Deck 1: An Overview of Nutrition

Question 1

What happens when the body uses energy-yielding nutrients?

A) The bonds between the atoms break and release energy.
B) The body converts them into storage compounds.
C) A person's energy stores are depleted.
D) The amount of water in the body decreases.
E) A person's body mass increases.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Your classmate prefers to consume strawberries rather than other fruits. Based on what you've learned about influences on food choices, what would be the most likely reason your classmate prefers strawberries?

A) Strawberries are cheap.
B) He likes the flavor and taste of strawberries the most.
C) Strawberries are a convenient snack.
D) Strawberries are a   nutritionally rich food.
E) Eating strawberries is a habit.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which statement about nutrition's role in a person's life is FALSE?

A) Nutrition is the science of the nutrients in foods and their actions within the body.
B) Nutrition is the study of human behaviors related to food and eating.
C) Careless food choices can contribute to chronic disease.
D) Chronic diseases progress slowly.
E) A diet is defined as a restrictive food plan designed for weight loss.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

An apple is composed primarily of ________.

A) fats
B) Water and carbohydrates
C) proteins
D) phytochemicals
E) vitamins and minerals

Question 5

At a party with friends, Janine drinks wine and eats hors d'oeuvres, even though she is not hungry. This is an example of a food choice based on ____.

A) habit
B) social interaction
C) emotional turmoil
D) negative association
E) comfort eating

Question 6

Which nonnutritive substance contributes energy, but does not sustain life?

A) Fats
B) Sugar
C) Artificial sweeteners
D) Alcohol
E) Phytochemicals

Question 7

Which individual is making a food choice based on values?

A) A woman who avoids gluten due to allergies
B) A child who spits out his mashed potatoes because they taste too salty
C) A teenager who mindlessly eats potato chips while watching television
D) A man who eats oatmeal each day without exception
E) A Catholic woman who fasts on Good Friday to honor religious custom

Question 8

Why are vitamins and minerals sometimes called micronutrients?

A) The body requires only small amounts (milligrams and micrograms) daily.
B) They provide only small amounts of energy for the human body.
C) They do not contain carbon.
D) They are fat-soluble.
E) They yield energy.

Question 9

The motive for people who tend to prefer foods they grew up eating is most likely related to their ____.

A) values
B) body image
C) ethnic heritage
D) negative association
E) economy

Question 10

Which nutrient has the greatest energy density?

A) Protein
B) Water
C) Carbohydrate
D) Fat
E) Vitamins

Question 11

Which energy-yielding nutrients are found in part of the structural component of muscles and help regulate digestion?

A) fats
B) alcohols
C) proteins
D) carbohydrates
E) vitamins and minerals

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of an ultra-processed food?

A) Skim milk
B) Swiss cheese
C) Chicken nuggets
D) Sunflower seeds
E) Apple juice

Question 13

Which of the following statements about essential nutrients is FALSE?

A) They must be obtained from food.
B) They are also called "more than just necessary" nutrients.
C) They cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body.
D) They meet the body's physiological needs.
E) There are about 100 nutrients essential for the human body.

Question 14

Farah is a movie fan and always eats a big bucket of buttery popcorn at the theater. Her food choice is most likely based on ____.

A) regional cuisine
B) values
C) Ethnic value
D) positive association
E) functional value

Question 15

The international unit for measuring food energy is ________.

A) kilojoules
B) kilograms
C) kilometers
D) kilonewtons
E) kiloliters

Question 16

Calories or kcalories are a measure of _______ energy.

A) heat
B) potential
C) surface
D) work
E) light

Question 17

A person who eats a granola bar from a vending machine is most likely making a food choice based on: ____.

A) Habit
B) Availability
C) Body image
D) Environmental concerns
E) Cultural values

Question 18

Which of the following does NOT represent one of the six classes of nutrients?

A) water
B) lipids
C) phytochemicals
D) carbohydrates
E) protein

Question 19

Which of the following statements accurately describes vitamins?

A) Vitamins are inorganic and do not provide energy.
B) Vitamins are indestructible.
C) Almost every action in the body requires the assistance of vitamins.
D) Vitamins A, D, E, and K are water-soluble vitamins.
E) Cooking vegetables at high temperatures helps maintain the vitamins.

Question 20

Which is the simplest nutrient?

A) Minerals
B) Water
C) Protein
D) Carbohydrates
E) Vitamins

Question 21

Which of the following statements about minerals is FALSE?

