Deck 11: The Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, and K

Question 1

How does vitamin A affect bone health?

A) It stimulates uptake of calcium from the intestines.
B) It promotes synthesis of specific bone proteins involved in the mineralization process.
C) It assists enzymes that degrade certain regions of the bone, thereby allowing remodeling to occur.
D) It inhibits oxidation of bone mucopolysaccharides, thereby preserving bone crystal integrity and promoting growth.
E) It ensures the formation of healthy bone matrix in utero.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Of the following, which is rapidly corrected when treated with vitamin A supplements?

A) acne
B) rickets
C) osteomalacia
D) night blindness
E) scurvy

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a form of vitamin A?

A) retinol
B) retinal
C) retinoic acid
D) retinoquinone
E) beta-c arotene

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following proteins is responsible for transporting vitamin A from the liver to other tissues?

A) albumin
B) rhodopsin
C) retinol-binding protein
D) transcarotenoid protein
E) RBC

Question 5

What happens to an animal raised on retinoic acid as its only source of vitamin A?

A) It becomes blind.
B) It cannot reproduce.
C) Its growth is stunted.
D) It grows to an abnormally large size.
E) It produces more offspring.

Question 6

What is the alcohol form of vitamin A?

A) retinal
B) beta-carotene
C) retinol
D) retinoic
E) alpha-carotene

Question 7

Risk for toxicity is greater for ______ vitamins because they are not easily _________

A) water-soluble, absorbed
B) fat-soluble, excreted
C) B, destroyed
D) cooked, metabolized
E) uncooked, digested

Question 8

Which of the following is a light-sensitive pigment found within the retina?

A) rhodopsin
B) opsin
C) melanin
D) chlorophyll
E) xanthophylls

Question 9

Retinol-binding protein picks up vitamin A from the ________ and carries it to the blood.

A) intestines
B) kidneys
C) liver
D) pancreas
E) gallbladder

Question 10

Which part of the eye contains billions of molecules of vitamin A?

A) cornea
B) sclera
C) retina
D) macula
E) choroid

Question 11

The World Health Organization and UNICEF recommend supplements of ________ for all measles-infected infants and children.

A) iron
B) vitamin A
C) folic acid
D) phylloquinone
E) vitamin E

Question 12

Progressive blindness caused by severe vitamin A deficiency is called "________."

A) keratinization
B) keratomalacia
C) xerophthalmia
D) teratogen
E) xanthophyllia

Question 13

Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency causes about ________ children to go blind each year.

A) 125,000
B) 250,000
C) 500,000
D) 750,000
E) 1,000,000

Question 14

Which of the following statements about vitamin A's role in the body is FALSE?

A) Only one-thousandth of the body's vitamin A is in the retina.
B) Vitamin A and beta-carotene protect the skin from sun damage.
C) Vitamin A maintains healthy cells in the mucous membranes.
D) Vitamin A supports normal fetal development during pregnancy.
E) Lycopene serves as a vitamin A precursor and acts as an antioxidant.

Question 15

Which of the following nutrients did researchers recognize first?

A) vitamin D
B) vitamin K
C) calcitriol
D) vitamin A
E) vitamin E

Question 16

Which of the following statements accurately describes vitamin A's role in vision?

A) Retinoic acid is the form required for synthesis of retinoblasts.
B) Light causes retinal to shift from a cis to a trans configuration.
C) Retinol is the form bound to beta-carotene in the corneal membrane.
D) Pigment molecules in the retina are composed of vitamin A and the protein elastin.
E) Retinol protects the visual cortex from teratogenic chemicals.

Question 17

Retinoic acid can stimulate cell growth in the _______________ and inhibit cell growth in _________

A) skin, tumors
B) tumors, skin
C) hair, nails
D) nails, hair
E) lungs, h eart

Question 18

Upon absorption, fat-soluble vitamins travel through the lymphatic system within ________ before entering the bloodstream.

