Deck 13: The Trace Minerals

Question 1

What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?

A)two weeks
B)one month
C)four months
D)six months

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Absorption of iron from supplements is improved by taking them with ____.

A)tea
B)water
C)milk
D)whole-grain bread

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Iron deficiency in children is likely to result from a diet that overemphasizes ____. ​

A)milk
B)cereals
C)vegetables
D)dried beans

Answer 3

A

Question 4

About how much iron is absorbed from a vegetarian diet compared with an omnivorous diet? ​

A)the same amount
B)one-half as much
C)twice as much
D)three times as much

Question 5

A person with high blood levels of hepcidin responds by ____.

A)decreasing iron absorption
B)increasing iron absorption
C)decreasing zinc absorption
D)increasing zinc absorption

Question 6

What type of anemia results from iron deficiency?

A)hemolytic
B)megaloblastic
C)microcytic hypochromic
D)macrocytic hyperchromic

Question 7

What iron-containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream?

A)ferritin
B)myoglobin
C)transferrin
D)hemoglobin ​

Question 8

What is the major cause of iron deficiency?

A)blood loss
B)poor nutrition
C)hereditary defect
D)parasitic infections of the GI tract

Question 9

A measure of the rate at which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body is termed ____. ​

A)net utilization
B)bioavailability
C)biological value
D)utilization efficiency

Question 10

Which characteristic is shared by zinc and iron? ​

A)Good food sources include dairy products.
B)Proteins in the blood are needed for their transport.
C)Severe deficiencies lead to delay in the onset of puberty.
D)Doses of 10 times the RDA may cause death in children.

Question 11

What is the ionic state of ferric iron? ​

A)​+3
B)​+2
C)− 2
D)− 3

Question 12

How does vitamin C enhance iron absorption when consumed in the same meal?

A)It activates transferrin.
B)It keeps iron in the reduced ferrous form.
C)It releases iron from the proteins in the stomach.
D)It complexes with iron and promotes mucosal transport.

Question 13

The erythrocyte protoporphyrin level is used as an indicator of ____. ​

A)late iron toxicity
B)early iron toxicity
C)late iron deficiency
D)early iron deficiency

Question 14

How would the body typically respond to loss of blood from hemorrhage? ​

A)More transferrin is produced to allow absorption and transport of more iron.
B)The average life of the red blood cell is increased in order to allow better tissue oxygenation.
C)Fewer iron storage proteins are produced, which increases the amount of iron available for synthesis of new red blood cells.
D)The liver and muscles release their supply of stored red blood cells, which compensates, in part, for the decrease in red blood cell concentration of the circulation.

Question 15

Which compound provides a major storage reservoir for iron?

A)ferritin
B)myoglobin
C)transferrin
D)hemoglobin

Question 16

What is a characteristic of iron utilization? ​

A)Most of the body's iron is recycled.
B)The chief storage site for iron is the intestinal epithelium.
C)Iron is absorbed better from supplements than from foods.
D)Iron from nonheme food sources is absorbed better than that from heme food sources.

Question 17

Which food provides iron in the most absorbable form?

A)rice
B)spinach
C)chicken
D)orange juice

Question 18

What is the function of MFP factor? ​

A)enhances iron absorption
B)acts as an iron enrichment nutrient
C)simulates metallothionein synthesis
D)acts as chelating agent for iron toxicity treatment

Question 19

What is a feature of iron absorption? ​

A)It is higher with vegetarian diets.
B)It is higher in people with iron deficiency.
C)It is lower when iron is in the form of heme rather than non-heme.
D)It is higher in adults than children due to more mature intestinal function.

Question 20

What is a characteristic of the trace minerals?

A)Dermatitis is a common symptom of deficiencies of many trace minerals .
B)The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition.
C)Deficiencies are more difficult to recognize in children than in adults.
D)The amount of all trace minerals in the average person totals approximately 100 grams.

Question 21

What is a feature of iron nutrition?

A)Iron plays an important role in the synthesis of thyroxine.
B)On average, people absorb about 50-60 percent of dietary iron.
C)On average, women do not eat enough iron-containing foods.
D)Iron deficiency represents the second most common mineral deficiency in the United States.

Question 22

Which foods should be especially limited in the diet of individuals with hemochromatosis? ​

A)dairy products
B)fluoridated water
C)iron-fortified cereals
D)carbonated beverages

Question 23

What population group is at the highest risk for iron overload?

A)adult men
B)adult women
C)pregnant women
D)adolescents

Question 24

What is a characteristic of iron nutrition?