A) Minerals are found in bones and teeth.
B) Minerals influence fluid balance and distribution.
C) There are six minerals known to be essential to human nutrition.
D) Minerals are inorganic and do not provide energy.
E) Lead is a mineral and an environmental contaminant.

Question 22

Which of the following statements best describes the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for a nutrient?

A) It is set more than twice as high as the average person needs.
B) It is the minimum amount that the average person needs in her/his diet.
C) It is designed to meet the needs of nearly all people.
D) It is designed to prevent deficiency diseases of about half of the general population.
E) It is reflective of current dietary preferences and trends.

Question 23

The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for a nutrient meets the needs of about ________ of the population.

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 98%

Question 24

Your research findings suggest "the less vitamin C, the fewer colds." What do your findings suggest?

A) no correlation
B) a positive correlation
C) a negative correlation
D) a placebo effect
E) validity

Question 25

Which of the following best describes randomization?

A) repetition of an experiment and getting the same results
B) process of choosing members of experimental and control groups without bias
C) personal account of an experience
D) experimentation on subjects who do   know to which group they've been assigned
E) knowledge that experimental results were based in fact

Question 26

Which of the following statements describes a double-blind experiment?

A) The experimental and control groups take turns getting each treatment.
B) Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control group and which are in the experimental group.
C) Neither group of subjects knows whether they are in the control or experimental group, but the researchers do know.
D) Both subject groups know whether they are in the control or experimental group, but the researchers do not know.
E) Neither the subjects nor the persons having contact with the subjects know the true purpose of the experiment.

Question 27

Which term describes the process in which a panel of scientists rigorously evaluates a research study to ensure that the scientific method was followed?

A) peer review
B) systematic review
C) research validity
D) meta-analysis
E) peer replication

Question 28

Which essential nutrient provides the environment in which nearly all the body's activities take place?

A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) water
D) alcohol
E) vitamins

Question 29

Which is a strength of laboratory-based studies?

A) It cannot apply results from test tubes or animals to human beings.
B) It can determine the effects of a variable.
C) Results from animal studies can be applied to human beings.
D) The list of possible causes of disease can be expanded.
E) It can control variables that may influence the prevention of a disease.

Question 30

To be accepted into the body of nutrition knowledge, research findings must stand up to rigorous, repeated testing in experiments conducted by other researchers. This is called ________.

A) validity
B) correlation
C) replication
D) randomization
E) anecdotal evidence

Question 31

Which part of a research article defines key terms, study design, subjects, and procedures?

A) references
B) introduction
C) abstract
D) methods
E) results

Question 32

Researchers benefit from a large sample size because ________.

A) chance variation is less likely to affect the results
B) any placebo effect is eliminated
C) it increases the likelihood of double-blind results
D) the control group will be more like the experimental group
E) experimenter bias is less likely to have an effect

Question 33

The lowest continuing intake of a nutrient that will maintain a specified criterion of adequacy is called a "nutrient ________."

A) allowance
B) requirement
C) tolerable limit
D) adequate intake
E) recommendation

Question 34

You have been asked to help a top nutrition researcher conduct human double-blind experiments on vitamin C. As the subjects walk into the laboratory, you distribute all the vitamin C pill bottles to the girls and all the placebo pill bottles to the boys. The researcher instantly informs you that there are two errors in your research practice. What steps should you have taken to conduct your experiment correctly?

A) You should have given all the boys the vitamin C and all the girls the placebo and then told them what they were getting.
B) You should have distributed the bottles after randomly assigning the subjects and then told them what they were getting.
C) You should have told the subjects which group they were in, while preventing yourself from knowing the contents of the pill bottles.
D) You should have prevented yourself from knowing what was in the pill bottles and distributed the bottles randomly to the subjects.
E) You should have allowed the subjects to decide whether they take vitamin C or the placebo, and then given them the opposite of what they requested.

Question 35

Research always begins with ________.

A) a problem or a question
B) an experiment
C) a theory
D) a prediction
E) interpretations

Question 36

There are ________ vitamins and each has its own special dietary role to play.

A) 8
B) 13
C) 16
D) 23
E) 26

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a category of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)?

A) Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)
B) Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
C) Adequate Intakes (AI)
D) Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)
E) Anthropometric Measurements (AM)

Question 38

Which of the following terms is defined as the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the activities of nutrients?

