Deck 11: Gender and Behavior

Question 1

Playing action video games improves mental rotation skills in both males and females.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In gender research, meta-analytic techniques have allowed researchers to

A) correct errors in earlier research.
B) determine causal relationships.
C) better assess overall trends.
D) simplify gender differences.

Answer 2

better assess overall trends.

Question 3

If Chuck is a stereotypical male, he will most likely be_____, but NOT_____ .  

A) artistic; self-confident
B) understanding; dominant
C) emotional; expressive
D) self-confident; emotional

Answer 3

self-confident; emotional

Question 4

The fact that gender stereotypes view male behavior as normal reflects an _____bias. 

A) egocentric
B) ethnocentric
C) androcentric
D) androgynous

Question 5

is an individual's perception of self as male or female.

A) Gender role
B) Gender identity
C) Gender stereotype
D) Sexual orientation

Question 6

The boundaries between how the typical male and the typical female are expected to behave is becoming 

A) more defined.
B) nonexistent.
C) stagnate.
D) more flexible.

Question 7

Research on gender differences in mathematical ability indicates that

A) girls are more precocious than boys in mathematics.
B) boys generally do better than girls in mathematical abilities.
C) girls outperform boys at the high end of the mathematical ability distribution.
D) boys slightly outperform girls in mathematical complex problem-solving when they reach high school.

Question 8

As a child, Pat started speaking early and had a large vocabulary. It is likely that Pat is

A) female.
B) male.
C) better than normal at math.
D) an only child.

Question 9

Widely shared beliefs about males' and females' abilities, personalities, and social behaviors are called__________ . 

A) sexual prototypes
B) gender role differences
C) gender misattributions
D) gender stereotypes

Question 10

Two of the most common gender stereotypes are__________among females and_______________in males. 

A) dominance; aggression
B) emotionality; cognition
C) expressiveness; instrumentality
D) relationality; sexuality

Question 11

The gender similarities hypothesis posits that society is optimistic that the genders will experience more similarities than differences in the future.

Question 12

A research technique used to evaluate the results of many studies on the same question is called a 

A) meta-analysis.
B) factor analysis.
C) quasi-experiment.
D) correlational analysis.

Question 13

Scholars often use_____ to refer to male-female differences that are learned and_____ to designate biological differences.

A) gender; sex
B) sex; gender
C) gender; gender
D) sex; sex

Question 14

According to your text, which of the following terms refers to the state of being male or female?

A) Sex.
B) Gender.
C) Gender identity.
D) Sexual orientation.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT associated with the gender similarities hypothesis?

A) Overinflated claims of gender differences do not affect relationships.
B) Overinflated claims of gender differences cause problems in the workplace.
C) Most gender psychological differences are quite small.
D) Critics think Hyde left out important variables in her meta-analysis.

Question 16

Which of the following is generally NOT considered an element of the traditional gender stereotype associated with masculinity?

A) Active.
B) Independent.
C) Understanding.
D) Self-confident.

Question 17

The androcentric bias in gender stereotypes refers to the tendency for traits related to heterosexual relationships to be normative.

Question 18

Research on gender differences in cognitive abilities indicates a slight advantage for males due to their larger brain size.

Question 19

An important point about gender stereotypes is that since the 1980s, they

A) have become more pronounced.
B) seem to have become less rigid.
C) have nearly reversed themselves.
D) have become more universal across cultures.

Question 20

Gender is defined in psychology as biologically determined. 

Question 21

A meta-analysis showed that males clearly outperform females in which type of spatial ability?

A) Mental rotation.
B) Body orientation.
C) Spatial analogies.
D) Cognitive mapping.

Question 22

Genuine, documented gender differences in behavior 

A) tell us nothing about specific individuals.
B) tell us a great deal about specific individuals.
C) permit very accurate predictions about individuals.
D) permit only very general predictions about individuals.

Question 23

Alcoholism is much more prevalent among men relative to women.

Question 24

Margie tends to interrupt others at work frequently. Given research in communication and gender differences, we can guess that Margie

A) is a typical woman.
B) works primarily with men.
C) is in management.
D) is actually a man.

Question 25

Jerry and Kerry are 10-year-old twins. They have performed about the same in all school subjects up to the present time. It would be reasonably safe to predict that

A) Jerry has a higher IQ than Kerry and will shortly begin to outperform Kerry in all middle and high school subjects.
B) starting in high school, Kerry will begin to outperform Jerry in all subjects that require intensive memorization.
C) Kerry will fail miserably at any task involving spatial skills, starting in tenth grade.
D) Jerry will outperform Kerry slightly in mathematical complex problem-solving starting in high school.

