Deck 3: Preconception Nutrition: Conditions and Interventions

Question 1

The periconceptional period is the _____.

A) time before conception when the expectant mother prepares herself for the pregnancy
B) month before conception
C) time period around conception measured in weeks or months
D) time before conception measured in days
E) month directly following birth

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Hypothalamic amenorrhea develops in all women who suffer from anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which pituitary hormone stimulates sperm production in males?

A) luteinizing hormone
B) progesterone
C) follicle stimulating hormone
D) testosterone
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Low levels of sex hormone binding globulin are related to increased availability of testosterone and estrogen in the body.

Question 5

Polycystic ovary syndrome is sometimes difficult to diagnose because signs and symptoms of the disorder vary among women.

Question 6

All people with type 2 diabetes can manage their glucose levels with only diet and exercise.

Question 7

In women, elevated blood insulin levels reduce _____ and that prompts the ovaries to increase the production of _____.

A) luteinizing hormone; estrogen
B) luteinizing hormone; progesterone
C) sex hormone binding globulin; testosterone
D) sex hormone binding globulin; estrogen
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone; progesterone

Question 8

Obesity is the primary cause of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Question 9

Phenylketonuria is the most frequently inherited disorder of amino-acid metabolism.

Question 10

Ovulation and menstruation resume in most women with eating disorders with a return to normal eating behaviors and weight gain.

Question 11

What is anovulation?

A) a condition in which there is ovulation from the time of birth
B) the presence of cysts on ovaries, which impact fertility
C) the absence of ovulation
D) the occurrence of ovulation after the age of 45
E) high levels of intra-abdominal fat in women that contribute to delayed conception

Question 12

The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle occurs after ovulation.

Question 13

Women with low BMIs may develop anovulation and functional hypothalamic amenorrhea due to impaired secretion of _____.

A) luteinizing hormone
B) progesterone
C) follicle stimulating hormone
D) estrogen
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 14

People suffering from celiac disease should eat a gluten-free diet.

Question 15

Which of the following is a risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes?

A) intake of low-GI carbohydrate sources
B) high fiber intake
C) regular exercise
D) high platelets count
E) obesity

Question 16

The first therapeutic option for infertility in obese people is _____.

A) medication
B) weight loss
C) hormone therapy
D) in vitro fertilization
E) surgery

Question 17

Which hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum?

A) luteinizing hormone
B) progesterone
C) follicle stimulating hormone
D) estrogen
E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 18

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of _____ from the pituitary gland.

A) only luteinizing hormone
B) only progesterone
C) only follicle stimulating hormone
D) estrogen and progesterone
E) luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Question 19

The treatment for celiac disease is long-term steroid therapy.

Question 20

Excess central body fat is related to _____.

A) insulin resistance
B) increased sperm count
C) decreased testosterone production in females
D) increased testosterone production in males
E) decreased oxidative stress

Question 21

Identify a function of luteinizing hormone.

A) It stimulates the production of testosterone in males.
B) It stimulates ovarian follicle growth.
C) It helps in estrogen secretion.
D) It stimulates sperm production.
E) It suspends ovulation and menstrual cycles.

Question 22

Which of the following is least likely related to the onset of hypothalamic amenorrhea in women?

A) low fertility due to anorexia nervosa
B) delivery of newborns who are less than 5.5 pounds
C) preterm delivery
D) celiac disease
E) miscarriage

Question 23

Which characteristic applies to androgens?

A) They are produced only in the testes.
B) They are produced only in the ovaries.
C) They are derived only from carbohydrates.
D) They may stimulate the development and functioning of male sex organs.
E) They are a type of peptide hormone.

Question 24

Lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase diminishes the conversion of _____ to _____.

A) fatty acids; tyrosine
B) glucose; phenylalanine
C) phenylalanine; insulin
D) phenylalanine; tyrosine
E) tyrosine; phenylalanine

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true of wheat intolerance syndrome?

A) It is a precursor to celiac disease.
B) Its symptoms improve if rice is added to the diet.
C) It was formerly called celiac disease.
D) It is a gluten-related autoimmune disease.
E) It does not involve intestinal lining damage.

Question 26

Which symptom is least likely to be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

A) insulin resistance
B) abnormal facial or body hair
C) infertility
D) low testosterone levels
E) obesity

Question 27

A deficiency of sex hormones and poor development and functioning of the reproductive system characterize _____.

A) anemia
B) amenorrhea
C) hypogonadism
D) hirsutism
E) hypergonadism

Question 28

Which condition would be considered teratogenic?

