Deck 15: Life Cycle Nutrition: Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

Question 1

During the first few weeks after birth, an infant should breastfeed approximately how many times per day? ​

A)4 to 6
B)8 to 12
C)13 to 15
D)18 to 20

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A newborn baby has energy requirements of approximately ____ kcalories per day.

A)​250
B)​450
C)​950
D)​1200

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What term is used to describe the many problems associated with infants and children suffering from protein deficiency? ​

A)failure to thrive
B)milk protein intolerance
C)alpha lactalbumin allergy
D)hospitalism

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which best defines nursing bottle tooth decay? ​

A)caries development resulting from frequent use of non-sterile bottles and nipples
B)bacterial attack of the teeth due to severe tooth misalignment from sucking on oversized bottle nipples
C)marked tooth decay of an infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle
D)tooth decay resulting from constant food exposure due to the inability of the infant to swallow normally

Question 5

What best describes an infant's water needs?

A)The younger the infant, the lower the percentage of body weight is water.
B)An infant's body takes longer to respond to fluid loss than an adult's body.
C)Much of the infant's body water content is located extracellularly.
D)Conditions such as diarrhea may be successfully treated with lower doses of adult medications.

Question 6

Goat's milk is inappropriate for infants due to its low content of ____. ​

A)iron
B)folate
C)protein
D)calcium

Question 7

What type of formula is available for infants with lactose intolerance? ​

A)egg
B)soy
C)barley
D)powdered cow's milk

Question 8

What is colostrum? ​

A)a clot in the milk duct in the breast
B)a major protein in breast milk
C)a hormone that promotes milk production
D)a milklike substance secreted right after delivery

Question 9

What describes the relationship between infant development and nutrition? ​

A)It is generally easier to overfeed a breastfed infant than a formula-fed infant.
B)Breastfed infants obtain iron-binding proteins that inhibit bacterial infections.
C)Breastfed infants are at high risk of iron deficiency for the first 6 months of life.
D)For optimal development, infants should be transitioned to formula after one year of breastfeeding.

Question 10

What best describes why an infant should not be given cow's milk until one year of age? ​

A)It is a poor source of vitamin A.
B)It may cause intestinal bleeding.
C)It displaces adequate vitamin C in the body.
D)It does not contain DHA, which promotes brain growth and visual acuity.

Question 11

The main carbohydrate in breast milk (and standard infant formula)is ____.  ​

A)galactose
B)lactose
C)sucrose
D)dextrose

Question 12

Of the following cereals, which is most likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding? ​

A)oat
B)rice
C)corn
D)wheat

Question 13

What is the chief reason that breast-fed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants? ​

A)Breast milk contains less fat.
B)Breast milk is digested faster.
C)Breast milk is less nutrient dense.
D)The amount of milk consumed per feeding is lower in breast-fed infants.

Question 14

What describes a feature of energy metabolism in infancy?

A)Infants fed fat-free milk are at risk for protein overload.
B)Most of the energy in breast milk is derived from lactose.
C)The brain of an infant uses less glucose than that of an adult.
D)Infants require about 25 percent more energy than adults when expressed per kilogram of body weight.

Question 15

What is an advantage of breastfeeding compared with formula feeding?

A)There is no limit to the supply of breast milk.
B)Breast milk provides immunological protection.
C)The mother can be sure the baby is getting enough milk.
D)Breastfeeding is the only way to develop an attachment with the baby.

Question 16

During the second year of life, an infant typically gains less than ____ pounds.

A)5
B)​10
C)​1 5
D)​20

Question 17

What describes a feature of infant soy formulas? ​

A)They are used in about 1 percent of the infant population.
B)They contain cornstarch and sucrose rather than lactose.
C)They are identical to milk-based formulas except for the protein source.
D)They are not acceptable to vegan families because the formulas contain omega-3 fatty acids from fish.