Question 26

A young boy is more likely than a young girl to engage in passive-aggressive behaviors.

Question 27

Females have a higher rate of _____than males.

A) mood disorders
B) alcoholism
C) antisocial behavior
D) all of these

Question 28

It appears that boys engage in more _____aggression and girls engage in more     aggression.

A) verbal; physical
B) physical; relational
C) physical; antisocial
D) relational; antisocial

Question 29

Research indicates that experienced emotions are 

A) stronger in men.
B) stronger in women.
C) the same for men and women.
D) based on the rules parents teach their sons and daughters.

Question 30

All of the following statements about self-esteem are supported by research EXCEPT:

A) Females typically score substantially lower than males on measures of self-esteem.
B) Girls' self-esteem does not drop in adolescence.
C) White men and women report self-esteem differences.
D) Black men and women report no self-esteem differences.

Question 31

Research suggests that the major emotional difference between men and women is

A) women are more emotional than men.
B) women are more expressive than men.
C) women don't get angry as easily as men.
D) men don't fall in love very often.

Question 32

Judy has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Which of the following disorders is she most likely to have?

A) Alcoholism.
B) Depression.
C) Antisocial personality disorder.
D) Dissociative personality disorder.

Question 33

If there is a statistically evident difference between genders, it is more likely due to discrimination than a valid phenomenon.

Question 34

The overall incidence of mental disorders indicates that 

A) it is roughly the same for both genders.
B) they are more likely to occur in women than men.
C) they are more likely to occur in men than women.
D) gender differences are unclear because many disorders go unreported.

Question 35

Regarding the overall incidence of mental disorders, men and women are_____  ; regarding the disorders men and women tend to develop, they are _____.

A) similar; different
B) different; similar
C) similar; also very similar
D) different; also very different

Question 36

Male babies tend to speak sooner than female babies. 

Question 37

According to research, men and women experience emotions similarly. 

Question 38

Most research on gender differences regarding sexual attitudes 

A) is in line with the gender similarities hypothesis.
B) indicates males are more likely to be sexually active.
C) finds females are more likely to feel negative emotions in response to sex.
D) All of these are true.

Question 39

Women are more likely to suffer from anxiety than men.  

Question 40

The type of aggression shown in boys and girls 

A) changes according to the culture.
B) does not change according to culture.
C) is more physically aggressive between girls in non-Western cultures.
D) is indirectly aggressive between boys in non-Western cultures.

Question 41

Social role theory suggests that

A) we tend to explain role-related behaviors in term of situational factors.
B) we construct our own reality on the basis of our individual social experiences.
C) large gender differences in behavior tend to be downplayed by inconsistent social roles.
D) minor gender differences are exaggerated by the social roles men and women occupy.

Question 42

Which of the following researchers proposed social role theory?

A) Alice Eagly.
B) Diane Halpern.
C) Deborah Tannen.
D) Janet Shibley Hyde.

Question 43

Cultural expectations about what is appropriate for each gender are called stereotypes.

Question 44

Research on females exposed prenatally to high levels of androgens suggests

A) androgen is basically a "female hormone."
B) prenatal hormones may contribute to gender differences.
C) the female embryo is highly resistant to the effects of such hormones.
D) none of these.

Question 45

To support their assertions, evolutionary psychologists look for gender differences related to adaptive problems in a particular era.

Question 46

Cerebral specialization accounts for gender differences in cognition.

Question 47

Those individuals with low testosterone are likely to experience high sexual desire.

Question 48

According to_____, individuals construct their own reality based on societal expectations, conditioning, and self-socialization.

A) evolutionary psychology
B) social learning theory
C) social constructionism
D) the theory of cognitive dissonance

Question 49

Gender-role socialization occurs through 

A) self-socialization.
B) observational learning.
C) reinforcement and punishment.
D) all of these.

Question 50

The right hemisphere of the brain is actively processing mathematical information.

Question 51

"Gender differences are in the eye of the beholder" is a statement of the explanation for these differences put forth by

A) social role theorists.
B) social constructionists.
C) social learning theorists.
D) visual gender determinists.

Question 52

Chemical substances released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands are called 

A) gonads.
B) enzymes.
C) hormones.
D) neurotransmitters.

