Deck 11: Early Adulthood 24 to 34 Years Angel

Question 1

Research indicates that in the United States, different social norms for ________ may be operating in the respective ethnic communities.

A) reciprocal roles
B) role sequencing
C) role strain
D) bidirectionality

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In Maslow's theory, __________  is a motive that urges a person to make optimal use of his/her potential to become   a more effective, creative participant in daily life.

A) effectance
B) potentiation
C) self-acceptance
D) self-actualization

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The group of people who are roughly the same age during a particular historical period are referred to as a

A) clique.
B) cohort.
C) crowd.
D) social role.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The pattern of integration and sequencing of phases of work and family life is called the

A) life stage.
B) life course.
C) functional autonomy of motives.
D) tendencies toward growth.

Question 5

White's term competence motivation refers to

A) behaviors motivated by desire to achieve a sense of mastery.
B) conflict with radius of significant others.
C) motivation to promote equilibrium between work and family.
D) early adulthood cohort changes.

Question 6

What is an essential process that promotes growth in Rogers' theory of personality development?

A) Conditional approval
B) Being conscientious
C) Reliance on the approval of others
D) Experiencing and accepting the authentic self

Question 7

How do life roles change in adulthood?

A) Adulthood involves multiple roles that are increasingly complex.
B) Adulthood is the first time one experiences role conflict.
C) Kinship roles begin in adulthood.
D) Adults experience role loss but not role gain.

Question 8

Social roles are often associated with other ______ roles, such as parent and child or teacher and student.

A) marginal
B) transitory
C) reciprocal
D) childhood

Question 9

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which of the following is most likely to be considered Samuel's first or primary human motive?

A) Safety and security
B) Physiological needs
C) Self-esteem
D) Self-actualization

Question 10

Which of the following would be considered a developmental task of early adulthood?

A) Shayna explores intimate relationships.
B) Yohan has established a sense of self.
C) Jennifer believes in giving back to future generations.
D) David has established a sense of independence.

Question 11

Why is the idea of a cohort important in the study of development?

A) One's cohort influences access to distinct resources and exposure to distinct stressors.
B) Certain cohorts never achieve formal operational intelligence.
C) This is an easy way to determine a group's average IQ.
D) People who grow up in the same period of history share certain common genetic features.

Question 12

According to Elder, what are likely to be two central organizing features of Frederica's life course?

A) Trajectories and transitions
B) Life span and life expectancy
C) Social clock and social alarm
D) Ego and pathology

Question 13

In the work trajectory, getting hired, being promoted, and retirement are examples of

A) self actualization.
B) autonomy.
C) life course transitions.
D) role conflict.

Question 14

In adulthood, one's beliefs and goals guide the nature of one's actions. Then actions create a context for the revision of one's goals. This process illustrates which of the following ideas?

A) Humanizing of values
B) Role overload
C) The social clock
D) The bidirectional nature of development

Question 15

According to fulfillment theory, psychological growth is accomplished through what mechanism?

A) Family trajectory convergence
B) Avoidance of risk to promote resiliency
C) Setting goals and achieving them
D) Cohort involvement

Question 16

Often, the decision to marry is a response to

A) the social clock.
B) moral judgments.
C) fluctuations in self-esteem.
D) needs for autonomy.

Question 17

What is likely to happen during Juanita's adulthood with respect to her life roles?

A) Her number of roles will decrease.
B) Her number of roles will increase.
C) Her number of roles will remain constant throughout her adolescence and adulthood.
D) Her roles will become less demanding.

Question 18

Michelle graduated from high school last month and is now preparing for her freshmen year in college. Michelle's preparation for her first year in college is an example of which of the following life course terms?

A) Social clock
B) Social dimension
C) Transition
D) Trajectory

Question 19

Which of the following statements is one of the results of research by Ryff, Keyes, & Hughes on psychological well-being in midlife?

A) Minority status is associated with negative outcomes for men and women.
B) Perceived discrimination undermines psychological well-being for men.
C) Minority status is associated with many indicators of strength for men and women.
D) There are no differences in well-being between minority and majority group members.

Question 20

Which term refers to social consensus about the period of life when one should assume or leave certain roles?

A) Norm of reciprocity
B) Social clock
C) Homogamy
D) Self disclosure

Question 21

In the partner selection process, role compatibility refers to

A) finding that the partners have mutually supportive career aspirations.
B) a sense that the two partners approach a situation in ways that work well together.
C) a sense that the partners have similar expectations for the roles of husband and wife.
D) the peer group's acceptance of the couple.

Question 22

What is the relationship between personal identity and intimacy?

