Deck 3: Anatomy for Nutritions Sakespotlight: Gut Feelings--Common Digestive Problems

Question 1

All the food from the stomach is gradually pushed into the small intestine.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

______ protects the lining of the digestive tract from gastric juices and digestive enzymes.

A) Bile
B) Ptyalin
C) Chyme
D) Bicarbonate
E) Mucus

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The stomach is the digestive organ where digestion of ____ is initiated thanks to hydrochloric acid.

A) vitamin B12
B) lactose
C) insoluble fiber
D) protein
E) soluble fiber

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract-also called the digestive tract-and the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

Question 5

Essential nutrients are synthesized by the body in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs.

Question 6

Food entering the stomach from the esophagus triggers peristalsis in the stomach.

Question 7

Peristalsis is stimulated by the presence of both fiber and fat.

Question 8

The colon has the same type of mixing and peristaltic movements as in other sections of the digestive tract, but they occur more frequently.

Question 9

Our energy intake and expenditure is similar to that of our ancestors from 10,000 years ago.

Question 10

Digestion begins in the esophagus.

Question 11

Chyme must touch the walls of the small intestine to be absorbed at the proper places.

Question 12

Cholesterol and bile pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin are excreted in bile.

Question 13

Nearly all of our metabolism and physiology are the same as that of our ancestors who lived more than 10,000 years ago.

Question 14

Heartburn is caused by which due to which sphincter muscles opening up and releasing acidic contents into the esophagus.

A) Ileocecal valve
B) Lower esophageal sphincter
C) Upper esophageal sphincter
D) Pyloric sphincter
E) Rectum

Question 15

The majority of the world's population experiences issues digesting lactose or lactose intolerance.

Question 16

Hunger is controlled by involuntary mechanisms.

Question 17

The large intestine is the same diameter as the small intestine but longer in length.

Question 18

Constipation is defined as not having a bowel movement daily.

Question 19

Bones provide reserves of calcium, sodium, and other minerals that can be drawn on to keep blood levels constant and to meet cellular demands.

Question 20

Physical digestion of fiber begins in the mouth.

Question 21

Susan had her gallbladder removed. What substance would Susan's body normally store in this organ?

A) Amylase
B) Bile
C) Bicarbonate
D) Water
E) Glycogen

Question 22

The goal during digestion is to break carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids down into smaller units, including ____.

A) amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose
B) glycerol, protein, and glucose
C) fatty acids, amino acids, and pepsin
D) amino acids, fiber, and glycerol
E) glucose, pepsin, and cholesterol

Question 23

What substances are normally present in feces?

A) Water, red blood cells, fiber, and bacteria
B) Fiber, water, bicarbonate, and bile
C) Bacteria, water, hydrochloric acid, and fiber
D) Fiber, maltase, water, and bacteria
E) Water, bile pigments, fiber, and bacteria

Question 24

Approximately how long does it take for a meal to empty from the stomach?

A) One hour
B) Two hours
C) Four hours
D) Six hours
E) Eight hours

Question 25

When present in the small intestine, ____ stimulates peristalsis.

A) protein
B) fiber
C) vitamins
D) starch
E) fat

Question 26

Joe finds himself troubled with gas after eating certain foods. The quantity and quality of intestinal gas is related to the types of food eaten and ____.

A) the characteristics of intestinal bacteria
B) the amount of water in the large intestine
C) the amount of food eaten
D) the quantity of vitamin K in the large intestine
E) the amount of bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas

Question 27

What is the main site of digestion and absorption of nutrients?

A) Mouth
B) Stomach
C) Small intestine
D) Large intestine
E) liver

Question 28

What substance neutralizes the acidic chyme once it enters the small intestine?

A) Amylase
B) Pepsin
C) Bile
D) Bicarbonate
E) Glycogen

Question 29

What chemical stimulates the gallbladder to send bile into the small intestine?

A) Cholecystokinin
B) Bicarbonate
C) Lycopene
D) Linoleic acid
E) Hydrochloric acid

Question 30

What secretion is responsible for neutralizing acid from the stomach in the small intestine?

A) Mucus
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Intrinsic factor
D) Bicarbonate
E) Bile

Question 31

What structure controls the flow of chyme into the small intestine?

A) Lower esophageal sphincter
B) Pyloric sphincter
C) Ileocecal valve
D) Oral cavity
E) Cortex

Question 32

Joe is taking a nutrition course and learns that the galactose in his milk ends up as glucose. Where does this conversion take place?

A) Brain
B) Liver
C) Gallbladder
D) Appendix
E) Pancreas

Question 33

Amino acids cannot be altered or used in the liver to form ____.

