Deck 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Question 1

Talk about:
justification by faith

Answer 1

Answers may vary.

Question 2

How did the English Reformation differ from the course of religious reform in other countries? Be sure to mention specific monarchs and acts of Parliament.

Answer 2

Answers may vary.

Question 3

Talk about:
Desiderius Erasmus's The Praise of Folly

Answer 3

Answers may vary.

Question 4

Talk about:
Thomas More's Utopia

Question 5

Compare and contrast the chief ideas of Calvinism and Lutheranism. What were their main points of similarity and dissimilarity? Why did Calvinism become the major international form of Protestantism?

Question 6

What role did politics play in the expansion of Lutheranism in Germany and Scandinavia?

Question 7

What were the contributions of the papacy, Council of Trent, and the Jesuits to the revival of Catholicism? In what ways are the titles "Catholic Reformation" and "Counter-Reformation" both accurate descriptors of the Catholic Church's sixteenth-century revitalization?

Question 8

Compare and contrast the chief ideas of Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Lutheranism. What did they have in common? How were they different?

Question 9

Talk about:
Christian (northern Renaissance) humanism

Question 10

Talk about:
Thomas à Kempis's The Imitation of Christ

Question 11

Talk about:
Oratory of Divine Love

Question 12

Talk about:
Martin Luther

Question 13

Talk about:
priesthood of all believers

Question 14

What impact did Reformation doctrines have on the family, education, and popular religious practices?

Question 15

Talk about:
pluralism and absenteeism

Question 16

Would you characterize the Reformation and Counter-Reformation as popular movements or as the result of carefully orchestrated policies formulated by clerical and secular leaders? To what degree did the peoples of Europe make reform, and to what degree did figures of spiritual and temporal authority?

Question 17

Talk about:
the sacraments

Question 18

How would you characterize the state of the papal church on the eve of Reformation? In what ways do manifestations of popular piety indicate a vibrant church, and in what ways do criticisms of the church indicate dissatisfaction with institutional religion?

Question 19

What was the nature of Martin Luther's personal religious crisis, and how did he solve it? How did Luther's religious ideas differ from those of Catholicism?

Question 20

What was Christian humanism, and how did it help prepare the way for the Protestant Reformation? Did Erasmus' works pave the way for Luther's break with Rome and Catholicism? How?

Question 21

Talk about:
millenarianism

Question 22

Talk about:
Marburg Colloquy

Question 23

Talk about:
Act of Supremacy

Question 24

Talk about:
the Peasants' War

Question 25

Talk about:
Anabaptists and the city of Münster

Question 26

Talk about:
the Edict of Worms

Question 27

Talk about:
Gustavus Vasa

Question 28

Talk about:
Pope Clement VII

Question 29

Talk about:
Suleiman the Magnificent

Question 30

Talk about:
Ninety-Five Theses

Question 31

Talk about:
Peace of Augsburg

Question 32

Talk about:
Edward VI and "Bloody Mary"

Question 33

Talk about:
Johann Tetzel and indulgences

Question 34

Talk about:
Menno Simons

Question 35

Talk about:
transubstantiation

Question 36

Talk about:
Henry VIII and his wives

Question 37

Talk about:
the Protestant minister and family

Question 38

Talk about:
Charles V

Question 39

Talk about:
Ulrich Zwingli

Question 40

Talk about:
Book of Common Prayer

Question 41

Talk about:
Philip II

Question 42

Talk about:
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Question 43

Talk about:
Catholic Reformation

Question 44

Talk about:
Puritans

Question 45

Talk about:
the Battle of Lepanto

Question 46

Talk about:
Francis Xavier

Question 47

Talk about:
Ignatius Loyola

Question 48

Talk about:
predestination

Question 49

Talk about:
the New World

Question 50

Talk about:
Council of Trent

Question 51

Talk about:
Saint Teresa of Avila

Question 52

Talk about:
Pope Paul III

Question 53

Talk about:
John Calvin

Question 54

Talk about:
Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes

Question 55

Talk about:
Huguenots

Question 56

Talk about:
Protestant education

Question 57

Talk about:
politiques

Question 58

Talk about:
Jesuits

Question 59

Talk about:
Geneva

Question 60

Talk about:
the Netherlands

Question 61

Talk about:
Union of Utrecht

Question 62

Which of the following best characterizes the popular religion on the eve of the Reformation?

A) People sought certainty of salvation through a variety of means including the veneration of relics and the purchase of indulgences.
B) There was a marked decline in popular religious piety in the fifteenth century, as only elites exhibited interest in religion
C) Most ordinary people were actively engaged in grassroots efforts to do away with orthodox beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church.
D) Many popular religious movements placed their emphasis not only Christ but on the teaching of the Old Testament.
E) Most Europeans rejected organized religion in favor of secular Renaissance humanism.

