Deck 25: Energy- and Protein-Modified Diets for Cancer and Hiv Infection

Question 1

Fruits and vegetables have been shown to have a protective effect against all of these cancers except:

A)lung.
B)esophagus.
C)liver.
D)stomach.
E)pharynx.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Some people with cancer fail to regain lean body mass even when they are receiving adequate nutrients and energy.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A cancer that arises from muscle or bone is referred to as a(n):

A)sarcoma.
B)adenoma.
C)carcinoma.
D)melanoma.
E)lymphoma.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A buffalo hump and lipomas are common side effects of drug treatments for HIV infection. ​

Question 5

Which nutrition-related factor is associated with a high incidence of stomach cancer?

A)alcohol
B)fat
C)salt-preserved foods
D)sodium
E)obesity

Question 6

Obese women have a higher risk of breast cancer than lean women because:

A)obese women have higher levels of estrogen.
B)obese women eat high-fat diets.
C)lean women exercise more.
D)lean women have higher levels of estrogen in the body.
E)obese woman have genetic factors that predispose them to cancer.

Question 7

Cancer cachexia is characterized by:

A)anorexia.
B)weight gain.
C)slowed metabolism.
D)increased appetite.
E)increased blood glucose.

Question 8

All of these nutrition-related factors may increase the risk of developing cancer except:

A)obesity.
B)red meat intake.
C)intake of salt-preserved foods.
D)consumption of citrus fruits.
E)foods grilled and charred.

Question 9

Fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer for all of these reasons EXCEPT:

A)they contain phytochemicals.
B)many are rich in folate.
C)they contain nutrients that have antioxidant activity.
D)they are high in carbohydrate.
E)they reduce DNA damage.

Question 10

Patients have a right to refuse medical treatment-including nourishment and hydration-even if refusing the treatment could result in death.

Question 11

Cancer cachexia affects over 80 percent of people with cancer.

Question 12

Alcohol consumption correlates strongly with development of _____ cancer.

A)lung
B)kidney
C)liver
D)endometrium
E)prostate

Question 13

A copy of any advance directive should be part of a client's medical record. ​

Question 14

All of these factors are involved in the development of cancer except:

A)mutations in the genes that control cell division.
B)chronic inflammation.
C)bacterial infection.
D)exposure to carcinogens.
E)metabolic processes.

Question 15

Untreated HIV infection leads to AIDS in the majority of HIV-infected individuals. ​

Question 16

Nutrition-related factors may increase or decrease the risk of developing cancer. ​

Question 17

There appears to be a link between the consumption of _____ and a decreased risk of prostate cancer.

A)milk and dairy products
B)tomato products
C)citrus fruits
D)whole grains
E)vitamin C

Question 18

Premenopausal women are at greater risk of developing breast cancer than postmenopausal women. ​

Question 19

Most often, cancer is caused by interactions between a person's genes and environmental agents.

Question 20

Herpes simplex is a fungal infection of the mouth and throat that often occurs in patients with HIV.

Question 21

What is NOT a recommendation for reducing cancer risk?

A)Limit the amount of physical activity performed on a daily basis.
B)Maintain a healthy body weight throughout life.
C)Choose a healthy diet that emphasizes plant sources.
D)Aim to meet nutritional needs through the diet.
E)Limit alcohol consumption to no more than one (woman)or two (men)drinks per day.

Question 22

A cancer patient complains that foods just don't taste right. What is an appropriate recommendation to help the patient handle this problem?

A)Consume smaller meals and eat slowly.
B)Cut foods into smaller pieces.
C)Brush your teeth or use mouthwash before eating.
D)Ask your doctor about appetite-enhancing medications.
E)Drink water while eating to improve taste.

Question 23

All of these factors play a role in the wasting associated with cancer EXCEPT:

A)cytokines.
B)poor appetite.
C)diversion of nutrients to support tumor growth.
D)hormone levels.
E)pain.

Question 24

All of these side effects frequently accompany cancer therapies EXCEPT:

A)altered taste perception.
B)mouth sores.
C)chronic blood loss.
D)diarrhea.
E)nausea.

Question 25

HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome is characterized by all of these features EXCEPT:

A)abnormal lipid levels.
B)accumulation of body fat in the hips.
C)breast enlargement in both men and women.
D)insulin resistance.
E)loss of fat from the face.

Question 26

All of these factors contribute to anorexia in cancer patients EXCEPT:

A)early satiety.
B)mental stress.
C)fatigue.
D)reduced intestinal bacterial growth.
E)digestive disturbances.

Question 27

The structure of methotrexate, a drug used to treat cancer, resembles that of:

A)vitamin C.
B)vitamin E.
C)folate.
D)pyridoxine.
E)adenine.

Question 28

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation increases the risk of:

A)foodborne illness.
B)metastasis.
C)dysphagia.
D)Kaposi's sarcoma.
E)hyperglycemia.

Question 29

To improve energy intake and compensate for weight loss during cancer treatment, clients should be encouraged to:

A)use fats liberally.
B)eat extra food immediately after treatment.
C)avoid butter and margarine.
D)eat more vegetables.
E)eat smaller meals.