A) Genetic counseling
B) Nutritional genomics
C) Genetic metabolomics
D) Nutritional genetics
E) Biochemical nutrition

Question 39

When conducting research, an educated guess like, "Diets rich in fiber always lead to good health," is called a _______.

A) theory
B) prediction
C) hypothesis
D) correlation
E) deduction

Question 40

What is a weakness of an epidemiological study?

A) Findings on some human beings cannot be generalized to all human beings.
B) Results from animal studies cannot be applied to human beings.
C) Cause and effect cannot be proven.
D) Codes of ethics prevent certain treatments.
E) The list of possible causes of disease can be narrowed.

Question 41

Which of the following statements about nutrient recommendations worldwide is FALSE?

A) Fewer than 20 nations have nutrient standards similar to those in the United States.
B) Standards in other countries may reflect differences in data interpretation.
C) Food habits and physical activities of people in other countries affect their published nutrient standards.
D) Some countries use recommendations developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization.
E) Nutrient recommendations from international groups are sufficient to maintain health in healthy people worldwide.

Question 42

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates?

A) 5 to 10%
B) 15 to 20%
C) 25 to 40%
D) 45 to 65%
E) 70 to 80%

Question 43

You are a health care professional tasked with taking anthropometric measurements of a client. Which of the following would you measure?

A) body weight
B) blood pressure
C) blood iron level
D) cholesterol levels
E) serum electrolytes

Question 44

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for a nutrient meets the needs of about ________ of the  population.

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 98%

Question 45

Which of the following statements accurately describes Dietary Reference Intakes?

A) They are used to treat people with diet-related disorders.
B) They assess the adequacy of all required nutrients.
C) They aid in the planning and evaluation of diets for healthy people.
D) They are used to assess the adequacy of vitamins and minerals only.
E) They can be used diagnose diet-related disorders.

Question 46

What is the purpose of the Healthy People program?

A) to establish the DRI
B) to identify national trends in food consumption
C) to identify leading causes of death in the united states
D) to set goals for the nation's health over the next 10 years
E) to decrease health care costs

Question 47

Which of the following is defined as the maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse side effects?

A) EER
B) UL
C) AI
D) RDA
E) DRI

Question 48

What We Eat in America collects data on the kinds and amounts of food people eat. It is an example of a national ________.

A) nutrition survey
B) health goal
C) trend
D) health examination
E) anthropometric measurement

Question 49

Which statement accurately describes physical exams as a nutrition assessment tool?

A) Hair and posture can provide clues to nutrient imbalances.
B) Physical symptoms typically reflect deficiency in one particular nutrient.
C) Unlike other assessment techniques, exams yield firm results.
D) Physical exams cannot detect nutrient toxicity.
E) Exams can reveal covert changes in the body.

Question 50

Sun is extremely thin, is losing muscle tissue, and is becoming prone to infections. Which term best describes Sun's condition?

A) undernutrition
B) overnutrition
C) nutrient overdose
D) anthropometric
E) subclinical

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a nutrition assessment used by a trained health care professional?

A) historical information
B) physical examinations
C) anthropometric measurements
D) personality profile screening
E) laboratory tests

Question 52

Which of the following statements accurately describes nutrient intakes?

A) Higher nutrient intakes are always safer than lower intakes.
B) Nutrient intakes below the EAR decrease the risk of deficiency.
C) A typical nutrient intake falling between the RDA and the EAR is almost always adequate.
D) Nutrient intakes above the RDA are required to be safe.
E) Nutrient intakes above the UL put an individual at risk of toxicity.

Question 53

Which of the following defines a subclinical deficiency?

A) a nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of a nutrient
B) a nutrient deficiency caused by something like a disease condition or drug reaction that reduces absorption, accelerates use, hastens excretion, or destroys the nutrient
C) a deficiency in the early stages, before the outward signs have appeared
D) a deficiency that exhibits conflicting outward signs, requiring laboratory diagnosis
E) an iron deficiency

Question 54

A diet history provides clues to ________ deficiencies.

A) subclinical
B) primary
C) secondary
D) covert
E) anecdotal

Question 55

Researchers collect data to assess a population's nutrition status. Which of the following statements is true for the United States today?

