ between the mother and fetus.

A) insulin
B) enzymes
C) maternal red blood cells
D) blood and nutrients
E) nutrients and gas

Question 32

Which of the following is true of the placenta?

A) The placenta does not allow alcohol to pass through to the fetus.
B) The placenta exposes the fetus to maternal red blood cells.
C) The transfer of carbon dioxide and oxygen across the placenta is highly regulated.
D) When nutrient supply is low, the placenta supplies the fetus with the required nutrients before fulfilling its own requirements.
E) The placenta develops from embryonic tissue and is larger than the fetus for most of pregnancy.

Question 33

It is recommended that overweight women gain approximately _____ pounds during pregnancy.

A) 5-10
B) 15-25
C) 30-35
D) 28-40
E) 35-45

Question 34

Describe the change in lipid blood levels that occurs during pregnancy.

A) Cholesterol and triglyceride levels decrease.
B) Cholesterol and triglyceride levels do not increase or decrease but remain the same as the prepregnancy levels.
C) Cholesterol and triglyceride levels both increase.
D) Cholesterol and triglyceride levels fluctuate daily depending on when the fetus is building nerve cells.
E) Cholesterol levels increase, while triglyceride levels decrease in comparison with the prepregnancy levels.

Question 35

The preferred source of fuel for the fetus is _____.

A) glucose
B) fatty acid
C) protein
D) cholesterol
E) fiber

Question 36

Exposure to the Dutch World War II famine during the second half of pregnancy led to _____ in adult offspring.

A) high LDL and low HDL cholesterol
B) high body weight
C) infertility
D) decreased glucose tolerance
E) schizophrenia

Question 37

Which mechanism of nutrient transport across the placenta involves the use of cell membrane receptors and energy derived from ATP?

A) passive diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport
D) pinocytosis
E) endocytosis

Question 38

During hemodilution, the concentration of _____ in the blood decreases.

A) HDL cholesterol
B) vitamins and minerals
C) triglycerides
D) plasma
E) LDL cholesterol

Question 39

The changes in maternal physiology affect all parts of the body. Which of the following changes is unlikely to occur in a woman's gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy?

A) decreased gastric and intestinal transit time
B) relaxed gastrointestinal tract muscle tone
C) heartburn
D) constipation
E) nausea

Question 40

Infants are generally considered to have experienced _____ if their weight for gestational age or length is low.

A) spina bifida
B) intrauterine growth retardation
C) cerebral palsy
D) dystocia
E) rickets

Question 41

The presence of nausea or vomiting during pregnancy _____.

A) is likely related to decreased levels of progesterone during pregnancy
B) occurs in about 80 percent of pregnant women
C) is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage
D) occurs only in the morning for 90 percent of women
E) may be relieved by taking iron supplements

Question 42

Normal-weight women who exercise regularly during pregnancy have _____.

A) somewhat longer labor
B) increased risk of having low-birthweight infants
C) increased risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension
D) increased risk of low back pain
E) decreased risk of developing gestational diabetes

Question 43

A pregnant woman advised to increase her intake of the fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) should consume _____.

A) red meat
B) fish and seafood
C) nuts
D) vegetables
E) grain products

Question 44

Identify the role played by iodine during pregnancy.

A) It is required by the mother and fetus for thyroid function and fetal brain development.
B) It helps in maintaining the body's water balance.
C) It is required for fetal skeletal mineralization and maintenance of maternal bone health.
D) It is required for developing the enamel in the fetus.
E) It plays an important role in reactions that are involved in cell differentiation.

Question 45

Which substance readily passes through the placenta to the fetus where it can act as a toxin and interrupt normal growth and development?

A) protein
B) oxygen
C) vitamin A
D) alcohol
E) glucose

Question 46

Heartburn in pregnant women is likely caused by _____.

A) larger food intake volumes
B) increased blood fluid volumes
C) weight gain
D) movement of the fetus in the uterus
E) the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter at the top of the stomach

Question 47

A high-quality pregnancy diet would least likely include _____.

A) foods containing little or no salt
B) foods containing folic acid
C) nine cups of fluid every day
D) all essential nutrients at recommended levels
E) foods containing sufficient fiber

Question 48

Which of the following should not be consumed during pregnancy?