A) Couples who worked on identity are more likely to experience high levels of intimacy.
B) Intimacy in a relationship is not associated with identity status.
C) Intimacy must precede identity for men but not for women.
D) Identity resolution must precede intimacy for women but not for men.

Question 23

Which factor is most associated with the advancing age of entry into early adulthood?

A) Harriet's young age of entry into marriage
B) Stephan's educational and occupational goals
C) Virginia's relatively young age of parenthood
D) Georgia's varying levels of chronic illnesses

Question 24

Which of the following statements most accurately describes trends in the age of marriage?

A) People are marrying at later ages.
B) Men are more likely to marry in the age range 20 to 24 than women.
C) Since the 1960s, age at marriage has declined.
D) People are marrying at younger ages.

Question 25

In Juana's society, which would be best described as a collectivist culture, the choice of a marriage partner is more likely _________ than it would be in a culture that is individualistic.

A) based on love
B) made by family members
C) made under the principle of heterogeneity
D) made by government officials

Question 26

Work on intimate relationships may be postponed by which of the following?

A) Work on group identity
B) Cohabitation
C) Working class SES
D) School enrollment

Question 27

In which cultural group is the principle of endogamy most likely to be encouraged when selecting a marriage partner?

A) Irish
B) European Americans
C) Asian Indians
D) French

Question 28

According to the model of the partner selection process presented in the text, people move from Phase I, original attraction, to Phase II, deeper attraction as________    increases.

A) parental encouragement
B) positive self-disclosure
C) identification as a couple
D) cohabitation

Question 29

Which of the following may occur during Phase II of the mate selection process and could lead to termination of the relationship?

A) Lack of sexual initiative
B) Negative self-disclosure
C) Inability to express commitment
D) Parental support

Question 30

Why might a relationship break up once it has entered Phase IV, the "right one" relationship, of the mate selection process?

A) Friends and family think of the partners as a couple.
B) There is no more negative self disclosure.
C) The partners are unable to make a commitment to marriage.
D) The partners count on one another for mutual support.

Question 31

Which of the following is considered a characteristic of people who have experienced one or more inter-ethnic dating relationships?

A) They have an ethnically diverse group of friends.
B) Women are more likely to have had interethnic dating relationships than men.
C) White students are more likely to have had interethnic dating experiences than students of color.
D) Most people, regardless of gender, race or ethnicity, have had an interethnic dating relationship.

Question 32

In the mate selection process, men tend to emphasize _______ while women tend to emphasize  _______ in their attraction to a partner.

A) sexual moderation; sexual prowess
B) social status; physical appearance
C) earning potential; sensitivity
D) physical appearance; social status

Question 33

The principle of________  suggests that people are attracted to others who share important areas of similarity.

A) homogamy
B) endogamy
C) self-actualization
D) social evolutionary theory

Question 34

Which of the following factors appears to play an important role in the mate selection process today as partners determine their similarity?

A) Number of siblings
B) Health and fitness
C) Agreement about the balance of work and family roles
D) Role incompatibility

Question 35

Raymond and Aeysha met for dinner at their favorite restaurant after work. After dating for 4 months, they were discussing childhood memories and family goals. Based on this information, what phase in the mate selection process are they in?

A) Phase I
B) Phase II
C) Phase III
D) Phase IV

Question 36

Which behavior most determines whether an initial attraction between two people will move into a deeper attraction?

A) The couple take a vacation together.
B) The couple disclose information about themselves that reveals basic similarities.
C) The couple argue over values.
D) The couple begin to date other people.

Question 37

Robert and Nanda are a cohabiting couple that belongs to a social group made up exclusively of other cohabiting couples. Twenty years ago, their group size would have been __________.

A) larger
B) smaller
C) the same size
D) unmeasurable

Question 38

Which factor is least likely to influence the original attraction to a partner in Phase I of the mate selection process?

A) Opportunity for interactions
B) Physical attractiveness
C) Valued behaviors
D) Role compatibility

Question 39

In Phase III of the mate selection process, the discovery of ______ and ______ give the couple a sense that their relationship has a life of its own.

A) parental support; basic similarities
B) career compatibility; feelings of rapport
C) basic differences; sexual preferences
D) role compatibility; empathy

Question 40

Which of the following is TRUE of Heuveline and Timberlake's cross-national comparison of cohabitation?

A) It found a single type of cohabiting relationship.
B) It found similar patterns of cohabitation in most countries.
C) It found six types of cohabiting relationships.
D) It found that cohabitation was never a stage in the marriage process.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is considered a benefit of a dual-earner marriage?

A) Partners share more of the traditionally female household tasks.
B) Partners are in greater conflict and develop greater intimacy.
C) Partners are more fully integrated into support systems based on multiple roles.
D) One partner encourages the other to move often from one city to the next to improve the couple's employment situation.

