Deck 1: The Correctional System

Question 1

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the reformatory model?

A) housed older offenders who had medical issues
B) featured indeterminate sentencing and parole
C) classified prisoners
D) provided educational and vocational training

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following were prisons established by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages for those believed to be engaging in acts that violated religious principles?

A) bridewells
B) houses of corrections
C) the Citadel
D) monastic confinement

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which early correctional model was based on the belief that most prisoners could benefit from the actual experience of incarceration?

A) Carolina model
B) New York model
C) Pennsylvania model
D) Texas model

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In 1780 BCE, the King of Babylon created the first formal legal code known as the:

A) Code of Hammurabi.
B) Declaration of Independence.
C) Magna Carta.
D) Twelve Tables.

Question 5

Who of the following was an early advocate of medical treatment in prisons in the United States?

A) Howard Gill
B) Andrew McCutchen
C) Howard Johns
D) John Gill

Question 6

Currently, public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by:

A) paying for their crimes.
B) learning lessons.
C) serving short sentences.
D) serving short sentences.

Question 7

Who was the English sheriff who advocated jail reform during the 1700s?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) John Howard
C) Frank Connelly
D) Alexander Maconochie

Question 8

The state believes that in order for an offenders' behavior to change, punishment should:

A) be degrading.
B) be waived.
C) occur before a trial.
D) teach a lesson.

Question 9

The equity goal of punishment means that convicted offenders must do which of the following?

A) pay back their victims for their loss.
B) pay back the justice system for costs related to processing their cases.
C) pay back society for the disruptions caused because of their crimes.
D) all of these

Question 10

Which position on punishment is most closely linked to retribution?

A) deterrence
B) incapacitation
C) just deserts
D) restoration

Question 11

Which classical prison reformer and philosopher believed that the law should accomplish some utilitarian purpose, while the socially desirable outcome from punishment should be the protection of society?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) John Howard
C) Cesare Becarria
D) Paul Ambrose

Question 12

Punishment that is based on "getting even" for violating the social contract is known as:

A) retribution.
B) restitution.
C) rehabilitation.
D) deterrence.

Question 13

A ____________________ is a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society.

A) bridewell
B) house of corrections
C) jail
D) penitentiary

Question 14

____________________ was finished in 1829 and became a model for prisons in several European countries. It had a radial design, with seven wings, each containing 76 cells, radiating from a central hub, where control personnel were stationed.

A) Eastern State Penitentiary
B) Westgate State Penitentiary
C) Moundsville State Penitentiary
D) Brockway's House of Reform

Question 15

Who developed the Irish mark system, where inmates could eventually earn early release?

A) Zebulon Brockway
B) John Howard
C) Walter Crofton
D) Joseph Antwine

Question 16

During the Middle Ages, those labeled as vagrants, beggars, and delinquents could be forced to work in___________________ for the purposes of punishment and discipline.

A) bridewells
B) houses of corrections
C) a Jesuit house of refuge
D) monastic confinement

Question 17

Which state led the way in repealing the British laws that the colonists had enacted concerning crime and punishment?

A) Georgia
B) Maryland
C) New York
D) Pennsylvania

Question 18

Which prison reformer developed the Irish mark system, which eventually spread to the United States and influenced the development of parole?

A) Zebulon Brockway
B) John Howard
C) Walter Crofton
D) Cesare Becarria

Question 19

Which was the first institution to pay wages to prisoners as a reward for diligence and productivity?

A) Eastern State Penitentiary
B) Elmira Reformatory
C) Moundsville Penitentiary
D) Sing Sing Prison

Question 20

The ____________________ is the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention.

A) Medical model
B) Reactionary model
C) Restorative model
D) Deterrent model

Question 21

The world's first penitentiary was the Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia.

Question 22

Which aspect of sentencing views those who violate the law as "society's victims"?

A) deterrence
B) incapacitation
C) rehabilitation
D) restoration

Question 23

Which term is used to describe the conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or make a profession?

A) elitism
B) professionalism
C) character
D) vision

Question 24

What is considered to be one of the most important drives toward professionalism in the American corrections systemth?

A) Staff training.
B) Decentralization of prison administration.
C) Prison shared governance with inmates.
D) Creation of civil service boards.

Question 25

The Irish Mark System, developed by Lawrence Driscoll in 1794, established probation and parole requirements for Irish-born offenders in what were then English-ruled colonies.

Question 26

Montesquieu based the legitimacy of criminal sanctions on the social contract.

Question 27

Which goal of punishment promotes sentencing people to prison to restrain them physically, so that during the time they are confined society is protected?

A) deterrence
B) incapacitation
C) rehabilitation
D) restoration

Question 28

Under the medical model, the prison would become an analogue to the hospital.

Question 29

John Howard was responsible for building the first prison in the United States, the Heritage House, in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1794.

Question 30

The interpretation of laws is done by the ____________________ branch of government.

A) judicial
B) executive
C) legislative
D) societal

Question 31

During the Middle Ages, criminals were seen as menaces to the community and as insults to God.

Question 32

Which goal of sentencing centers upon the purpose of having the offender make amends to the victim or to society for the harms that his or her criminal act has caused?

