Deck 21: Diseases of the Respiratory System

Question 1

Oxygen saturation is the measure of the amount of oxygen carried by the:

A) red blood cells
B) bronchioles
C) alveoli
D) capillaries
E) glomerulus

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What type of medication is used to open or relax the bronchial tubes and relieve shortness of breath?

A) anticholinergics
B) corticosteroids
C) antibodies
D) analgesics
E) expectorants

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is the term for an increase in the size of the right ventricle of the heart caused by resistance to the passage of blood through the lungs?

A) aerophagia
B) emphysema
C) cor pulmonale
D) pulmonary consolidation
E) orthopnea

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the term for the accumulation of fluid in the space between the two outer membranes surrounding the lungs?

A) emphysema
B) pleural effusion
C) dyspnea
D) aspiration pneumonia
E) bronchitis

Question 5

How does pulse oximetry measure the oxygenation of arterial blood?

A) via X-rays
B) via ultrasound
C) via stethoscope
D) via light waves
E) via microphone

Question 6

What are the bubbly sounds (heard via stethoscope) that may indicate pulmonary pathology called?

A) crackles
B) clubbing
C) percussion
D) wheezes
E) cor pulmonale

Question 7

How much higher are the energy needs of infants with BPD compared to those of healthy infants?

A) about 10%
B) 15-25%
C) about 35%
D) 40-50%
E) about 75%

Question 8

Which of the following is a physical sign of the increased use of accessory muscles for expiration in a person with emphysema?

A) "barrel chest"
B) "sunken chest"
C) "bird's chest"
D) enlarged heart
E) enlarged liver

Question 9

Which of these is metabolized at a faster rate in smokers than in nonsmokers?

A) magnesium
B) vitamin B₁₂
C) vitamin C
D) zinc
E) vitamin K

Question 10

Insufficient levels of which vitamin may be linked to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature newborns?

A) vitamin B₂
B) folate
C) vitamin A
D) vitamin C
E) vitamin E

Question 11

What type of medication are fluoroquinolones?

A) analgesics
B) anti-inflammatories
C) bronchodilators
D) mucolytics
E) antibiotics

Question 12

At what age is the female respiratory system fully mature?

A) 2 months
B) 14 years
C) 17 years
D) 20 years
E) 25 years

Question 13

What kind of diet may result in a low incidence of COPD, as shown by prospective research studies?

A) a diet rich in red meat and potatoes
B) a strict vegan diet
C) a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
D) a very low-carb diet
E) a diet rich in saturated fat and insoluble fiber

Question 14

What differentiates emphysema from chronic bronchitis?

A) primary risk factors
B) destruction of lung tissue
C) association with diabetes
D) genetic factors
E) link to lung cancer

Question 15

What is the primary risk factor for the development of COPD?

A) obesity
B) alcohol abuse
C) physical inactivity
D) smoking
E) low-protein diet

Question 16

At what age is the male respiratory system fully mature?

A) 2 months
B) 14 years
C) 17 years
D) 20 years
E) 25 years

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of leukotriene antagonists?

A) They trigger inflammatory responses.
B) They promote the synthesis of leukotrienes.
C) They inhibit the synthesis of omega-3 fatty acids.
D) They increase the levels of IgE in blood.
E) They block the action of leukotrienes at the receptor level.

Question 18

A deficiency of which protein causes emphysema?

A) alpha globulin
B) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
C) alpha 1-antitrypsin
D) glucose-6-phosphate
E) alpha-amylase

Question 19

What type of alveolar epithelium cells produce surfactant?

A) type I cells
B) type II cells
C) type III cells
D) goblet cells
E) acinar cells

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of anticholinergics?

A) They reduce pain and inflammation.
B) They increase blood pressure and breathing rates.
C) They increase the production of cytokines.
D) They decrease airway contraction and mucus production.
E) They increase the production of histamines.

Question 21

TS is an 80-year-old female admitted to the hospital with an exacerbation of COPD. She was diagnosed with the disease 20 years ago and now complains of shortness of breath while eating and drinking.
HT: 5'1"          WT: 104 pounds          UBW: 115 pounds
According to a registered dietitian, how much average protein does TS need per day?