Question 30

The cause of HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome is:

A)malnutrition.
B)overeating.
C)reproductive hormone imbalances.
D)thyroid disorders.
E)unknown.

Question 31

The progression of HIV can be evaluated by monitoring:

A)the viral load.
B)serum albumin levels.
C)weight changes.
D)body composition.
E)B cell function.

Question 32

Tube feeding or total parenteral nutrition may be indicated for patients:

A)with cancer of the pancreas.
B)with long-term gastrointestinal impairment.
C)with short-term gastrointestinal impairment.
D)who need to lose weight.
E)with cancer of the nervous system.

Question 33

In order to increase caloric intake, an individual with cancer could substitute _____ for the milk normally used in recipes. ​

A)Lactaid milk
B)chicken broth
C)fat-free evaporated milk
D)half-and-half
E)cottage cheese

Question 34

Immunotherapy can interfere with nutritional status in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A)causing anorexia.
B)interfering with appetite.
C)causing GI problems.
D)decreasing immune response.
E)causing general discomfort.

Question 35

Which factor is a major contributor to wasting associated with cancer? ​

A)increased appetite
B)anorexia
C)insulin resistance
D)graft rejection
E)decreased fat metabolism

Question 36

All of these conditions are HIV-related causes of wasting EXCEPT:

A)anorexia.
B)chronic diarrhea.
C)altered metabolism.
D)lipodystrophy.
E)oral infections.

Question 37

A patient with _____ cancer may require long-term tube feeding.

A)breast
B)neck
C)bone
D)skin
E)prostate

Question 38

Weight gain often occurs in patients with cancer of the:

A)colon.
B)breast.
C)stomach.
D)pancreas.
E)esophagus.

Question 39

Which condition does not contribute to malnutrition in HIV infection? ​

A)increased gastric acid secretion
B)medication side-effects ​
C)diarrhea
D)malabsorption
E)mouth lesions

Question 40

The drug dronabinol is sometimes given to cancer patients to:

A)increase lean body mass.
B)shrink tumors.
C)stimulate appetite.
D)combat diarrhea.
E)improve mental status.

Question 41

A health proxy is also known as a:

A)legal will.
B)living will.
C)power of attorney.
D)disclosure document.
E)living trust.

Question 42

In order to increase Ms. Arther's protein intake, you suggest that she consume _____ freely.

A)fruit spreads ​
B)mayonnaise
C)cheese
D)butter
E)olive oil

Question 43

The primary focus of nutrition care for Ms. Arther is:

A)educating her on ways to prevent the recurrence of cancer.
B)ensuring appropriate intakes of calories and protein.
C)ensuring an adequate intake of vitamins and minerals.
D)preventing iron-deficiency anemia.
E)preventing dehydration.

Question 44

Disclosure refers to:

A)a patient's right to be fully informed of a treatment's benefits and risks in a fair and honest manner.
B)a comparison of the potential benefits and harm of any treatment.
C)a patient's right to life-sustaining treatments.
D)the ability to understand pertinent information and make appropriate decisions.
E)performing beneficial services rather than harmful ones.

Question 45

Mrs. Watson is a 55-year-old female with a family history of breast cancer. To reduce Mrs. Watson's risk of breast cancer, she is advised to:

A)avoid alcohol and maintain a healthy weight.
B)take a calcium supplement daily.
C)eat less red meat.
D)drink a glass of red wine with dinner.
E)increase her fat intake.

Question 46

Which condition is not an HIV-related cause of anorexia and reduced food intake? ​

A)oral infections
B)early satiety
C)medications
D)respiratory disorders
E)emotional distress

Question 47

Which condition does not contribute to malnutrition in HIV-infected patients? ​

A)intestinal malabsorption
B)lipid abnormalities
C)bacterial overgrowth
D)vomiting and diarrhea
E)medications

Question 48

A _____ is a request by a patient or surrogate indicating that cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be withheld. ​

A)legal will
B)DNR order
C)power of attorney
D)disclosure document
E)living trust

Question 49

A durable power of attorney is used to:

A)state one's wishes about treatments one does or does not want at the end of life.
B)make medical decisions in the event of incapacitation.
C)withhold CPR in the event of cardiopulmonary arrest.
D)allow a physician to write a DNR order.
E)preserve patient autonomy.

Question 50

Which condition is not associated with thrush in HIV patients? ​

A)altered taste sensation
B)mouth pain
C)lesions around the lips
D)dysphagia
E)milky white coating on tongue

Question 51

A patient's right to make decisions concerning his or her own medical care is called:

A)patient autonomy.
B)informed consent.
C)beneficence.
D)distributive justice.
E)maleficence.

Question 52

A type of cancer frequently associated with HIV infection is:

A)Kaposi's sarcoma.
B)thrush.
C)Kaposi's adenoma.
D)cryptosporidiosis.
E)candidiasis.

Question 53

Ms. Arther enjoys pudding and is able to tolerate it pretty well. To increase her caloric intake, you suggest that she make her pudding with:

A)half-and-half.
B)whole milk.
C)2% milk.
D)powdered milk.
E)buttermilk.