Question 63

Luther's break with the church was prompted by

A) the Council of Pisa's declaration that maintained the necessity of purgatory for salvation.
B) the increase of papal taxes on the German peasantry.
C) widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks.
D) the declaration that the German clergy must pay taxes.
E) the papacy's threat to depose the German emperor.

Question 64

Talk about:
Spanish Armada

Question 65

Which of the following statements concerning Desiderius Erasmus is not true?

A) He de-emphasized external forms of religion such as pilgrimages and fasts.
B) He believed the Vulgate contained errors and published a new translation of the New Testament.
C) Contemporaries claimed "Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched."
D) He actively sought to destroy the unity of the medieval Christian church.
E) His The Praise of Folly was a scathing indictment of the abuses of the church.

Question 66

Which of the following was a means by which Luther's ideas were spread?

A) His translation of the New Testament into German.
B) Pamphlets illustrated with woodcuts.
C) Sermons.
D) Hymn lyrics that taught the Gospel.
E) All of the above.

Question 67

Luther's pamphlet, The Address to the Nobility of the German Nation

A) attacked the sacramental system of the church.
B) focused on the doctrine of salvation and promoted faith works.
C) called on the German princes to overthrow the papacy in German lands.
D) attacked abuses of the Greek Orthodox Church.
E) provided a defense of the doctrine of transubstantiation.

Question 68

Though Luther was condemned at the Diet of Worms, he survived because he was protected by

A) the Emperor Charles V.
B) the chancellor of the University of Wittenberg.
C) a writ of habeas corpus.
D) Ulrich Zwingli.
E) the Elector of Saxony.

Question 69

The Edict of Worms

A) contained Luther's refutation of Johann Eck's accusations.
B) expressed Luther's rejection of Pope Innocent I's spiritual authority.
C) called Luther to appear before Emperor Charles V to recant his "heresies."
D) made Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.
E) led to Luther's forcible removal to Rome.

Question 70

Concerning the sacraments of the Catholic Church, Luther

A) accepted all seven.
B) rejected all of them except baptism and communion, or the Lord's Supper.
C) claimed marriage as the only true sacrament.
D) eliminated extreme unction.
E) eliminated only clerical celibacy.

Question 71

The Peasants' War of 1524-1525

A) was led by a radical ex-follower of Luther, Philip Melanchthon.
B) furthered the spread of Lutheranism throughout all of Europe.
C) was praised by Luther as it destroyed the great Catholic princes of Germany.
D) was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.
E) had no connection with any of Luther's ideas and beliefs.

Question 72

For Luther, the only sure source of truth and the only reliable path of faith, other than justification, was

A) the opinions of scholars.
B) the decisions of church councils.
C) the authority of the pope.
D) the Bible.
E) the decrees of powerful abbots.

Question 73

The author of Utopia , a satire on European government and society, was

A) Giovanni Boccaccio.
B) Desiderius Erasmus.
C) Thomas à Kepmis.
D) William Shakespeare.
E) Thomas More.

Question 74

Luther's religious crisis came to a head over his growing belief that

A) the Bible had passages which were contradictory.
B) the legitimacy of the Catholic Church should never be questioned.
C) no amount of good works could satisfy God's righteousness.
D) an all-powerful God did not care about humans.
E) there seemed to be no sure proof of God's existence.

Question 75

Talk about:
Elizabeth

Question 76

The northern Christian humanists

A) wished to continue the complicated theological arguments of the Middle Ages.
B) were characterized by their pessimistic view of human nature.
C) did not believe that education could increase personal piety.
D) rejected the simple religion of the early Church.
E) championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.

Question 77

The early fifteenth century religious reformer who was burned at the stake was

A) John Wycliffe.
B) Erasmus.
C) Ignatius of Loyola.
D) John Calvin.
E) John Hus.

Question 78

At its outset, the Reformation in Germany was

A) a purely rural phenomenon.
B) largely an urban phenomenon.
C) a movement with strong urban and rural backing.
D) unilaterally rejected by the clergy.
E) restricted to southern Germany alone.

Question 79

The reforming religious organization of the late fifteenth century that included both clergy and laymen was the

A) Augustinians.
B) Jesuits.
C) Oratory of Divine Love.
D) Beguines.
E) Order of Humanists.

Question 80

In his "philosophy of Christ," Erasmus emphasized

A) the role of priests.
B) a strictly structured and hierarchical society.
C) inner piety.
D) study of Classical Roman texts.
E) eradicating heretics.