A) glucose
B) fat
C) insoluble fiber
D) another amino acid
E) lipoprotein

Question 34

Glycogen provides the body with glucose when ____.

A) excess calories are eaten
B) a high-carbohydrate meal is consumed
C) glucose absorbed from ingested foods is depleted
D) a person has type 1 diabetes
E) the fat content of a person's diet is elevated

Question 35

By the time the digested mixture reaches the end of the small intestine, little is left but water, indigestible residue, and ____.

A) minerals
B) glucose
C) amino acids
D) vitamins
E) fat

Question 36

What body chemical is an emulsifier?

A) Amino acids
B) Bile
C) Amylase
D) Bicarbonate
E) Hydrochloric acid

Question 37

All nutrients leaving the digestive system by way of the blood are taken to the ____.

A) pancreas
B) large intestine
C) liver
D) gallbladder
E) stomach

Question 38

What is an endocrine function of the pancreas?

A) Secreting enzymes that break down proteins
B) Secreting bicarbonate
C) Secreting amylase
D) Secreting insulin
E) Secreting bile

Question 39

Excess glucose in the body can be stored as ____.

A) insulin
B) amino acids
C) lipoproteins
D) fat and glycogen
E) cholesterol and glucagon

Question 40

What conversion represents a catabolic reaction?

A) Glucose to glycogen
B) Amino acids to protein
C) Fatty acids and glycerol to triglycerides
D) Glycogen to glucose
E) Glucose to protein

Question 41

How can one prevent hemorrhoids from developing or recurring?

A) Eating more fiber and drinking more water
B) Taking 10-minute baths in warm water several times a day
C) Avoiding gas-producing foods (as determined by trial and error)
D) Applying over-the-counter hemorrhoid cream to the affected area
E) Taking a small dose of laxatives on a daily basis

Question 42

Vignette #1 Sue and Juan are newlyweds, and Sue is taking a nutrition course at the local college. She wants to apply the principles that she has learned. Juan is currently a bit overweight and rarely eats a balanced diet. Sue notices that he usually has gas after meals, especially when dairy is present. Lately, he has also been complaining about constipation. Let's see what you can do to assist Sue in her efforts to analyze Juan's digestive problems.
To help Juan with his constipation, which action is only advised after other measures have failed?

A) Take a laxative after consulting a physician.
B) Eat bran cereal for breakfast and more vegetables throughout the day.
C) Drink more fluids.
D) Take a walk at lunchtime and after work every day.
E) Pay attention to the urge to have a bowel movement.

Question 43

During the process of digestion, where in the body does chyme form?

A) In the esophagus
B) In the small intestine
C) In the colon
D) In the liver
E) In the stomach

Question 44

Vignette #1 Sue and Juan are newlyweds, and Sue is taking a nutrition course at the local college. She wants to apply the principles that she has learned. Juan is currently a bit overweight and rarely eats a balanced diet. Sue notices that he usually has gas after meals, especially when dairy is present. Lately, he has also been complaining about constipation. Let's see what you can do to assist Sue in her efforts to analyze Juan's digestive problems.
Juan is unsure about topics surrounding gas in the digestive system. What statement about gas is correct?

A) Gas from swallowed air has a bad odor.
B) Belched gas leaves through the rectum.
C) The average adult passes gas twice a day.
D) Some gas is produced by the bacteria that live in our colon.
E) Gas produced due to lactose maldigestion is typically accompanied by constipation.

Question 45

What is the circular muscle surrounding the lower end of the small intestine that controls the exodus of small intestine contents?

A) Pylorus
B) Gastric sphincter
C) Lower esophageal sphincter
D) Ileocecal valve
E) External sphincter

Question 46

Following digestion, what nutrients are first carried in the lymph?

A) Protein and products of fat digestion
B) Fat-soluble vitamins and minerals
C) Water-soluble vitamins and protein
D) Products of fat digestion and fat-soluble vitamins
E) Water and minerals

Question 47

Hemorrhoids are ____.

A) a life-threatening complication of constipation
B) relatively rare in the U.S. adult population
C) patches of itchy, irritated skin around the anus
D) swollen and inflamed veins around the anus
E) seldom experienced during pregnancy

Question 48

Vignette #1 Sue and Juan are newlyweds, and Sue is taking a nutrition course at the local college. She wants to apply the principles that she has learned. Juan is currently a bit overweight and rarely eats a balanced diet. Sue notices that he usually has gas after meals, especially when dairy is present. Lately, he has also been complaining about constipation. Let's see what you can do to assist Sue in her efforts to analyze Juan's digestive problems.
Sue is planning a meal for Juan and wants to avoid any foods that are associated with causing gas. What food would you recommend to her that she omit from the meal?