Question 54

Lipodystrophy can be treated with all of these methods EXCEPT:

A)resistance training.
B)aerobic activity.
C)medication to treat abnormal blood lipids.
D)a low-kcalorie diet.
E)antiretroviral drugs.

Question 55

Which legal document allows a competent adult to clearly express directions regarding medical treatment in the event that he or she becomes incapacitated? ​

A)living trust
B)power of attorney
C)living will
D)medical record
E)medical will

Question 56

Kaposi's sarcoma can contribute to wasting in cancer patients due to:

A)malabsorption of nutrients.
B)lesions in the mouth and throat.
C)depletion of lean body mass.
D)respiratory disorders.
E)hormonal changes.

Question 57

Which substance improves lean tissue mass in HIV patients?

A)megestrol acetate
B)dronabinol
C)testosterone
D)antiretroviral agents
E)vitamin A and D

Question 58

Because of the symptoms Ms. Arther is experiencing, she is at risk for all of these conditions EXCEPT:

A)weight loss.
B)fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
C)negative nitrogen balance.
D)dysphagia.
E)muscle wasting.

Question 59

Which alternative therapy might worsen HIV infection or AIDS by decreasing the effectiveness of antiviral drugs? ​

A)echinacea
B)ginger
C)marijuana
D)biofeedback
E)acupuncture

Question 60

Case Study Questions Use this information to answer questions 49-53.
Hannah Arther is a 53-year-old marketing executive who was recently diagnosed with uterine cancer. She had a hysterectomy and is currently undergoing radiation therapy. She is experiencing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as anorexia.
​
The symptoms that Ms. Arther is experiencing are consistent with:

A)radiation enteritis.
B)tissue rejection.
C)steatorrhea.
D)lipodystrophy.
E)the cancer.

Question 61

Methotrexate is a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of cancer. One of its side effects is that it can cause a patient to become deficient in:

A)essential fatty acids.
B)folate.
C)vitamin B_12.
D)calcium.
E)vitamin D.

Question 62

A patient with HIV is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of dehydration. The patient complains of chronic diarrhea. The nurse notes a 15-pound weight loss over a 4-week period. The most likely explanation for the patient's condition is:

A)AIDS enteropathy.
B)thrush.
C)herpes simplex virus.
D)HIV-lipodystrophy syndrome.
E)dysphagia.

Question 67

During a class at a nursing home on cancer prevention, a resident asks if one's diet affects his or her risk of developing cancer. The speaker makes the following statements. Which one is incorrect? ​

A)"Citrus fruits may decrease the risk of esophageal cancer."
B)"Fruits and nonstarchy vegetables may reduce the risk of several types of cancer."
C)"Foods rich in folate seem to prevent pancreatic cancer."
D)"Dairy foods have been implicated in many types of cancer."
E)"Tomato products may decrease the risk of prostate cancer."

Question 70

A nurse is working with a cancer patient admitted to the hospital with complaints of loss of appetite and weight loss. An assessment of the client also reveals depletion of lean body mass and serum protein. The nurse accurately recognizes these as characteristics of:

A)graft-versus-host disease.
B)human immunodeficiency virus.
C)thrush.
D)cancer cachexia.
E)neutropenia.

Question 72

A nurse is working with a cancer client who needs to add kcalories and protein to his diet. The best advice the nurse could offer would be to:

A)try new foods and experiment with herbs and spices.
B)eat nutrient-dense foods first.
C)use plenty of butter and margarine and add milk powder to casseroles.
D)do not eat with others, since the company will be too distracting.
E)eat fish and poultry more often.

Question 74

Which nutrition intervention is most appropriate for a patient who complains that food doesn't taste right? ​

A)"Consume foods chilled or at room temperature."
B)"Let family members prepare food for you."
C)"Avoid foods with strong odors."
D)"Take a walk before you eat."
E)"Only eat foods you like."

Question 75

For a patient with chronic radiation enteritis, the best form of nutrition support is:

A)an oral liquid supplement.
B)enteral nutrition.
C)parenteral nutrition.
D)a pureed diet.
E)high fat diet.

Question 77

Mrs. Dwyer is a 48-year-old patient who is undergoing chemotherapy for uterine cancer. She complains of sores, swelling, and redness in her mouth. Mrs. Dwyer has developed:

A)oral mucositis.
B)radiation enteritis.
C)steatorrhea.
D)mental stress.
E)anorexia.

Question 79

Cancer patients exhibit an increased rate of protein turnover. This means that patients:

A)may have a difficult time maintaining a healthy body weight.
B)require less protein in their diets.
C)should increase their intake of fats.
D)may experience early satiety.
E)have elevated levels of blood glucose.

Question 80

A female cancer patient tells the nurse that she has begun taking St. John's wort in conjunction with her cancer therapy. How should the nurse respond? ​

A)"Be sure you take the dose as prescribed on the bottle."
B)"Be sure you are buying a brand-name supplement."
C)"St. John's wort may reduce the effectiveness of your cancer therapy."
D)"I've read that St. John's wort can cure cancer, too."
E)"It's always good to supplement your health with natural remedies."