Question 42

Wilson and Juanita are both employed and have recently married. Based on the text readings about marital adjustment, what assumptions will they need to re-examine?

A) The division of labor in the family
B) Occupational hazards
C) Mutuality in the relationship
D) The social clock

Question 43

What does data about divorce suggest?

A) That the median length of marriage is 18 years
B) That divorce is equally likely throughout the first 15 years of marriage
C) That the probability of divorce is highest during the first years of marriage
D) That the probability of divorce is lowest between 2 and 4 years after marriage

Question 44

The advantages of the dual-earner, multiple-role lifestyle can be offset when one or both partners experience

A) role overload.
B) role enactment.
C) ambivalence.
D) role stagnation.

Question 45

In a study of four decades of trends associated with having children, in the 1980s and 1990s people viewed childbearing

A) as more of an obligation than an option.
B) as more of an option than an obligation.
C) with decreasing value.
D) as a moral imperative.

Question 46

The style of interaction in which the probability of a negative remark will be followed by another negative remark as the conversation continues is called

A) contactful interaction.
B) coercive escalation.
C) consensus seeking.
D) conventional interaction.

Question 47

Which factor is LEAST likely to be associated with high levels of satisfaction in marriage?

A) Frequent, pleasurable interaction
B) High degree of disclosure
C) Agreeing not to have conflicts
D) High levels of disclosure reciprocity

Question 48

In research comparing gay and lesbian couples, which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) Lesbian couples have higher rates of satisfaction.
B) Gay and lesbian couples have different approaches to conflict resolution.
C) Gay couples are more stable.
D) Lesbian couples received greater support from their social network.

Question 49

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the adjustment process in the early years of marriage?

A) Usually, it is the number of demands rather than any single one that makes the adjustment process so difficult.
B) The greatest source of tension in the early years of marriage is a result of the testing of the psychological commitment of each of the partners by the other.
C) As a result of the blissful nature of the courtship process and good preparation in anticipating problems, adults find that the early years of marriage are relatively stress free.
D) Young adults are not able to respond very well to problems because they are less aware of problems in marriage than middle-aged or older married adults.

Question 50

Compared to her heterosexual friends Jenna and Margot, Janice, who is in a lesbian relationship, is more likely to report

A) greater satisfaction with her sexual activity.
B) greater dissatisfaction with inequalities in the relationship.
C) greater satisfaction with their sexual activity and greater dissatisfaction with relationship inequalities.
D) none of these.

Question 51

The first few years of a committed relationship involve a process of

A) intersubjectivity.
B) intersubjectivity.
C) conflict resolution.
D) generativity versus stagnation.

Question 52

Which of the following is most accurate concerning differences in the communication styles of men and women?

A) Women value the skills of being a good storyteller.
B) Men desire a degree of closeness that is not typically reciprocated by women.
C) Women tend to want to talk things out so everyone feels comfortable.
D) Men are more comfortable with escalating conflict.

Question 53

Childbearing is considered a developmental task associated with what life stage?

A) Later adolescence
B) Early adulthood
C) Middle adulthood
D) Later adulthood

Question 54

A consensual union is considered a(n)

A) uncommitted relationship.
B) type of informal marriage.
C) self-actualization process.
D) original attraction.

Question 55

According to research, which couple would BEST be able to maintain their relationship quality in the face of economic distress?

A) Kevin and Marcy, who both work
B) Fernanda and Richard, who report the greatest satisfaction with their sexual relationship
C) Bobby and Ralene, who have supportive family and friends
D) Nancy and Paul, who exhibit cooperative, mutually respectful problem-solving strategies

Question 56

Of the four types of communication styles, what style do husbands and wives agree is most desirable?

A) Controlling
B) Conventional
C) Speculative
D) Contactful

Question 57

To whom do gay and lesbian couples most often turn to validate and encourage their relationships?

A) Parents
B) Siblings
C) Extended family members
D) Other members of the gay and lesbian community

Question 58

Among the Gusii tribe in Kenya, the goal of reproduction is to

A) have only daughters.
B) remain barren until just before menopause.
C) capture the spirit of deceased great grandparents in the newborns.
D) have children as frequently as possible.

Question 59

Wendy belongs to a support group of 100 married women, all who have children under the age of six. Approximately how many of these women are in the labor force?

A) 83
B) 62
C) 35
D) 17

Question 60

For gay and lesbian couples, what is the association between the couples' satisfaction with each other and the extent to which they are "out" to family members?