A) deterrence
B) incapacitation
C) rehabilitation
D) restoration

Question 33

Beccaria and Bentham both believed that the goal of punishment should be deterrence, not revenge.

Question 34

Which goal of punishment is designed to prevent others from committing similar crimes?

A) deterrence
B) incapacitation
C) rehabilitation
D) restoration

Question 35

What policy promotes sentencing repeat offenders to long prison terms while granting first-time and nonviolent offenders shorter, more lenient sentences?

A) general incapacitation
B) selective incapacitation
C) general deterrence
D) selective deterrence

Question 36

Which term is used to describe the multimillion-dollar prison-building boom in which powerful corporate interests groups, large businesses, and politicians joins together to profit from the large corrections industry?

A) correctional expansion discovery.
B) prison-industrial complex.
C) incarceration inclusion vision
D) incapacitation-inclusion economy.

Question 37

Law is created by the ____________________ branch of government.

A) judicial
B) executive
C) legislative
D) societal

Question 38

Which of the following challenges the ability of corrections to function as a system?

A) social costs
B) financial costs
C) system overload
D) all of these

Question 39

The setting of justice policy is aided by the ____________________ branch of government

A) judicial
B) executive
C) legislative
D) societal

Question 40

The New York System was first adopted in Auburn, NewYork and focused on the belief that most prisoners would benefit from the experience of incarceration, especially isolation.

Question 41

According to the ____________________ philosophy, punishment is justified only when it conforms to what the guilty deserves, no more and no less.

Question 42

The ____________________ was held in Cincinnati in 1870 to present progressive ideas about corrections.

Question 43

Identifying high-rate offenders and providing for their long-term incarceration is known as ____________________ .

Question 44

The ____________________effect is the idea that punishing one person for his or her criminal acts will discourage others from committing similar acts.

Question 45

Some lasting contributions of the ____________________ model of corrections are indeterminate sentences, the payment of inmates for work, the supervision of inmates in the community, and a system of behavior modification.

Question 46

For African American children, 1 of every 14 has a parent behind bars on any given day.

Question 47

The general public's reaction to crime has a major influence on the types of punishable behavior and the punishments that are acceptable at a given time.

Question 48

All criminal cases, felony or misdemeanor, are fully processed through the entire formal criminal justice system.

Question 49

According to the "just desserts" philosophy, punishment is a justified only when it conforms to what the guilty deserves, no more and no less.

Question 50

Government figures show that an African American male born today has a one in three chance of spending at least a year in prison at some point in his life.

Question 51

Incapacitation is based on being able to predict the future needs of the offender, not on the gravity of the current offense.

Question 52

The ________________ system of correction first used in New York demanded silence from all prisoners at all times, even when they were eating and working together.

Question 53

The philosophy of general deterrence focuses on the fact that individual offenders should learn firsthand that crime does not pay when they experience harsh criminal penalties caused by their illicit actions.

Question 54

A prison is a county correctional facility that holds people pending trial, awaiting sentence, service a sentence (usually less a year) or awaiting transfer to another facilities after conviction.

Question 55

A ____________________ is a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society.

Question 56

The executive branch has the right to overturn or ban policies that are in conflict with constitutional rights.

Question 57

Houses of corrections run by local authorities to teach habits of industry to vagrants and idlers are known as ____________________ .

Question 58

____________________ was the first English prison reformer.

Question 59

By the 1890s, the medical model was implemented in correctional institutions throughout the United States.

Question 60

A(n)_______________________ model of corrections is a penal system used for youthful offenders; it features indeterminate sentencing and parole, classification of prisoners, educational and vocational training, and increased privileges for positive behavior .

Question 61

A formal entry in the record of the court indicating that the prosecutor does not intend to proceed any further in the case is called ____________________ .

Question 62

List and define the four elements of the correctional system.

Question 63

Discuss three current major challenges affecting the ability of corrections to function in the United States.

Question 64

Discuss the three Enlightenment philosophers whose philosophical ideals contributed to modern corrections.

Question 65

Who was John Howard and how did he contribute to corrections?

Question 66

The ____________________ is the region in the United States with the highest rate of imprisonment.

Question 67

____________________ refers to the conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or make a profession or professional person.

Question 68

Discuss some of the early correctional institutions used prior to the modern day penitentiary.

Question 69

Explain the theoretical constructs of the Classical School of thought.

Question 70

What has been done to improve professionalism in the corrections system?

Question 71

Compare and contrast the Pennsylvania prison model with the Auburn Silent System.

Question 72

The ____________________ aspect of sentencing suggests that people who violate the law are "society's victims."

Question 73

The ____________________ goal of sentencing is designed to reintegrate the criminal offender back into the community.

Question 74

The ____________________ means that convicted offenders must pay back their victims for their loss, the justice system for costs related to processing their cases, and society for the disruptions caused by their crimes.

Question 75

The _______________ goal sentencing focuses on physically isolating offenders in order to protect society.

Question 76

The ____________________ appropriates funds for criminal justice agencies, thereby shaping their structure and mission.