A) Enriched white bread
B) Soda crackers
C) Cabbage
D) Strawberries
E) White rice

Question 49

What enzyme present in the mouth is responsible for converting starch into small polysaccharides?

A) Amylase
B) Maltase
C) Lactase
D) Polypeptidase
E) Lipase

Question 50

When the body does not require immediate energy, the end-products of digestion are stored as ____.

A) protein and fat
B) fat and amino acids
C) glycogen and glucose
D) enzymes and glycogen
E) fat and glycogen

Question 51

Joe is eating a peanut butter and jelly sandwich on whole-wheat bread. The chemical digestion of what nutrient in his sandwich is started in his mouth?

A) The fat in the peanut butter
B) The fiber in the peanut butter
C) The vitamins in the bread
D) The starch in the bread
E) The protein in the bread and in the peanut butter

Question 52

Vitamin B12 requires what secretion in order to be absorbed?

A) Amylase
B) Insulin
C) Intrinsic factor
D) Cholecystokinin
E) Hydrochloric acid

Question 53

One reason the stomach's hydrochloric acid is important is that it ____.

A) synthesizes absorbable vitamin K
B) kills bacteria
C) breaks down and absorbs fat-soluble vitamins
D) facilitates the action of amylase
E) produces bile to emulsify fat particles

Question 54

The volume of an empty stomach is about ____, but its capacity can increase to about ____ after eating or drinking.

A) 1/2 cup; 2 cups
B) 1 ounce; 1½ liters
C) 1½ ounces; 1 liter
D) 1/2 liter; 1½ liters
E) 3 ounces; 3 cups

Question 55

What organs are the accessory organs of digestion?

A) Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
B) Liver, rectum, and appendix
C) Colon, appendix, and gallbladder
D) Pancreas, esophagus, and salivary glands
E) Appendix, pancreas, and large intestine

Question 56

What task is a major function of the stomach?

A) Producing emulsifiers
B) Producing chyme
C) Hosting bacteria that produce vitamin K
D) Creating a food bolus
E) Dismantling carbohydrates

Question 57

How does the type of food eaten influence stomach emptying rate?

A) The type of food has virtually no impact on the stomach emptying rate.
B) Solids pass through the stomach more quickly than liquids.
C) Proteins pass through the stomach more slowly than fats.
D) Carbohydrates pass through the stomach more quickly than proteins.
E) Fats pass through the stomach more quickly than carbohydrates.

Question 58

Which characteristics most accurately depict our ancestors' diets and lifestyles?

A) They drank more milk than we do and were more active.
B) They ate less fiber than we do and were less active.
C) They ate less saturated fat than we do and were more active.
D) They ate more fruits and vegetables than we do and were less active.
E) They ate proportionately less meat than we do and were more active.

Question 59

What nutrients are carried initially in the lymphatic system after absorption through the small intestine?

A) Glucose and fructose
B) Water-soluble vitamins
C) Fat-soluble vitamins
D) Minerals
E) Amino acids

Question 60

The ____ produces bile and the ____ stores it.

A) gallbladder; colon
B) stomach; liver
C) small intestine; large intestine
D) pancreas; gallbladder
E) liver; gallbladder

Question 61

Vignette #2 Maggie is a 34-year-old mother of two children. She was told by her physician that she needs her gallbladder removed. Maggie panics and calls her mother saying, "Mom, I can't believe this!!! How am I going to live without my gallbladder? You have to have a gallbladder to survive, and the doctor wants to remove it!" Her mother tells her to calm down and that an individual cannot live without a liver but can live without a gallbladder,
After Maggie's gallbladder has been removed, what nutrient might she have difficulty digesting?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Fat
C) Protein
D) Vitamins
E) Minerals

Question 62

The ________ protects the esophagus from stomach acid splashing back into the esophagus.

A) epiglottis
B) pyloric sphincter
C) ileocecal valve
D) lower esophageal spincter
E) appendix

Question 63

Vignette #1 Sue and Juan are newlyweds, and Sue is taking a nutrition course at the local college. She wants to apply the principles that she has learned. Juan is currently a bit overweight and rarely eats a balanced diet. Sue notices that he usually has gas after meals, especially when dairy is present. Lately, he has also been complaining about constipation. Let's see what you can do to assist Sue in her efforts to analyze Juan's digestive problems.
Why might Juan have gas after eating dairy products?

A) He eats dairy products with vegetables at the same meal.
B) Bacteria in his colon digest the lactose, producing gas.
C) The lactose from the milk remains in his stomach and creates gas.
D) His body does not make enough sucrase to digest the dairy sugar.
E) His body produces too much lactase, resulting in gas formation.