A) albumin
B) cholesterol
C) chylomicrons
D) liposoluble binding proteins
E) osteocalcin

Question 19

If a normal, healthy adult stopped eating vitamin A-containing foods, deficiency symptoms would begin to appear in about ________.

A) 6 weeks
B) 2 to 3 months
C) 3 to 6 months
D) 6 months to 1 year
E) 1 to 2 years

Question 20

About ________ of the body's vitamin A stores are found in the liver.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 70%
E) 90%

Question 21

What is another name for vitamin D ₃ ?

A) ergocalciferol
B) foliocalciferol
C) cholecalciferol
D) phyllocalciferol
E) xanthociferol

Question 22

Diseases affecting the liver or the ________ can interfere with the activation of vitamin D and produce symptoms of deficiency.

A) skin
B) pancreas
C) intestines
D) kidneys
E) stomach

Question 23

Vitamin D's specific role in bone health is to assist in ________.

A) the secretion of calciol
B) the synthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterol
C) the synthesis of carotenoids
D) calcium and phosphorus absorption and calcium mobilization from bone
E) converting magnesium and fluoride to more readily absorbable compounds

Question 24

What form of vitamin A supports reproduction but not growth?

A) retinal
B) retinol
C) retinoic acid
D) retinyl esters
E) Retin-A

Question 25

Vitamin A deficiency causes the epithelial cells of the skin to change shape and to secrete the protein ________.

A) keratin
B) opsin
C) elastin
D) collagen
E) beta globulin

Question 26

An adult deficient in vitamin D may experience softening of the bones, which is called "________."

A) rickets
B) osteomalacia
C) keratomalacia
D) hyperkeratosis
E) osteopenia

Question 27

The RDA for vitamin A is ________ μg RAE/day for women and ________ μg RAE/day for men.

A) 100, 300
B) 300, 500
C) 500, 700
D) 700, 900
E) 900, 1100

Question 28

Vitamin D ₂ is derived from plant foods and also is known as ________.

A) ergocalciferol
B) foliocalciferol
C) cholecalciferol
D) phyllocalciferol
E) xanthociferol

Question 29

Where is calbindin primarily found in the body?

A) liver
B) kidneys
C) intestine
D) skin
E) bones

Question 30

Which of the following foods is a very good source of vitamin A?

A) peanut butter
B) butternut squash
C) sunflower seeds
D) whole-grain bread
E) pinto beans

Question 31

Which of the following describes the effect of vitamin A in foods?

A) Fast-food French fries are good sources of vitamin A.
B) Arctic explorers who have eaten large quantities of polar bear liver have become ill with symptoms suggesting vitamin A toxicity.
C) To date, scientists have been unable to solve the problem of vitamin A deficiencies in developing countries.
D) Chlorophyll in vegetables can be converted to active vitamin A in the intestinal cells.
E) Pregnant women should eat at least one ounce of beef liver per day to help ensure normal fetal eye development.

Question 32

What is the name of the type of reaction required to activate vitamin D?

A) hydrogenation
B) hydroxylation
C) gluconeogenesis
D) glycation
E) hydration

Question 33

A child with beaded ribs is likely deficient in which vitamin?

A) A
B) B ₁₂
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 34

Which of the following accurately describes vitamin A in foods?

A) Xanthophylls in beets and corn masks the presence of beta-carotene.
B) Butter is a poor source of vitamin A.
C) Most carotenoids can be converted in the body to active vitamin A.
D) Chlorophyll in dark green, leafy vegetables masks the presence of beta-carotene.
E) Plants contain retinoids but no carotenoids.

Question 35

Which of the following is a feature of Retin-A?

A) It is effective in treating rickets.
B) It is taken orally to treat the deep lesions of cystic acne.
C) It is known to be effective in fighting acne and wrinkles.
D) It prevents birth defects when used by pregnant women.
E) It is known to cause inflammation and darkly pigmented skin.

Question 36

What U.S. population group is at highest risk for vitamin D deficiency?

A) infants
B) elderly
C) adult women
D) children ages 2-12 years
E) whites living in tropical areas

Question 37

Which food is a rich source of retinoids?