A) Congress uses the research data to regulate the food supply and establish policy on food assistance programs.
B) The Healthy People program met its 2020 goal to improve consumption of fruits and vegetables.
C) The food industry uses research data to establish research priorities.
D) The Healthy People program did not meet its 2020 goal for improving physical activity.
E) Obesity rates are in decline for the first time in decades.

Question 56

Which of the following reflects the correct sequence of stages in the development of a nutrient deficiency?

A) declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs
B) abnormal functions within the body, declining nutrient stores, and overt signs
C) abnormal functions within the body, overt signs, and declining nutrient stores
D) declining nutrient stores, overt signs, and abnormal functions within the body
E) overt signs, abnormal functions, and declining nutrient stores

Question 57

Of the top seven causes of death in the United States, how many are linked with diet?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 5
E) 7

Question 58

Which of the following terms is defined as an account of a client's disease risks?

A) health history
B) drug history
C) diet history
D) anthropometric history
E) psychological history

Question 59

Chronic diseases are responsible for ________ of adult deaths in the United States.

A) 12%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 70%
E) 85%

Question 60

Which of the following statements about the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is FALSE?

A) It is the average dietary energy intake that will maintain energy balance in a person with a healthy body weight and level of physical activity.
B) EER is measured in kcalories per day.
C) Food energy is needed to sustain a healthy and active life.
D) UL for energy are based on a person's age, sex, weight, and height.
E) Any dietary intake in excess of energy needs results in weight gain.

Question 61

Approximately what percentage of people in the United States are overweight or obese?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 40%
D) 60%
E) 80%

Question 62

Which title is bestowed on an individual who specializes in providing nutrition services through organized community efforts?

A) dietetic technician
B) registered dietitian
C) certified nutritionist
D) dietetic technician, registered
E) public health dietitian

Question 63

Which title is given to a person who has a minimum of an associate's degree from an accredited university and assists registered dietitians?

A) dietetic clerk
B) nutritional assistant
C) dietetic technician
D) nutrition porter
E) public health dietitian

Question 64

What is the best source of nutrition information?

A) reputable news outlets
B) medical doctor
C) registered dietitian
D) health food store manager
E) Internet

Question 65

The lowest continuing intake of a nutrient that will maintain a specified criterion of adequacy is called a/an ____________________.

Question 67

What is the most prominent risk factor in the United States, contributing to one of every five deaths each year?

A) poor dietary habits
B) tobacco use
C) alcohol consumption
D) physical inactivity
E) unsafe driving

Question 68

What is the leading cause of death in the United States?

A) cancers
B) heart disease
C) strokes
D) suicide
E) accidents

Question 69

Something that is out in the open and easy to observe is said to be ____________________.

Question 70

____________________ is the mental activity of rationally and skillfully analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information.

Question 71

For those who do not smoke or drink alcohol excessively, the one choice that can influence chronic disease risks more than any other is ________.

A) diet
B) avoiding toxins
C) hand washing
D) physical activity
E) safe sex

Question 72

Minerals and water are ____________________ nutrients because they do not contain carbon.

Question 73

Imagine that you are in charge of What We Eat in America , a national nutrition survey. Some people have suggested eliminating the survey because of budget constraints. How would you respond?

Question 74

A personal account of an experience or event, which does not make for reliable scientific information, is called a/an ____________________.

Question 75

Which statement best explains the association between a risk factor and the development of a disease?

A) Anyone with a risk factor will develop the disease.
B) The absence of a risk factor guarantees freedom from the disease.
C) The fewer risk factors for a disease, the better the chances for good health.
D) Interventions must be targeted to each individual risk factor.
E) Risk factors tend to be short-lived, so their presence does not predict long-term risk of disease.

Question 76

How are risk factors for chronic diseases determined? What do they mean?

Question 77

Which title is given to a person who has a minimum of a bachelor's degree from an accredited university, has completed a supervised practice program, and has passed a national examination administered by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics?

A) medical doctor
B) registered dietitian nutritionist
C) certified nutritionist
D) certified nutrition therapist
E) registered nutritional consultant

Question 78

The ability to interact effectively with people from diverse cultures is called ____________________.

Question 79

Which title is granted by alternative educational programs and sounds authoritative but lacks the credentials of an RDN?

A) dietetic technician
B) registered dietitian
C) certified nutritionist
D) dietetic technician, registered
E) public health nutritionist

Question 80

A condition or behavior  associated with an elevated frequency of  a disease but not proved to be causal is called a ____________________ .