Question 18

What statement accurately describes the use of breast milk banks? ​

A)Each woman who donates breast milk gives her milk to a specific baby.
B)The women who donate breast milk are screened for hypertension and diabetes.
C)Breast milk from a bank is only used for preterm infants.
D)A breast milk bank is similar to a blood bank in that it collects the milk for donation.

Question 19

What describes a risk associated with formula feeding? ​

A)excess protein consumption, which leads to kidney damage
B)lack of bonding and attachment between the infant and his mother
C)formula contamination from poor water sources
D)an increased incidence of neural tube damage from decreased folate

Question 20

What is a common source of lead poisoning in infants? ​

A)maternal passage of lead to the fetus
B)baby bottles made from lead crystal
C)contaminated water used to make infant formula
D)preparation of infant formula in galvanized containers

Question 21

Once a food allergy has been diagnosed, the required treatment is ____. ​

A)epinephrine injection
B)strict elimination of the offending food
C)administration of an antihistamine medication
D)daily iodine supplements

Question 22

What best describes milk anemia? ​

A)when excessive milk intake displaces iron from the diet
B)a poor outcome that results from putting an infant to bed with a bottle of milk
C)pallor and cyanosis that results from using formula with contaminated water
D)a deficiency in vitamin D that develops after exclusive breastfeeding

Question 23

Caregivers of children with food allergies should recognize the signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock, which include ____.

A)tingling in the mouth, swelling of the lips, and difficulty breathing
B)irritability, lethargy, and somnolence
C)hypertension, slow heart rate, and sweating
D)low serum potassium and high serum calcium

Question 24

Infants fed honey or corn syrup are at increased risk for ____. ​

A)obesity
B)botulism
C)osteopenia
D)type 1 diabetes

Question 25

At what level of lead in the bloodstream would the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend public health actions be initiated? ​

A)5 micrograms
B)50 micrograms
C)5 milligrams
D)50 milligrams

Question 26

Which statement describes fat in the diet of children? ​

A)The recommended daily fat intake up to age 12 is age plus 20 grams.
B)There is an RDA for total fat for children beginning at 3 years of age.
C)Low-fat diets usually provide sufficient amounts of the micronutrients.
D)Fat intakes below 30 percent of total energy do not impair growth provided that total energy intake is adequate.

Question 27

What outcome is most likely to develop among children who do not regularly eat breakfast? ​

A)They are more likely to be underweight.
B)They are more hyperactive.
C)They are at higher risk of diabetes.
D)They achieve lower test scores.

Question 28

Roberta's first child is now 8 months old. Roberta has been breastfeeding and would like to begin to introduce solid foods. She read somewhere to introduce one food at a time. Which food would be the best choice to first introduce to the baby?

A)oat
B)rice
C)wheat
D)barley

Question 29

What describes a feature of nutrition in childhood? ​

A)Very few children take nutrient supplements of any kind.
B)Total energy requirements are higher for a typical 3-year-old than a 12-year-old.
C)Iron-deficiency anemia in children is prevalent in Canada but not the United States due to fortification.
D)Children who fail to consume vitamin D-fortified foods should receive a daily supplement.

Question 30

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, what is the recommended maximum number of hours per day of television viewing for a child under 2 years of age? ​

A)​0
B)​1
C)​2
D)​3

Question 31

Which statement describes a characteristic of hunger and behavior in children? ​

A)Children who fail to eat breakfast typically become hyperactive after eating lunch.
B)The nutrient deficit arising from skipping breakfast is usually made up over the following 2 days.
C)Children who eat nutritious breakfasts are absent from school less often than their friends who do not.
D)Although breakfast-skippers show reduced attention spans, their scores on intelligence tests remain unaffected.

Question 32

What is a characteristic of a food allergy? ​

A)It always elicits symptoms in the person.
B)It always involves the production of antibodies.
C)It always shows up immediately after exposure to the offending food.
D)It is elicited from very small, simple molecules as well as large, complex molecules.

