Deck 3: Community Corrections: Diversion and Probation

Question 1

Specialized courts differ from traditional courts in that they focus on one type of offender or offense, and because of their rehabilitative focus, tend to use which type of sentencing approach?

A) Mandatory sentencing.
B) Indeterminate.
C) Truth-in-sentencing.
D) Determinate.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a primary feature of probation?

A) prison time
B) drug testing
C) payment of fees
D) regular employment

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a goal of diversion today?

A) avoiding the harsh impacts of incarceration
B) providing a range of alternatives for decision makers to choose from
C) dealing with the punitively oriented alternative
D) providing a "more justifying justice" for victims and communities

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of community corrections acts (CCA)?

A) CCAs are created by each state's supreme court.
B) CCAs call for decentralized program design and delivery.
C) CCAs provide for citizen involvement and specify roles that citizens may play.
D) CCAs endorse locally determined sanctions and services.

Question 5

The purpose of ___________ programs is to prevent a novice offender from being stigmatized and labeled by the justice system while at the same time sparing the public the cost of unneeded criminal justice processing.

A) deferral.
B) distraction.
C) determinate.
D) diversion.

Question 6

The practice that permits convicted offenders to remain free if they agreed to take care of their debt obligation with the state is referred to as:

A) banishment
B) judicial reprieve
C) probation
D) recognizance

Question 7

How many adult Americans in the U.S. are currently under some form of probationary control?

A) 1 million
B) 2 million
C) 4 million
D) 8 million

Question 8

The state-based act through which local governments receive subsidies for diverting minor offenders is the:

A) Community Shares Act
B) Reintegrative Agreement Act
C) Community Corrections Act
D) Local Community Crimes-Based Act

Question 9

Nearly _ ___________________ of all probationers have been convicted of a violent offense, such as assault, sexual assault, and domestic violence.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 60%

Question 10

During the 1980s and 1990s, many large correctional and community supervision agencies adopted new policies that were known as a:

A) rehabilitation management system.
B) reformation management system.
C) risk management system.
D) strategic management system.

Question 11

Individuals who would agree to make themselves responsible for offenders who had been released from custody are called:

A) sureties.
B) entities.
C) trustees.
D) fallons.

Question 12

The ____________________  is a correctional approach aimed at returning offenders to the community as soon as possible.

A) reintegrative philosophy
B) retributive philosophy
C) rehabilitation philosophy
D) reinstatement philosophy

Question 13

In the United States, the practice of probation began in 1841 in Boston due to the work of:

A) Howard.
B) Manconochie.
C) Bentham.
D) Augustus.

Question 14

The most common form of criminal sanction during the 20th century was:

A) probation.
B) restitution.
C) prison.
D) jail.

Question 15

____________________  requires an offender to perform a certain number of work hours at a private nonprofit or government agency.

A) Community service
B) Financial restitution
C) Restorative service
D) Center probation

Question 16

What takes place when an offender is referred to a program and the completion of this program will enable him or her to avoid criminal prosecution?

A) absolute diversion
B) real diversion
C) statutory diversion
D) true diversion

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT one of the key features of "the new penology" approach to probation?

A) It conceives of crime as a systemic phenomenon and crime policy as a problem of actuarial risk management.
B) It embraces the objective of risk management and the management of the system itself.
C) Techniques of profiling and screening are used as ways of improving control over penal agents and subjects.
D) It focuses more on treatment and offering services to penal agents.

Question 18

A program to divert drug abusers from the criminal justice system into specialized support services is known as:

A) Drug Abuse Alternatives.
B) Addiction Recovery Program.
C) Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime.
D) Safe House Recovery Program.

Question 19

_____________________ generally involves suspension of the offender's sentence in return for the promise of good behavior in the community while under supervision of the courts.

A) Diversion.
B) Parole.
C) Community Service.
D) Probation.

Question 20

Research shows that the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model can cut recidivism of high-risk offenders by as much as ____________________ percent.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 50

Question 21

Treating offenders in the community is a relatively new idea dating back to post World War II.

Question 22

A sentence delaying conviction on a guilty plea until after probation is served is a:

A) bench probation.
B) deferred sentence.
C) shock probation.
D) split probation.

Question 23

In the mid 19th century, probation began with the volunteer services of John Howard in Massachusetts.

Question 24

The majority of people convicted of sex offenses are placed on probation, and many never set foot inside a jail or prison.

Question 25

Deferred prosecution programs appear to be a good option for most first offenders because they avoid the stigma of a criminal record and reduce the volume of persons going through the criminal justice process.

Question 26

One major purpose of community corrections acts is to encourage state imprisonment in lieu of local sentencing options.

Question 27

In some states, juries may also recommend probation if the case meets legally regulated criteria.

Question 28

True diversion takes place when an offender is referred to a program, and the completion of which will enable him or her to avoid criminal prosecution.

Question 29

Recidivism rises as probation caseload size ____________________ .

A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains static
D) none of these choices

Question 30

Probationers account for less than 50 % of the correctional growth since 1990.

Question 31

Disclosure of PSI report to defense counsel in a death penalty case was held permissible by which U.S. Supreme Court case?

A) Tennessee v. Garner
B) Marcum v. Georgia
C) In re Gault
D) Gardner v. Florida

Question 32

Suspending the remainder of a sentence after serving a period of time in prison is:

A) shock probation.
B) bench probation.
C) deferred probation.
D) split probation.

Question 33

Deferred prosecution programs have focused on persons suffering from alcohol, drug, or mental health problems who can ask permission of the court to go through an intensive treatment program in lieu of being prosecuted.