Question 53

A typical reaction by a father to gender-inappropriate behavior in his son is physical punishment.

Question 54

In part, gender roles are shaped by the power of rewards and punishment, which are the key processes in

A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) social constructionism.

Question 55

is the acquisition of the norms and roles expected of people in a particular society.

A) Socialization
B) Social learning
C) Social attribution
D) Sexual orientation

Question 56

Evolutionary psychologists explain social behaviors such as aggression and mating patterns in terms of different_____ pressures operating on the genders over the course of human history.

A) economic
B) hormonal
C) environmental
D) natural selection

Question 57

Robert believes that males are more aggressive in virtually all world cultures because aggressiveness has a partial genetic cause and leads to social dominance and greater access to material resources. Robert holds a(n) view of gender differences. 

A) social
B) clinical
C) evolutionary
D) physiological

Question 58

Which of the following has NOT been shown to influence gender-role socialization?

A) Observation.
B) Reinforcement.
C) Self-socialization.
D) Sexual motivation.

Question 59

The right and left hemispheres of the brain are differentially specialized.

Question 60

Which of the following possible influences on gender differences in behavior is most likely to be emphasized by an evolutionary psychologist?

A) Economic constraints.
B) Patterns of socialization.
C) Natural selection pressures.
D) Environmental pressures such as the media.

Question 61

Sources of gender-role socialization include

A) parents.
B) schools.
C) the media.
D) all of these.

Question 62

Television is theorized to help children transcend stereotypes about gender.

Question 63

Which of the following would NOT be considered a cost associated with the male gender role in our culture?

A) Pressure to succeed.
B) The fatherhood mandate.
C) Inability to express feelings.
D) Obsession with sexual performance.

Question 64

The traditional female role consists of three major mandates: the _____mandate, the _____mandate, and to work outside the home.

A) success; marriage
B) success; motherhood
C) marriage; nurturance
D) marriage; motherhood

Question 65

Compared to typical peers, gender atypical boys report_____.

A) more bullying
B) more loneliness
C) greater distress
D) all of these

Question 66

When children imitate the behavior of same-gender models they are demonstrating associative learning.

Question 67

Which of these is NOT part of the "modern male role"?

A) Organizational power.
B) Emotional self-expression toward women.
C) Emotional sensitivity toward women.
D) Economic inexpressiveness.

Question 68

Children 4 to 6 years of age separate into same-gender groups without adult direction.

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT considered a key element of the traditional male role?

A) Autonomy.
B) Emotional sensitivity with women.
C) Aggression.
D) Stoicism.

Question 70

When parents allow boys to play with toys traditionally associated with girls, this confirms gender roles.

Question 71

Men seem to be experiencing a "masculinity crisis" due to

A) shifting male gender roles.
B) economic displacement.
C) female infringement on traditional male roles.
D) all of these.

Question 72

Gender bias in school is most likely to show up in which of the following?

A) Teachers' treatment of boys and girls.
B) The frequency of praise teachers give to boys and girls.
C) Academic and career counseling.
D) All of these.

Question 73

The marriage and motherhood mandates fuel women's intense focus on_____  , that is, learning how to attract and interest males as prospective mates.

A) sexual orientation
B) heterosexual success
C) reproductive fitness
D) the self-reliant mandate

Question 74

Which of the following characteristics is NOT closely associated with the "traditional male role"?

A) Aggression.
B) Sexuality.
C) Dependency.
D) Stoicism.

Question 75

An intense fear and intolerance of homosexuality is called

A) sexism.
B) homophobia.
C) heterophobia.
D) cross-gender typing.

Question 76

The intense fear and intolerance of homosexuality is

A) termed homophobia.
B) more common in women than in men.
C) the root cause of anxiety disorders in many men.
D) virtually nonexistent in Western cultures.

Question 77

In the modern male role, masculinity is validated by all but which of the following?

A) Emotional control.
B) Economic achievement.
C) Individual physical strength.
D) Organizational power.

Question 78

Gender-role socialization depends on culture. 

Question 79

Difficulties in expressing emotions are most likely to occur in

A) men with traditional attitudes.
B) men with nontraditional attitudes.
C) women with traditional attitudes.
D) women with nontraditional attitudes.

Question 80

Male gender-role socialization may lead to

A) pressure that inhibits sexual performance.
B) an emphasis on intimacy rather than sex.
C) greater satisfaction in sexual encounters.
D) a lack of concern for one's sexual performance.