A) liver
B) broccoli
C) cantaloupe
D) sweet potato
E) spinach

Question 38

Which of the following statements about vitamin D's role in the body is FALSE?

A) Adequate intake slows the progression of Parkinson's disease.
B) Evidence shows supplementation has health benefits beyond correcting deficiencies.
C) It signals cells of the immune system to defend against infectious diseases.
D) Gene activity that regulates cell growth is enhanced or suppressed.
E) It may protect against hypertension, inflammation, and type 2 diabetes.

Question 39

With the help of sunlight, the body can synthesize vitamin D from a precursor made from ________.

A) cholesterol
B) tryptophan
C) beta-carotene
D) eicosapentaenoic acid
E) histamine

Question 40

Peak bone mass is developed by age ________.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 30
E) 60

Question 41

Which of the following statements accurately describes the vitamin E in foods?

A) Vitamin E is fairly stable to heat.
B) Most convenience foods are good sources of vitamin E.
C) Saturated oils are the major dietary sources of vitamin E.
D) The amount of alpha-tocopherol in foods is underestimated.
E) Egg yolks are a good source of vitamin E.

Question 42

What is the name of the disease that can result from absence of clotting factors?

A) GI disorders
B) arrythmia
C) Alzheimer's
D) hemorrhagic disease
E) hemophilia

Question 43

What is the RDA of vitamin E for adults?

A) 5 mg
B) 10 mg
C) 15 mg
D) 30 mg
E) 60 mg

Question 44

Which disorder is seen in premature infants deficient in vitamin E?

A) rickets
B) xerophthalmia
C) muscular dystrophy
D) erythrocyte hemolysis
E) osteomalacia

Question 45

Vitamin K participates in the synthesis of prothrombin and ________.

A) osteocalcin
B) adipose tissue
C) calbindin
D) calciferol
E) teratogen

Question 46

What is the UL for vitamin E?

A) 100 mg/day
B) 120 mg/day
C) 500 mg/day
D) 1000 mg/day
E) 1200 mg/day

Question 47

Which of the following would cause a secondary vitamin K deficiency?

A) excess bile production
B) antibiotics
C) presence of oxalic acid in food
D) insufficient intake of green leafy vegetables
E) a high-fat, high-protein diet

Question 48

Which of the following is a naturally occurring food source of vitamin D?

A) egg whites
B) red meats
C) tomato juice
D) carrots
E) salmon

Question 49

What is the RDA for vitamin D for a 20-year-old person?

A) 5 m g
B) 10 m g
C) 15 m g
D) 20 m g
E) 50 m g

Question 50

Excess vitamin D may result in ________.

A) increased bone density
B) increased bone calcification
C) deformity of leg bones, ribs, and skull
D) mineral deposits in soft tissues like the kidney
E) osteoporosis

Question 51

Which member of the vitamin E family is maintained in the body and can meet the body's needs?

A) alpha-tocotrienol
B) alpha-tocopherol
C) beta-tocopherol
D) gamma-tocotrienol
E) delta-tocopherol

Question 52

Which of the following vitamins may reduce the risk of heart disease by slowing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins?

A) A
B) E
C) K
D) D ₂
E) D ₃

Question 53

Which is the least toxic of the fat-soluble vitamins?

A) A
B) E
C) K
D) D ₂
E) D ₃

Question 54

Your old friend from high school has just moved to Northern Canada to do full-time research on bats in caves. She typically works in the caves during the day when the bats are there and leaves at sundown when the bats are active. Your friend is careful about her health and only purchases organic and all natural foods. Based on this information alone, which of the following foods would you recommend your friend regularly buy at the grocery store?

A) whole-grain bread
B) vitamin D-fortified milk
C) vitamin A-fortified carrot juice
D) wheat germ
E) vitamin K-rich whole-grain cereals

Question 55

Much of the vitamin E in the diet comes from ________.

A) lean meats
B) fish
C) vegetable oils
D) tropical fruits
E) tomatoes

Question 56

What is prothrombin?