A) Couples who are "out" are less satisfied with their relationship.
B) Couples who are "out" are more satisfied with their relationship.
C) Gay couples are less satisfied and lesbian couples are more satisfied when they are "out" to their families.
D) There is no systematic association between a couple's satisfaction with their relationship and being "out" to their family members.

Question 61

Which of the following is considered a characteristic of chronically lonely people?

A) They do not value social relationships.
B) They overestimate their popularity.
C) They expect social interactions to result in negative outcomes.
D) They have unusually high levels of social communication skills.

Question 62

Which of the following is most likely to occur after the birth of Liam and Daniela's first child?

A) Their monetary resources will increase.
B) They will have greater sexual intimacy.
C) They will spend less time in leisure activities for just the two of them.
D) They will spend more time in leisure activities for just the two of them.

Question 63

When workers are organized into teams, ______ .

A) a competitive orientation is likely to be fostered
B) intergroup relations tend to be trusting
C) individual relations tend to be less trusting
D) bullying is more likely to occur

Question 64

The tempo of activity, the balance of work and leisure, and the establishment of social relationships are all components of

A) lifestyle.
B) occupational commitment.
C) extrinsic rewards.
D) authority relations.

Question 65

What is the biggest challenge in an individual's transition from the welfare system?

A) Finding a job with a salary that meets basic living expenses
B) Being motivated to find a job
C) Being willing to take any position that is offered
D) All of these

Question 66

In research that examined adaptation to the transition to parenthood, Belsky and Rovine found that

A) marital quality declined for all couples.
B) marital quality improved for all couples.
C) there were four patterns of change in marital quality.
D) the birth did not influence marital quality.

Question 67

A tenuous personal identity is likely to stand in the way of achieving

A) intimacy.
B) isolation.
C) industry.
D) inferiority.

Question 68

The negative pole of the psychosocial crisis of early adulthood is

A) integrity.
B) intimacy.
C) isolation.
D) inferiority.

Question 69

In Crouter and Manke's analysis of dual-earner couples, which lifestyle experienced the greatest amount of role overload?

A) Low-stress couples
B) High-status couples
C) Main-secondary couples
D) Family devotion couples

Question 70

Which of the following best describes voluntarily child-free couples?

A) Mostly live in rural areas
B) Strong religious affiliation
C) Less than four years of college education
D) High level of personal autonomy

Question 71

Men who entered fatherhood at a later age (after 30), when compared to young and on-time fathers, were considered

A) less involved with their children.
B) more critical of their children.
C) regretful about having remained childless for so long.
D) more involved in parenthood.

Question 72

Emma has never felt comfortable in close relationships. She tries to develop close relationships, but finds it difficult to trust others. What type of attachment style best describes Emma?

A) Secure
B) Preoccupied
C) Dismissing avoidant
D) Fearful avoidant

Question 73

Which statement about couples who decide to remain childless is most accurate?

A) They are increasingly common in the U.S. and other industrialized nations.
B) They have a high need for social support from friends.
C) They are more traditional and less flexible than individuals who have children.
D) They tend to use the contactful style of interaction more than couples with children.

Question 74

According to the metaphor of a three-dimensional space to describe lifestyle, the dimensions of depth stand for  ______.

A) where a person is on a developmental continuum
B) the "busyness" of life
C) a congruence with career stages
D) a sense of purpose and meaning

Question 75

Since Freda and Manuel had high levels of conflict before their baby's birth, what is likely to occur after their baby's birth?

A) The level of conflict is likely to decrease.
B) The level of conflict is likely to increase.
C) They are likely to get divorced after the baby's birth.
D) They tend to go into marriage counseling.

Question 76

Which category is LEAST associated with the feelings of loneliness?

A) Transient
B) Situational
C) Chronic
D) Nonverbal

Question 77

Exposure to air pollution, contagious diseases, or dangerous chemicals are considered examples of

A) work-family conflicts.
B) occupational hazards.
C) outcomes of work-related burnout.
D) side-effects of authority relations with co-workers.

Question 78

The ability to experience an open, supportive, tender relationship with another person without fear of losing one's identity is called

A) intimacy.
B) isolation.
C) generativity.
D) stagnation.

Question 79

According to Kram's model, in the early career phase, a person's concerns tend to focus on which of the following questions?

A) What can I commit myself to outside of my career that will be meaningful?
B) How involved and committed to the organization do I want to become?
C) What can I commit to if the goal of advancement no longer exists?
D) How can I let go of my involvement in the work role?

Question 80

Characteristics of lifestyle are based on the interaction of

A) authority relations, contactful communication, and controlling communication.
B) intimate relationships, parenting, and career choice.
C) concerns about self in early, middle, and late career.
D) isolation, marital adjustment, and societal expectations.