A) 48 g
B) 61 g
C) 70 g
D) 85 g
E) 102 g

Question 22

Which is the most important supplemental enzyme for CF patients?

A) lactase
B) lipase
C) maltase
D) sucrase
E) pepsin

Question 23

TS is an 80-year-old female admitted to the hospital with an exacerbation of COPD. She was diagnosed with the disease 20 years ago and now complains of shortness of breath while eating and drinking.
HT: 5'1"          WT: 104 pounds          UBW: 115 pounds
How many kcal/day would be recommended for TS?

A) 1,150 kcal
B) 1,266 kcal
C) 1,490 kcal
D) 1,671 kcal
E) 1,834 kcal

Question 24

TS is an 80-year-old female admitted to the hospital with an exacerbation of COPD. She was diagnosed with the disease 20 years ago and now complains of shortness of breath while eating and drinking.
HT: 5'1"          WT: 104 pounds          UBW: 115 pounds
What percent weight loss has TS experienced?

A) 7.8%
B) 8.3%
C) 9%
D) 9.6%
E) 10.5%

Question 25

How long after surgery can most lung transplant patients begin to eat solid food?

A) 12 hours
B) 1-2 days
C) 3-5 days
D) 1 week
E) 2 weeks

Question 26

What mineral deficiencies are common in people with CF?

A) iron and zinc
B) calcium and magnesium
C) boron and selenium
D) calcium and selenium
E) iron and phosphorus

Question 27

Which of the following is a concern after lung transplantation?

A) organ rejection
B) infection
C) cyanosis
D) pulmonary embolism
E) chronic fatigue

Question 28

Which of the following is an inflammatory (indirect) cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A) pneumonia
B) pulmonary edema
C) fat embolism
D) sepsis
E) inhalation injury

Question 29

TS is an 80-year-old female admitted to the hospital with an exacerbation of COPD. She was diagnosed with the disease 20 years ago and now complains of shortness of breath while eating and drinking.
HT: 5'1"          WT: 104 pounds          UBW: 115 pounds
All of the following would be part of a registered dietitian's nutrition plan for TS except:

A) resting before meals
B) focus on quick weight gain
C) small frequent meals
D) getting 20% of total kcalories from protein
E) a diet rich in fruit, veggies, and fish

Question 30

What other disease is associated with CF in 15-20% of cases in patients older than 20 years?

A) ADHD
B) autism
C) multiple sclerosis
D) muscular dystrophy
E) diabetes

Question 31

TS is an 80-year-old female admitted to the hospital with an exacerbation of COPD. She was diagnosed with the disease 20 years ago and now complains of shortness of breath while eating and drinking.
HT: 5'1"          WT: 104 pounds          UBW: 115 pounds
What dietary supplements are most beneficial for TS?

A) antioxidants, vitamin D, and calcium
B) vitamin B6, vitamin C, and selenium
C) antioxidants, phosphate, and boron
D) vitamin A, vitamin B₃, and calcium
E) antioxidants, vitamin K, and selenium

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of a bronchodilator?

A) hyclate
B) tobramycin
C) methylxanthine
D) zileuton
E) omalizumab

Question 33

Which fatty acids play a role in reducing a systemic inflammatory response?

A) saturated fatty acids
B) omega-3 fatty acids
C) omega-6 fatty acids
D) omega-9 fatty acids
E) monounsaturated fatty acids

Question 34

What kind of an inherited disease is cystic fibrosis if each time two CF carriers conceive, there is a 25% chance that their child will have CF; a 50% chance that the child will be an asymptomatic carrier of the CF gene; and a 25% chance that the child will be a noncarrier?

A) x-linked recessive
B) x-linked dominant
C) autosomal recessive
D) autosomal dominant
E) mitochondrial

Question 35

What is the primary cause of infectious pneumonia?

A) influenza A
B) respiratory syncytial virus
C) Streptococcus pneumoniae
D) Pneumocystis jiroveci
E) Candida yeast

Question 36

A tracheostomy is a surgical opening made in the trachea to:

A) allow talking
B) allow eating
C) alleviate heartburn
D) remove throat cancer
E) assist breathing

Question 37

What vitamin deficiency is relatively common in people with CF?