A) a storage protein for vitamin K
B) a transport protein for vitamin E
C) an active protein needed for bone formation
D) an inactive protein needed for blood clot formation
E) a soluble protein that decreases the "stickiness" of red blood cells

Question 57

Vitamin E functions primarily as ________.

A) a peroxide
B) a coenzyme
C) an antioxidant
D) a free radical
E) an immune stimulant

Question 58

Which of the following accurately describes vitamin D from the sun?

A) Sunscreens with an SPF of 8 or higher increase vitamin D synthesis.
B) Only about one-half of the world's population relies on sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin D nutrition.
C) Prolonged exposure to sunlight degrades the vitamin D precursor in skin, thus preventing vitamin D toxicity.
D) For someone living in Chicago, vitamin D stores from the summer months are usually sufficient to meet the needs during the winter.
E) Pigments in dark skins increase vitamin D synthesis.

Question 59

Osteocalcin ________.

A) is a vitamin K-deficiency disease in children
B) binds calcium in the GI tract to enhance absorption
C) requires vitamin K to bind to bone-forming minerals
D) is a disease characterized by softening of the bones
E) binds to vitamin K and is excreted in feces

Question 60

Which of the following is the most reliable source of vitamin D in the diet?

A) fruits
B) sardines
C) potatoes
D) legumes
E) whole grains

Question 61

The transparent membrane covering the outside of the eye is called the "____________________."

Question 62

The best way to add antioxidants to the diet is to ________.

A) rely on supplements to meet RDA
B) combine dietary intake and supplementation
C) add a selenium supplement to a diet rich in vitamin E
D) eat generous servings of fruits and vegetables daily
E) create a diet rich in low-carb, high-protein foods

Question 63

How long does it take in newborn infants for establishment of vitamin K-producing bacteria in the intestinal tract?

A) 2 days
B) 2 weeks
C) 1 day
D) 1 week
E) None of these is correct.

Question 64

Substances that induce oxidative stress are called "________."

A) prooxidants
B) antioxidants
C) free radical generators
D) reactive electron oxidants
E) oxidative facilitators

Question 65

Pigments found in plants responsible for the color changes in autumn leaves are ________.

Question 66

What percentage of vitamin K is derived from foods?

A) less than 5
B) 25
C) 50
D) 85
E) 95

Question 67

At birth, a single dose of vitamin ________ is given by intramuscular injection.

A) A
B) D ₂
C) D ₃
D) E
E) K

Question 68

Pigments founds in plants and animals, some of which have vitamin A activity are ________.

Question 69

Which of the following is a good source of vitamin K?

A) pumpkin seeds
B) bananas
C) corn
D) brussel sprouts
E) egg yolks

Question 70

Vitamin K deficiency is most likely in which of the following groups?

A) young adults
B) elderly
C) newborns
D) teenagers
E) middle-aged adults

Question 71

The condition of having too few red blood cells as a result of erythrocyte hemolysis is ________.

Question 72

The bacteria-produced form of vitamin K, also called K ₂ , is ____________________.

Question 73

What is the UL for vitamin K?

A) 200 μg/day
B) 400 μg/day
C) 600 μg/day
D) 500 μg/day
E) There is no UL.

Question 74

Which of the following terms refers to the plant form of vitamin K?

A) ergodione
B) menaquinone
C) tocopherone
D) phylloquinone
E) ergotamine

Question 75

_____ is t he normal protein of the hair and nails is called.

Question 76

A calcium-binding transport protein that requires vitamin D for its synthesis is ________.

Question 77

Which of the following accurately describes free radicals?

A) They are destroyed by air pollution.
B) They arise from normal metabolic reactions.
C) They promote cell repair and act as an anti-inflammatory agent.
D) They are immune to the presence of antioxidant nutrients.
E) They are more common in infants and children than adults and the elderly.

Question 78

The highest attainable bone density for an individual is called ____________________.

Question 79

________ is a bone disease characterized by softening of the bones and occurs most often in adult women.

Question 80

The active vitamin E compound is ____________________.