Question 33

What two conditions are associated with television's influence? ​

A)obesity and high blood lipids
B)anorexia and nutrient deficiencies
C)drug abuse and teenage pregnancy
D)hyperactivity and low body weight

Question 34

To lower the risk of obesity in children, which practices should parents institute for their children? ​

A)​S erve them smaller portions.
B)​S erve them 3 meals a day without dessert.
C)​T each them to take appropriate food portions.
D)​S erve them more beverages and less solid food.

Question 35

What is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. and Canadian children? ​

A)iron
B)protein
C)calcium
D)vitamin C

Question 36

The DRI Committee recommends a fat intake of ____ percent of energy for children 1 to 3 years of age.  ​

A)10 to 15
B)15 to 30
C)30 to 40
D)50 to 60

Question 37

What feeding skill would be expected in a child who is 5 months old?

A)feeding self with finger foods
B)grasping objects with the palm of the hand
C)holding own bottle
D)starting to drink from a cup

Question 38

Jenny is a 13-year-old Hare Krishna who follows a vegan diet. She has not been performing as well as her non-vegetarian study friend on math tests and has been very upset about it. The teacher reports to Jenny's mom that she does not appear focused during lessons and can't seem to concentrate on her school work. What may provide a likely explanation? ​

A)Jenny's diet doesn't provide enough energy for her to stay alert.
B)Jenny's diet provides insufficient bioavailable iron and she may be anemic.
C)Jenny's diet contains insufficient calcium and protein, which impairs intellectual performance.
D)The high fiber content of Jenny's diet increases the urge to evacuate, which interferes with her ability to concentrate.

Question 39

Approximately what percentage of U.S. children between 2 and 19 years of age is overweight? ​

A)​4
B)​8
C)​16
D)​32

Question 40

Approximately how many kcalories per day does an average 6 year old need to consume? ​

A)​400
B)​800
C)​1600
D)​2400

Question 41

Why is parental treatment of obese children so unsuccessful? ​

A)Once excess fat is stored, it is difficult to lose.
B)Children are known to rebel against their parents.
C)Parents believe that their children will simply outgrow it.
D)Parents are known to actively resist the recommendations of pediatricians.

Question 42

To ensure adequate calcium, children aged 9 and older should consume ____ cups of low-fat or fat-free milk or milk products each day. ​

A)1½
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 43

The adolescent growth spurt ____. ​

A)primarily affects the brain
B)decreases total nutrient needs
C)affects every organ except the brain
D)begins and ends earlier in girls than in boys

Question 44

What describes a feature of beverage intake in adolescents? ​

A)Juice intake is spread throughout the day.
B)Milk intake occurs primarily between meals.
C)Males typically drink less milk than females.
D)Four standard colas a day provides enough caffeine to impact behavior.

Question 45

What outcomes are most commonly associated with adolescents who frequently eat meals with their families? ​

A)They are more likely to snack between meals.
B)They eat more fruits, vegetables, and grains.
C)They are less active in sports and exercise.
D)They have higher energy needs.

Question 46

About the only time that teens select fruit juices is ____. ​

A)at breakfast
B)at school
C)at supper
D)after school

Question 47

About what percentage of meals each week is eaten outside the home by adolescents? ​

A)3
B)10
C)20
D)33

Question 48

How do competing influences undermine healthful food intake and food selection at schools? ​

A)They  discourage participation in the USDA-sponsored school lunch program.
B)They  encourage students to bring unhealthful lunches to school.
C)They  promote short lunch periods and long waiting lines in the cafeteria.
D)They  offer cheaper but less nutritious meals to low-income students who qualify for reduced-price school lunches.

Question 49

Rebecca is a 9-year-old who is a picky eater. Rebecca's parents feel as if they have tried almost everything to get her to finish her meals with the family. What strategy should be recommended to help Rebecca? ​

A)Allow Rebecca to stay home while one parent buys groceries.
B)Plan meals but first ask Rebecca if it is okay to have them.
C)Ask Rebecca to help with cooking meals.
D)Have Rebecca watch videos about gardening and farming.