A) vitamin B₉
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin B₁₂
D) vitamin B₆
E) vitamin A

Question 38

In COPD, hyperinflation of the lungs leads to feelings of unnecessary fullness and bloating at mealtime due to the flattening of which organ?

A) breasts
B) diaphragm
C) spleen
D) liver
E) abdominal muscles

Question 39

What is the primary characteristic of cystic fibrosis?

A) abnormally thick mucus secretions
B) destroyed bronchioles
C) destroyed alveoli
D) reduced blood flow into the lungs
E) pulmonary emboli

Question 40

Compared to basal energy requirements, how much energy intake is recommended (on average) for patients admitted to a hospital due to an exacerbation of COPD?

A) 80%
B) 95%
C) 115%
D) 140%
E) 175%

Question 41

Pulmonary edema invades the alveolar and capillary space, leading to impaired gas exchange, hypoxia, and overall increased work of breathing.

Question 42

Asthma is usually divided into two types: sinus and bronchus asthma.

Question 43

In rare cases, emphysema is caused by the deficiency of a protein called alpha 1-antitrypsin.

Question 44

Swallowing of too much air that results in gas and bloating is called _______________.

Question 45

Nutrition support for BPD patients typically includes enteral feedings because of immature swallowing function and oral aversion related to endotracheal and suctioning stimuli.

Question 46

Cardiac complications of COPD include _______________ and _______________ failure.

Question 47

Glucose intolerance and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes occur in approximately 80% of CF patients over the age of 10.

Question 48

Gas exchange occurs in the _______________ unit.

Question 49

According to a meta-analysis examining the relationship between cigarette smoking and nutrient intake, smokers have lower intakes of _______________ and fiber compared to nonsmokers.

Question 50

Emphysema develops gradually over years, usually as a result of exposure to _______________.

Question 51

Inflammation is the primary problem in asthma and is thought to be primarily_______________ mediated.

Question 52

The bronchioles end in small air sacs called _______________, which are paper thin.

Question 53

Infants with BPD are at risk for delayed skeletal mineralization and _______________.

Question 54

The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is significantly reduced in very-low-birth-weight infants if they are fed enterally with breast milk.

Question 55

Malnutrition associated with poor intake appears to have an impact on the strength and endurance of respiratory muscles, particularly the diaphragm.

Question 56

The most common pulmonary function test is conducted with a machine called a spirometer.

Question 57

_______________ are chemical mediators produced by the body that contribute to the development of asthma.

Question 58

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by increased air flow rates and hypocapnia.

Question 59

_______________ is a condition characterized by inflammation and eventual scarring of the lining of the bronchial tubes accompanied by restricted airflow, excessive mucus production, and a persistent cough .

Question 60

Malnutrition due to COPD can weaken respiratory muscles, resulting in altered ventilation, poor muscle strength, and impaired immune function.

Question 61

Discuss the pathophysiology of lung transplantation and organ rejection.

Question 62

Describe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, including treatment.

Question 63

Individuals with bronchitis frequently have a _______________ BMI.

Question 64

Discuss the etiology of COPD in relation to cigarette smoking.

Question 65

Describe the cause of cystic fibrosis (CF).

Question 66

List the three major cause-related categories of pneumonia.

Question 67

An upper respiratory infection is commonly known as the _______________.

Question 68

Pneumonia is defined as an infection of the lungs, usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or _______________.

Question 69

Discuss the nutritional implications of cystic fibrosis (CF).

Question 70

The use of corticosteroids, systemic inflammation, smoking, vitamin D deficiency, low BMI, low fat-free mass, and decreased mobility increase the incidence of _______________ in people with COPD.

Question 71

Define COPD and the two primary problems with airflow.

Question 72

Because of increased _______________ losses, individuals with CF should consume a high _______________ diet, particularly during the summer months or if they live in hot climates.

Question 73

Emphysema results in a decreased forced _______________ volume.

Question 74

The major function of vitamin D is to control _______________.

Question 75

Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis consists of serum testing for elevated levels of _______________.

Question 76

Describe the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of asthma.

Question 77

List the different parts of the pulmonary system.

Question 78

Pneumonia is considered a _______________ cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Question 79

What are leukotrienes and how are they involved in the development of asthma?

Question 80

Poor weight gain and poor growth in CF result from poor dietary intake, _______________ insufficiency, and increased nutrient needs.