A) soy milk
B) ginger
C) aloe vera
D) kale
E) honey

Question 49

Dietary assessment during pregnancy should cover _____.

A) changes in dietary intake only
B) usual dietary intake only
C) dietary supplement use only
D) weight-gain progress and changes in dietary intake
E) usual dietary intake, dietary supplement use, and weight-gain progress

Question 50

Identify the function of choline during pregnancy.

A) It reduces inflammation, dilates blood vessels, and reduces blood clotting.
B) It is required by the mother and fetus for thyroid function and fetal brain development.
C) It can be converted to betaine that can serve as a source of methyl groups used to regulate gene function and neural-tube and brain development.
D) It supports fetal growth, the addition of calcium to bone, and tooth and enamel formation.
E) It is primarily required for fetal skeletal mineralization and maintenance of maternal bone health.

Question 51

Pregnant women are more susceptible to the risks of foodborne illnesses because of increased levels of _____.

A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) follicle-stimulating hormone
D) lactogen
E) luteinizing hormone

Question 52

The increased need for energy in pregnancy averages _____ kcal/day.

A) 100
B) 200
C) 300
D) 500
E) 650

Question 53

Low levels of IGF-1 causes _____.

A) a decrease in muscle and skeletal mass of the fetus
B) an increase in lipid breakdown by the mother
C) an increase in insulin resistance in the mother
D) a reduction in the intake of oxygen by the fetus
E) neural-tube defects in the fetus

Question 54

Which of the following is true of cerebral palsy?

A) It is the blockage or difficulty of delivery caused by the obstruction of the birth canal by the infant's shoulders.
B) It is a group of disorders characterized by impaired muscle activity and coordination present at birth or developed during early childhood.
C) It refers to the heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence.
D) It refers to the number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman.
E) It is a condition marked by low hemoglobin level and is characterized by the signs of iron deficiency plus paleness, exhaustion, and a rapid heart rate.

Question 55

Which statement about foodborne illnesses is correct?

A) Listeria monocytogenes is a protozoan that can cause foodborne infections.
B) Toxoplasmosis infection can be transferred from the mother to the fetus and impair fetal brain development.
C) Toxoplasmosis infection is commonly associated with the ingestion of soft cheeses or unpasteurized milk.
D) Toxoplasma gondii is a bacterium that can cause foodborne infections.
E) The placenta protects the fetus from listeria foodborne infection in the mother.

Question 56

Infants born to women with vitamin D deficiency tend to have _____.

A) heart defects
B) small ears
C) brain malformations
D) poorly calcified bones
E) low intelligence

Question 57

Inadequate intake of _____ during pregnancy has been associated with neural-tube defects.

A) vitamin D
B) choline
C) vitamin A
D) DHA
E) folate

Question 58

With the possible exception of _____, nutrient needs during pregnancy should be met by the consumption of a well-balanced and adequate diet.

A) zinc
B) magnesium
C) niacin
D) iron
E) potassium

Question 59

During pregnancy, protein requirements in vegetarians may be _____ than for non-vegetarians.

A) 10% lower
B) 30% lower
C) 10% higher
D) 50% higher
E) 30% higher

Question 60

A pregnant woman should avoid _____ during her pregnancy.

A) swimming
B) scuba diving
C) dancing
D) cycling
E) jogging

Question 61

Discuss the role played by WIC in aiding and promoting the health of pregnant women.

Question 63

Explain the importance of the increase in body water composition during pregnancy.

Question 64

Explain the purpose of natality statistics, including the types of data of interest to natality statistics.

Question 65

Give five reasons why nutrient requirements may change during pregnancy.

Question 66

Explain the role of vitamin A during pregnancy.

Question 67

Define critical periods during pregnancy, and explain their importance in embryonic/fetal development.

Question 68

List any four of the 2020 health objectives for the nation related to pregnant women and infants.

Question 69

Describe the physiological demands that increase energy requirements during pregnancy.

Question 70

A woman attempting to become pregnant is recommended to increase her folate levels. Explain the importance of folate during pregnancy, and suggest sources of folate that the woman may include in her diet to increase her intake levels.

Question 71

Provide two historical examples that indicate the fetal growth trajectory may be established early in pregnancy.