A) congenital abnormalities
B) high blood glucose levels during the first two months of pregnancy
C) low sperm count due to obesity
D) high testosterone levels in females due to obesity
E) amenorrhea due to anorexia nervosa

Question 29

Which pattern of physical activity should be part of a diabetes care plan?

A) only strength training
B) strength training twice a week
C) strength and aerobic exercise
D) aerobic exercise thrice a week
E) only aerobic exercise

Question 30

The primary goal of PCOS treatment is to _____.

A) increase insulin sensitivity
B) induce weight gain
C) regulate blood lipid levels
D) reverse infertility
E) prevent diabetes from developing

Question 31

Which condition is an example of an autoimmune disease?

A) phenylketonuria
B) type 1 diabetes
C) type 2 diabetes
D) celiac disease
E) polycystic ovary syndrome

Question 32

Women with PKU must avoid the essential amino acid phenylalanine and consume a diet low in protein because _____.

A) they lack enough stomach acid (HCl) to break down dietary proteins, including phenylalanine
B) they are allergic to phenylalanine and other protein-rich foods
C) they lack the enzyme necessary to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
D) phenylalanine and protein-rich foods cause acid to build up in blood
E) they are unable to incorporate phenylalanine into proteins, so it builds up in blood, potentially blocking blood vessels

Question 33

Which term applies to people with diabetes?

A) lipid sensitive
B) insulin immune
C) gluten sensitive
D) wheat intolerant
E) carbohydrate intolerant

Question 34

Inadequate _____ leads to the loss of bone mineral accretion and density and increases the risk for osteoporosis and fractures.

A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) vitamin A
D) iron
E) insulin

Question 35

Which food item would be acceptable in a PKU diet plan?

A) meat
B) wheat
C) fish
D) broccoli
E) eggs

Question 36

Identify a true statement about phenylketonuria.

A) It is also called hypophenylalaninemia.
B) It is a rare genetic disorder that affects cell growth.
C) It causes elevation in blood phenylalanine levels.
D) It is characterized by the abundance of phenylalanine hydroxylase in blood.
E) It occurs because of the presence of high levels of tyrosine in the body.

Question 37

Two grains that people with celiac disease can safely consume are _____.

A) corn and rice
B) oats and wheat
C) rye and rice
D) barley and oats
E) barley and rye

Question 38

Identify a true statement about PCOS.

A) It can be diagnosed easily by examining the symptoms of an individual.
B) It is called so because the ovaries cause infertility.
C) Infertility is primarily due to the absence of ovulation.
D) It has no effects on menstrual cycles.
E) It causes weight loss.

Question 39

Which diet strategy would be inappropriate to treat individuals with type 2 diabetes?

A) weight loss if overweight
B) regular fruit and vegetable consumption
C) increasing intake of low-glycemic-index foods that are rich in fiber
D) 150 minutes of physical activity per week
E) regular intake of refined grains

Question 40

Hypothalamic amenorrhea refers to _____.

A) the suspension of ovulation and menstrual cycles
B) a structural, functional, or metabolic abnormality present at birth
C) an eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss and poor body image
D) an inherited error in phenylalanine metabolism
E) a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels

Question 42

The treatment of PMS or PMDD symptoms includes all except _____.

A) caffeine remedy
B) oral contraceptives
C) supplementation with B ₆
D) herbal remedies
E) supplementation with calcium

Question 43

Eduarda and her husband want to start a family, but she has had a hard time conceiving. She has met with her ob-gyn to undergo physical examination and tests and to have a prenatal checkup in order to determine the problem. The lab work and other relevant data for Eduarda are as follows: Age: 36
Blood pressure: 130/85 mm Hg; Fasting blood glucose: 130 mg/dL;
HDL cholesterol: 35 mg/dL; Blood triglycerides: 175 mg/dL;
Waist circumference: 36″; Current weight: 150 lb; Height: 5′3″
 
Based on the data provided, Eduarda will likely be diagnosed with _____.

A) type 2 diabetes
B) metabolic syndrome
C) celiac disease
D) hypothalamic amenorrhea
E) gestational diabetes

Question 44

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) begins _____ and ends _____.

A) in the follicular phase; with menses
B) in the follicular phase; in the luteal phase
C) in the luteal phase; in the follicular phase
D) with menses; in the follicular phase
E) in the luteal phase; with menses

Question 45

Describe congenital malformations and inborn errors of metabolism. Cite one example of an inborn error of metabolism and describe the best nutrition-related intervention.