Question 50

What best explains why the needs for iron increase in adolescent girls? ​

A)They burn more kcalories than adolescent boys.
B)Their intakes of vitamin C are usually higher.
C)They lose iron through menstruation.
D)They are less likely to engage in team sports.

Question 51

The problems of obesity become ever more apparent in adolescence, especially for which ethnicity? ​

A)Asian Americans
B)African Americans
C)Caucasian Americans
D)Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders

Question 52

What is menarche? ​

A)a female's time of first menstruation
B)the adolescent growth spurt in males
C)the adolescent growth spurt in females
D)a borderline anemic state in adolescents

Question 53

Caffeine intake by adolescents seems to be relatively harmless when used in moderate doses, or about three 12-ounce cola beverages a day. Approximately how much caffeine does this amount to? ​

A)50 milligrams
B)100 milligrams
C)200 milligrams
D)500 milligrams

Question 54

What best describes a feature of public school food programs? ​

A)They must follow the Dietary Guidelines for Americans .
B)They allow for low-fat menus while still meeting the needs for iron.
C)They ensure a lunch period long enough to consume the entire meal.
D)They are overwhelmingly preferred over the foods obtained by students through on-site vending machines and snack bars.

Question 55

Which statement describes characteristics in the development of atherosclerosis? ​

A)Fatty streaks may begin to form within the first 10 years of life.
B)Once plaque is formed, it can be contained but cannot regress.
C)It is impossible for people to age without arterial plaque formation.
D)Heart disease rates due to atherosclerosis rise most dramatically at around age 30 in males and 40 in females.

Question 56

Several of the vitamin recommendations for adolescents are similar to those for adults, including ____. ​

A)vitamin D
B)iron
C)calcium
D)chloride

Question 57

What is the approximate duration of the adolescent growth spurt? ​

A)6 months
B)1 year
C)1½     years
D)6 years

Question 58

An example of a bone-strengthening activity that could be recommended for a child or teen to increase his daily exercise would be ____. ​

A)climbing a tree
B)playing tug-of-war
C)swinging on playground equipment
D)jumping rope

Question 59

Approximately what fraction of an average teenager's daily energy intake is derived from snacks? ​

A)1/4
B)1/3
C)1/2
D)2/3

Question 60

What best describes a characteristic of the adolescent period?

A)Obesity occurs more often in African American females.
B)Appetite for red meat increases in females to meet iron needs.
C)More nutrient-dense foods are needed by males because of their faster development.
D)The risk for calcium insufficiency is greatest in males due to their high intake of soft drinks.

Question 65

Which statement is consistent with the American Heart Association Dietary Guidelines and Strategies for Children? ​

A)Include 5-6 servings of fish per week, especially fatty fish.
B)Choose chicken or turkey in place of legumes or tofu for some meals.
C)Limit or avoid the use of artificial sweeteners.
D)Balance dietary kcalories with physical activity to maintain normal growth.

Question 71

What value is consistent with a borderline total blood cholesterol level for children and adolescents? ​

A)140-159 mg/dL
B)160-169 mg/dL
C)170-199 mg/dL
D)210-210 mg/dL

Question 72

Each day nearly ____ young people between the ages of 12 and 17 start smoking for the first time. ​

A)​500
B)​1000
C)​2500
D)​4000

Question 76

Which statement is among the dietary recommendations for children? ​ ​

A)Children ages 4-18 years should consume approximately 25 percent fat energy.
B)Children with high blood cholesterol should be treated first with statin drugs.
C)Children should consume less than 25 percent of fat as saturated fat.
D)Children should strive to consume less than 500 milligrams of cholesterol per day.

Question 78

The association of cholesterol to the health of children is best described by which statement? ​

A)Cholesterol intake should be limited beginning at 2 years of age.
B)Cholesterol concentrations change with age in children and adolescents.
C)Among children, a rise in LDL levels is correlated with a rise in HDL levels.
D)Cholesterol values at birth are higher in African Americans than in any other ethnic group.