Question 34

In ____________________ , the U.S. Supreme Court held that probationers have fewer constitutional protections than the general public and specifically that their homes can be searched without a warrant.

A) List v. Indiana University of Pennsylvania
B) Griffin v. Wisconsin
C) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
D) Gardner v. Florida

Question 35

A type of probation in which the probationer is not supervised is:

A) shock probation.
B) deferred probation.
C) split probation.
D) bench probation.

Question 36

A sentence requiring an offender to serve time in jail or prison before a probation placement is known as a:

A) conveyed sentence.
B) bench probation.
C) split sentence.
D) shock probation.

Question 37

Intensive supervised probation (ISP) was created and first implemented in 1982 in the state of:

A) Georgia.
B) California.
C) New York.
D) Florida.

Question 38

TASC, or Team-administered sexual comprehension, programs, are aimed at treating sexual predators for reintegration back into society.

Question 39

A major report required of a probation officer is used at the time of sentencing by the judge is known as the:

A) post conviction inquiry.
B) prerelease system interrogation.
C) presentence investigation.
D) preselected investigation.

Question 40

Courts in states with determinate sentencing typically use probation more frequently than do courts in states with indeterminate sentencing.

Question 41

The ____________________ program is the most widespread of the various national programs that have been designed to divert drug abusers away from the criminal justice system and into the jurisdiction of agencies offering specialized support services

Question 42

Assignment of probation to the executive branch on a statewide basis allows for uniform standards of policy making.

Question 43

A(n) ____________________ is when judges were allowed to suspend punishment so offenders can seek a pardon or gather evidence that they have reformed.

Question 44

Recidivism rates are low among those placed on probation for a misdemeanor.

Question 45

A risk management correctional system is more focused on providing treatment services for offenders than regulating or controlling them.

Question 46

____________________ is a punishment that requires an offender to perform a certain number of work hours at a private nonprofit or government agency.

Question 47

Recent research has determined that gender does not appear to affect probation's effectiveness.

Question 48

All 50 states now impose some form of fee on probationers to defray the cost of probation and other community programs.

Question 49

____________________  is a practice that permits convicted offenders to remain free if they agreed to take care of their debt obligation with the state.

Question 50

In most states, a PSI report must be prepared regardless of whether the offender is eligible for probation.

Question 51

____________________ are individuals who agree to make themselves responsible for offenders who have been released from custody.

Question 52

____________________ takes place when an offender is referred to a program and the completion of this program will enable him or her to avoid criminal prosecution.

Question 53

Revocation of probation because of a new crime is referred to as a technical violation.

Question 54

____________________ is a form of punishment that requires the offender to pay back a sum of to either the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime.

Question 55

State-based acts that subsidize diversion of minor offenders from state prisons are ____________________ .

Question 56

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that probationers are entitled to the same constitutional protections as other citizens.

Question 57

Shock probation calls for the shock of a brief period of incarceration in a jail or prison, immediately followed by a standard term of probation.

Question 58

The United States has approximately 2,000 adult probation agencies with more than half regulated and controlled by the federal government.

Question 59

Under intensive probation, a probationer is supervised far more strictly than under standard services.

Question 60

____________________ is credited with the creation of probation in Boston in 1841.

Question 61

The basic functions of a probation officer's job include supervision, investigation, and ____________________ .

Question 62

A ____________________ occurs when a probationer violates one of the rules of probation, such as not meeting with his or her probation officer.

Question 63

A violation of the rules or terms of probation or the commitment of a new crime can result in ____________________ of probation.

Question 64

In ____________________ , the Court upheld the legality of a warrantless search of a probationer's home for the purposes of gathering criminal evidence.

Question 65

Discuss the three basic functions of an adult probation officer.

Question 66

Discuss probation revocation and the four cases where the Supreme Court provided procedural safeguards to apply at proceedings to revoke probation.

Question 67

Discuss the probation population in the United States today. Specifically, discuss who is more likely to be on probation, what offenses are probationers more likely to have committed, and what states have the majority of probationers.

Question 68

In ____________________ , the Court ruled that the probation officer-client relationship is not confidential, unlike attorney-client or physician-patient relationships.

Question 69

In _________________________, the Court ruled that a judge cannot revoke a defendant's probation for failure to pay a fine and make restitution.

Question 70

What is "TASC" and what are its primary goals?

Question 71

A ____________________ is a sentence that delays conviction on a guilty plea until the sentenced offender has successfully served his or her probation term.

Question 72

A correctional system that is focused more on regulating and controlling offenders than on providing treatment or services for them is referred to as a ____________________ .

Question 73

Discuss the three ideas presented in the text that claim to improve the effectiveness of probation?

Question 74

A ____________________ report written by a probation officer, assists the judge in deciding whether or not to grant probation and also helps determine the conditions of probation.

Question 75

Due to the rapidly increasing caseloads of modern probation officers, contemporary approaches have been created and implemented to assist with this increase. Please list and fully explain at least three of these contemporary approaches.

Question 76

In ____________________ , the Court held that both probationers and parolees have a constitutionally limited right to counsel in revocation proceedings.

Question 77

A ____________________ is a type of sentence that requires an offender to spend a period of time in jail before being placed on probation in the community.

Question 78

Explain what is meant by "diversion programs." Next, what are the major goals of these types of programs?

Question 79

Explain community corrections acts and their common characteristics.

Question 80

Explain in detail Feeley and Simon's "new penology." What are the major goals of this movement?