A)Absorption is improved on diets high in phytates.
B)Iron deficiency and iron overload share some of the same signs and symptoms.
C)The risk for acute iron toxicity is highest among women of childbearing age.
D)Iron overload results from a genetic predisposition for excessive synthesis of ferritin.

Question 25

What is a major binding protein for zinc? ​

A)ligand
B)ferritin
C)hemosiderin
D)metallothionein

Question 26

What has been shown to improve absorption of iron from iron supplements?

A)taking them with milk
B)taking them with orange juice
C)taking them on an empty stomach rather than with meals
D)taking them in the form of the ferric salt rather than the ferrous salt

Question 27

Why are hemoglobin and hematocrit tests of limited usefulness in the assessment of iron status? ​

A)They are expensive to perform.
B)They are notoriously inaccurate.
C)They are late indicators of iron deficiency.
D)The range of normal value is usually wide.

Question 28

What is a feature of zinc in nutrition?

A)Pancreatic enzymes are rich in zinc.
B)The body's primary excretory route is urine.
C)Good food sources are whole-grain products.
D)Toxicity symptoms include constipation and low body temperature.

Question 29

What is the name given to the ingestion of nonnutritive substances? ​

A)pica
B)goiter
C)tetany
D)hemosiderosis

Question 30

An enzyme that includes zinc or copper as an integral part of its structure is classified as a(n)____. metallothionase

A)metalloenzyme
B)oxidoreductase
C)cytochromidase
D)metallothionase

Question 31

Why is taking vitamin C ineffective at enhancing iron absorption from standard iron supplements? ​

A)The iron in the supplement is in a chelated form.
B)The iron in the supplement is already in the ferrous form.
C)The iron in the supplement binds irreversibly with vitamin C.
D)The iron supplement already contains MFP to enhance absorption.

Question 32

Which disorders may be linked with the presence of high blood iron?

A)dermatitis
B)diverticulosis
C)heart disease
D)neural tube defects

Question 33

Why are people with iron overload at increased risk for infections?

A)Excess tissue iron destroys vitamin C.
B)Iron-rich blood favors growth of bacteria.
C)Iron-rich blood impairs the immune system.
D)Excess tissue iron interferes with antibiotic function.

Question 34

Which statement is descriptive of iron deficiency and behavior? ​

A)The practice of pica may enhance iron absorption.
B)Changes in behavior precede the appearance of anemia.
C)The practice of pica may delay the onset of iron-induced behavioral changes.
D)Adults are more resistant to iron-induced behavioral changes than children.

Question 35

Which food provides the greatest amount of iron per serving? ​

A)yogurt
B)skim milk
C)pinto beans
D)American cheese

Question 36

What is the most reliable dietary source of zinc?

A)nuts and oils
B)milk and yogurt
C)fruits and vegetables
D)meats and whole-grain cereals

Question 37

What is a source of possible iron contamination? ​

A)an iron frying pan
B)an iron chelate
C)a ferric iron supplement
D)a ferrous iron supplement

Question 38

What is the chief transport substance for zinc in the circulation? metallothionein

A)albumin
B)metallothionein
C)carbonic anhydrase
D)high-density lipoproteins

Question 39

What is a common side effect from taking iron supplements?

A)itching
B)diarrhea
C)constipation
D)black tongue

Question 40

What is a side effect of prolonged ingestion of excessive amounts of zinc supplements? ​

A)Iron toxicity due to increased ferritin synthesis. ​
B)Zinc salt deposits in soft tissues such as the heart and kidneys.
C)Copper deficiency due to interference with copper absorption.
D)Mineral-binding protein deficiency due to a decrease in metallothionein production.

Question 41

Which meat would be the best source of copper? ​

A)chicken
B)shellfish
C)beefsteak
D)hamburger

Question 42

What is the primary mechanism associated with the role of fluoride in prevention of dental caries? ​

A)Fluoride increases calcium absorption, which increases crystal formation of teeth.
B)Decay is inhibited due to neutralization of organic acids produced by bacteria on the teeth.
C)Decay is reduced due to the inhibitory effects of fluoride on growth of bacteria on the teeth.
D)Fluoride becomes incorporated into the crystalline structure of teeth, making them less susceptible to decay.

Question 43

What trace element is part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase? ​

A)iron
B)zinc
C)selenium
D)chromium

Question 44

What is the most likely cause of manganese toxicity? ​

A)consumption of supplements
B)increased absorption due to genetic defect
C)inhalation of dust contaminated with manganese
D)consumption of foods grown on manganese-rich soils

Question 45

What would most likely result from an excessive intake of iodine? ​

A)diarrhea
B)skin rashes
C)dehydration
D)thyroid gland enlargement

Question 46

What is the richest source of iodine?

A)corn
B)seafood
C)orange juice
D)cruciferous vegetables

Question 47

What may result from iodine deficiency?