Question 46

Eduarda and her husband want to start a family, but she has had a hard time conceiving. She has met with her ob-gyn to undergo physical examination and tests and to have a prenatal checkup in order to determine the problem. The lab work and other relevant data for Eduarda are as follows: Age: 36
Blood pressure: 130/85 mm Hg; Fasting blood glucose: 130 mg/dL;
HDL cholesterol: 35 mg/dL; Blood triglycerides: 175 mg/dL;
Waist circumference: 36″; Current weight: 150 lb; Height: 5′3″
 
Dietary modifications for Eduarda's probable diagnosis would include _____.

A) avoiding wheat, rye, oats, and barley
B) avoiding aspartame and artificial sweeteners
C) avoiding lean meats
D) a diet rich in whole vegetables
E) consuming 1000 mg calcium per day

Question 47

Which of the following can be part of a healthy diet for an adult with celiac disease?

A) breads
B) cakes
C) popcorn
D) cereals
E) barley

Question 48

When a woman develops carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy, it means that _____.

A) she dislikes carbohydrate-containing foods
B) her pancreas cannot produce insulin, so glucose cannot enter the cells
C) she has developed insulin resistance in liver and muscle cells
D) carbohydrates cause the insulin-producing cells of her body to degenerate
E) the fetus is unable to obtain glucose from the mother's bloodstream

Question 49

The test for celiac disease _____.

A) can be performed when an individual is on a gluten-free diet
B) must be undertaken when individuals are on their normal, non-gluten-free diet
C) tests for high levels of blood glucose
D) tests for insulin antibodies
E) cannot make use of genetic markers since the disease is not hereditary

Question 50

Which food is gluten-free?

A) quinoa
B) deli meat
C) hot dog
D) salad dressing
E) bouillon

Question 51

Jane and Julie are in their early 30s, and both are overweight. Jane runs half marathons and participates in an aerobics class, while Julie seldom exercises. All else being equal, who has a better chance of conceiving a child?

Question 52

Define metabolic syndrome and discuss the conditions associated with it.

Question 53

The occurrence of _____ is unrelated to obesity.

A) type 1 diabetes
B) infertility
C) type 2 diabetes
D) polycystic ovary syndrome
E) metabolic syndrome

Question 54

What are some of the common psychological symptoms of PMS?

Question 55

Judy has high levels of phenylalanine in her blood. Identify a correct diet for her lunch.

A) baked potato, white rice with eggs, and cranberry juice
B) chicken soup, low-protein crackers, and orange
C) vegetable soup, low-protein crackers, and apple
D) vegetable soup, high-protein supplements, and boiled eggs
E) chicken soup, boiled eggs, and fish

Question 56

Tina was recently diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Describe some characteristics of the disease and the primary goal of PCOS treatment.

Question 57

Treatment of celiac disease focuses on removing _____ from the diet.

A) sugar
B) gluten
C) fiber
D) excess vitamins
E) fats

Question 58

A severe form of PMS that occurs in about 5% of menstruating women is called _____.

A) foggy mind
B) hirsutism
C) premenstrual dysphoric disorder
D) hypothalamic amenorrhea
E) bulimia nervosa

Question 59

Signs and symptoms of celiac disease would least likely include _____.

A) anemia
B) osteoporosis
C) subfertility
D) bleeding gums
E) weight loss

Question 60

Which symptom is least likely to indicate premenstrual syndrome?

A) excessive thirst
B) anger
C) abdominal bloating
D) confusion
E) anxiety

Question 61

List some common physical symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome.

Question 62

List some common clinical signs associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Question 63

A woman with type 2 diabetes wants to become pregnant. Discuss the dietary recommendations that will promote better pregnancy outcomes and normalize her blood sugar.

Question 64

Explain the similarities and differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Question 65

Discuss how low-glycemic-index foods might help someone with diabetes manage his or her blood glucose levels. List several low-glycemic foods that would be appropriate for someone wishing to incorporate them into his or her diet.

Question 66

Describe the impact of eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, on women's reproductive health.

Question 67

Describe the effect of obesity and insulin resistance on the development of gestational and type 2 diabetes.

Question 68

What are the consequences of untreated celiac disease in men and women?

Question 69

List some factors associated with reduced risk of developing gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Question 70

Why do obese men tend to have low testosterone and elevated estradiol levels? Explain how this change in hormone levels affects male fertility.