Question 64

_____ is digested to glucose and fructose in the stomach.

A) Galactose
B) Maltose
C) Lactose
D) Sucrose
E) Soluble fiber

Question 65

The ________ has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

A) small intestine
B) pancreas
C) liver
D) appendix
E) gallbladder

Question 66

Vignette #2 Maggie is a 34-year-old mother of two children. She was told by her physician that she needs her gallbladder removed. Maggie panics and calls her mother saying, "Mom, I can't believe this!!! How am I going to live without my gallbladder? You have to have a gallbladder to survive, and the doctor wants to remove it!" Her mother tells her to calm down and that an individual cannot live without a liver but can live without a gallbladder,
What is the main role of the gallbladder?

A) Digesting starch
B) Storing bile until needed
C) Controlling the emptying of the stomach
D) Sending digestive enzymes to the small intestine
E) Producing bile

Question 67

Nutrients that leave the digestive tract by way of lymph are packaged as _________ that circulate throughout the body, allowing cells to withdraw fats from them.

A) hormones
B) chylomicrons
C) glycogen
D) fat-soluble vitamins
E) bile

Question 68

Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the _______.

A) stomach
B) esophagus
C) mouth
D) small intestine
E) pancreas

Question 69

Vignette #1 Sue and Juan are newlyweds, and Sue is taking a nutrition course at the local college. She wants to apply the principles that she has learned. Juan is currently a bit overweight and rarely eats a balanced diet. Sue notices that he usually has gas after meals, especially when dairy is present. Lately, he has also been complaining about constipation. Let's see what you can do to assist Sue in her efforts to analyze Juan's digestive problems.
Juan frequently acquires the hiccups. What is a common cause for this ailment?

A) Swallowing air
B) Sphincter muscle spasms
C) Eating beans and cruciferous vegetables
D) Drinking hot beverages
E) Consuming a glass of wine

Question 70

________are blood vessels that carry nutrient-rich blood from the heart throughout the body to the tissues.

A) Capillaries
B) Veins
C) Arteries
D) Lipoproteins
E) Metabolic pathways

Question 71

Vignette #2 Maggie is a 34-year-old mother of two children. She was told by her physician that she needs her gallbladder removed. Maggie panics and calls her mother saying, "Mom, I can't believe this!!! How am I going to live without my gallbladder? You have to have a gallbladder to survive, and the doctor wants to remove it!" Her mother tells her to calm down and that an individual cannot live without a liver but can live without a gallbladder,
Where in the digestive process does bile aid with digestion?

A) In the mouth
B) In the stomach
C) In the small intestine
D) In the rectum
E) In the appendix

Question 72

Bile salts play a role in absorption of __________.

A) water-soluble vitamins
B) fat-soluble vitamins
C) minerals
D) water
E) fiber

Question 73

Once food is mixed into a semi-liquid blend in the stomach, it is called _____.

A) chyme
B) gastric secretions
C) bolus
D) indigestible residue
E) partially digested food

Question 74

________are due to spasms in the muscle at the base of the lungs.

A) Hiccups
B) Choking
C) Heartburn
D) Gas
E) Hemorroids

Question 75

The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract wall is called the ______.

A) mucosa
B) jejunum
C) mesentery
D) ileum
E) villi

Question 76

Entry of chyme into the small intestine is controlled by the _________.

A) sphincter of Oddi
B) cardiac sphincter
C) pyloric sphincter
D) lower esophageal spincter
E) ileocecal valve

Question 77

Vignette #2 Maggie is a 34-year-old mother of two children. She was told by her physician that she needs her gallbladder removed. Maggie panics and calls her mother saying, "Mom, I can't believe this!!! How am I going to live without my gallbladder? You have to have a gallbladder to survive, and the doctor wants to remove it!" Her mother tells her to calm down and that an individual cannot live without a liver but can live without a gallbladder,
Bile empties from the gall bladder into the ____.

A) pancreas
B) liver
C) duodenum
D) hepatic duct
E) jejunum

Question 78

Vignette #2 Maggie is a 34-year-old mother of two children. She was told by her physician that she needs her gallbladder removed. Maggie panics and calls her mother saying, "Mom, I can't believe this!!! How am I going to live without my gallbladder? You have to have a gallbladder to survive, and the doctor wants to remove it!" Her mother tells her to calm down and that an individual cannot live without a liver but can live without a gallbladder,
Where in the digestive process does bile aid with digestion?

A) In the mouth
B) In the stomach
C) In the small intestine
D) In the rectum
E) In the appendix

Question 79

Intrinsic factor in the stomach aids in the absorption of ______.

A) iron
B) folate
C) vitamin B12
D) vitamin B6
E) potassium

Question 80

In addition to digestive functions, the _____ is responsible for filtering bacteria and other particles from the blood.

A) small intestine
B) pancreas
C) liver
D) appendix
E) gallbladder