A)gout
B)goiter
C)anemia
D)hypertension

Question 48

Zinc content is highest in foods that also contain a large amount of ____. ​

A)fat
B)fiber
C)protein
D)carbohydrate

Question 49

Which characteristic is shared by copper and fluoride? ​

A)Both may be obtained from drinking tap water.
B)Both serve as cofactors for a number of enzymes.
C)Neither is involved in the integrity of bones and teeth.
D)Neither is known to be toxic at intakes of 10 times the estimated safe and adequate dietary intake.

Question 50

What would be the most appropriate food source of iodide for a person who lives inland and eats only locally grown and raised food?

A)fresh-water fish
B)iodized table salt
C)locally grown produce
D)plants of the cabbage family

Question 51

When are supplements of zinc reported to be beneficial? ​

A)in the treatment of childhood infections
B)in the treatment of Menkes disease
C)in the treatment of toxicity from certain vitamins
D)in the treatment of slow growth syndrome in U.S. children

Question 52

Which food source is known to contain goitrogens? ​

A)shellfish
B)whole grains
C)cauliflower and broccoli
D)blueberries and raspberries

Question 53

What is a goitrogen? ​

A)one of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland
B)a substance that enhances absorption of dietary iodide
C)a substance that interferes with the functioning of the thyroid gland
D)a compound used to supplement salt as a way to increase iodide intake

Question 54

What is a glucose tolerance factor? ​

A)a protein that stimulates glycolysis
B)a mineral cofactor for a specific enzyme
C)a hormone that enhances pancreatic function
D)a small organic compound that promotes the action of insulin

Question 55

Which nutrient has functions similar to those of vitamin E?

A)iron
B)selenium
C)chromium
D)molybdenum

Question 56

Your Uncle Carlos has survived two heart attacks. He recently asked you if he might be deficient in selenium, which he read is essential to heart health. Since he has always eaten a varied diet, you explain that his condition could not be the result of a dietary deficiency of selenium because ____.

A)tap water is a source of selenium
B)selenium is prevalent in most food groups
C)he consumes legumes, a rich source of selenium
D)he drinks fluoridated water, which increases bioavailability of selenium

Question 57

What is a feature of copper nutrition? ​

A)Absorption efficiency is similar to that of iron.
B)Copper is involved in collagen synthesis and wound healing.
C)Soft water may provide significant amounts of copper in the diet.
D)​Copper d eficiency is common in children of Middle East countries.

Question 58

A woman with a severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy may give birth to a child with ____. ​

A)anemia
B)rickets
C)cretinism
D)allergies

Question 59

What is the primary function of the thyroid hormones? ​

A)​They  act as precursors for hemoglobin synthesis.
B)​They  counteract a deficiency of goitrogens.
C)​They  control the rate of oxygen use by cells.
D)​They  regulate acetylcholine concentrations in the central nervous system.

Question 60

What is a characteristic of chromium in nutrition?

A)A deficiency leads to hypothyroidism.
B)Supplements are well known to be helpful.
C)Whole grains represent an excellent source.
D)In the body, it enhances the action of ceruloplasmin.

Question 67

Margarine enriched with phytosterols is known to ____. ​

A)reduce blood cholesterol
B)lower thermogenesis by 10%
C)stimulate soluble fiber fermentation
D)raise absorption efficiency of vitamin B₁₂

Question 68

Chromium deficiency is characterized by ____. ​

A)hypertension
B)hyperglycemia
C)enlargement of the liver
D)enlargement of the thyroid gland

Question 69

Which food choice is a rich source of phytoestrogens?

A)potatoes
B)soybeans
C)cold-water fish
D)green, leafy vegetables

Question 71

The active components in black tea and green tea associated with favorable effects on the cardiovascular system are ____. ​

A)quercetins
B)flavonoids
C)resveratrols
D)sulforaphanes

Question 72

Lycopene is classified as a(n)____. ​

A)lignan
B)carotenoid
C)phytoestrogen
D)enzyme cofactor

Question 76

What is a characteristic of the mineral molybdenum?

A)Molybdenum   enhances the activity of insulin.
B)​D eficiency symptoms of  molybdenum in people are unknown.
C)Legumes and cereal grains are  u nusually poor food sources of molybdenum .
D)​T oxicity symptoms of molybdenum  in human beings include damage to red blood cells.

Question 78

What term designates foods that contain nonnutrient substances that may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition? ​

A)health foods
B)organic foods
C)functional foods
D)disease-preventative foods

Question 79

Flaxseed is a rich source of ____.

A)lutein
B)lignans
C)sulforaphane
D)organosulfur compounds