Deck 14: The Age of the Reformation

Question 1

Define the following terms: Reformation

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Define the following terms: Henry VIII

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Define the following terms: Michael Severtus

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Define the following terms: Martin Luther

Question 5

Define the following terms: Ockham's razor

Question 6

Define the following terms: Augsburg Confession

Question 7

Define the following terms: justification by faith

Question 8

Define the following terms: Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life

Question 9

Define the following terms: Peace of Augsburg

Question 10

Define the following terms: Anabaptists

Question 11

Define the following terms: Corpus Christi

Question 12

Define the following terms: sola scriptura

Question 13

Define the following terms: Huldrych Zwingli

Question 14

Define the following terms: iconoclast

Question 15

Define the following terms: Charles V

Question 16

Define the following terms: John Calvin

Question 17

Define the following terms: Kingdom of Righteousness

Question 18

Define the following terms: indulgences

Question 19

Define the following terms: Evangelical

Question 20

Define the following terms: Act of Supremacy

Question 21

Define the following terms: Elizabeth I

Question 22

Define the following terms: Saint Teresa of Avila

Question 23

Define the following terms: J. S. Bach

Question 24

How did the religious ideas of Zwingli differ from those of Luther? What consequences did they have?

Question 25

What were some of the distinctive ideas of John Calvin, and what attitude toward business activity did they tend to foster?

Question 26

Explain Luther's break with the Catholic Church and his construction of an alternative Christian church.

Question 27

Discuss the reign of Charles V and the main challenges he had to face. How did he deal with each of his major problems?

Question 28

Define the following terms: Council of Trent

Question 29

Define the following terms: Book of Common Prayer

Question 30

Survey the spread of the Reformation to France, eastern Europe, and Scandinavia.

Question 31

Explain the state of Western Christianity on the eve of the Reformation.

Question 32

Define the following terms: Palestrina

Question 33

Define the following terms: Society of Jesus

Question 34

Define the following terms: Unitarian

Question 35

Summarize the course of the Reformation in England, from the matrimonial problems of Henry VIII to the imposition of Protestantism in its Anglican form by Elizabeth.

Question 36

Discuss the development of Anabaptism and its major figures. What was revolutionary about it?

Question 37

Define the following terms: Saint Filippo Neri

Question 38

Define the following terms: Anglican Church

Question 39

Define the following terms: Saint Ignatius Loyola

Question 40

Define the following terms: Index of Prohibited Books

Question 41

In the chapter feature, "The Written Record: Martin Luther's Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nations," which of the following is not one of his criticisms?

A) Separation of temporal and spiritual states was created for the benefit of the church alone.
B) True Christians are not judged or made by shaving heads, special garb, or other Christian acts.
C) Only the pope is the master of the Holy Scriptures
D) The priest in Christendom is merely an office holder.
E) Christians in good faith have the ability to judge what is right or wrong in matters of faith

Question 42

Discuss the career of Saint Ignatius Loyola and the work of the Jesuits, including their contribution to Catholic reform.

Question 43

Which of the following was fundamental to the religious reform movement of the Reformation?

A) Emphasis was placed on the community of worshippers.
B) Individual belief replaced religious participation.
C) Correct doctrine and orderliness in personal behavior was pursued.
D) State power was the source of religious reform.
E) Inquisitions were organized in the pursuit of reform.

Question 44

Luther rejected Catholic teaching on

A) the Ten Commandments.
B) the priesthood and the interpretation of Scripture.
C) economics.
D) education.
E) purgatory.

Question 45

All of the following are true of the German peasants' revolt except that

A) the peasants argued against taxes and tithes because they were not mentioned in the Bible.
B) hundreds of thousands of people took part in violent revolts against their overlords.
C) Luther at first was sympathetic to the peasants, and then urged their destruction as "mad dogs."
D) peasants came to hate the preachers for not supporting them.
E) Luther supported the peasants to the end.

Question 46

All of the following are true of the Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life except that

A) they were a sect of flagellants that organized following the Black Death.
B) they were founded by Geert Groote.
C) they copied books and taught in schools.
D) their style of spirituality, the devotio moderna , is embodied by Thomas à Kempis's The Imitation of Christ .
E) they advocated strict control by clerical authorities and broad participation by the laity.

Question 47

Referring to the chapter feature, "The Written Record: Martin Luther's Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nations," what were Luther's concerns with the power of actions of Rome and the papacy?

Question 48

The fate of Servetus in Calvin's Geneva shows that reformers

A) strictly followed Jesus' imperative not to judge others.
B) believed that open dialogue could resolve religious differences.
C) could ruthlessly execute other reformers with whom they disagreed.
D) exceeded Catholics in piety, meekness, and charity toward others.
E) would not follow Calvin's plea for religious tolerance.

Question 49

Referring to El Greco's The Burial of the Count de Orgaz , how does the painting express the Christian understanding of death?

A) There is no need for a clergy to assist the soul to heaven as he must have lived a good life.
B) The body lies on a podium without any religious symbols.
C) There are no symbols from heaven, meaning the soul is now alone as it rises into heaven.
D) The knight's spirit is seen in a submissive pose in the background as it leaves it earthly realm.
E) Important saints are symbolically acting on the soul's admission into heaven.

Question 50

Pope Leo X and Emperor Charles V

A) adopted Luther's ideas with growing enthusiasm.
B) encouraged Luther to continue to teach.
C) criticized Luther's enemies.
D) excommunicated Luther and placed him under imperial ban.
E) took opposing positions in regard to Luther and his Theses .

Question 51

Religious brotherhoods

A) were predominately a rural practice.
B) excluded banks and guilds
C) prohibited public displays.
D) required peaceful and charitable relations with fellow members.
E) did not have any formalized religious schedules or attendance policies.

Question 52

Explain the confessionalization of religion during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation.

Question 53

Unlike Luther, Zwingli believed

A) that no religious change was necessary.
B) all the teachings of the Catholic Church.
C) that Christ was only spiritually, and not physically, present in Holy Communion.
D) that religious practices should be reformed according to the Bible.
E) that town governments should take the lead in reforming a community.

Question 54

The feast of Corpus Christi honors

A) the resurrection of Christ.
B) leaders of civic associations.
C) the body and blood of Christ in the Holy Eucharist.
D) the assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
E) those who relinquish material possessions as a sign of dedication to their faith.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) Luther believed that the cycle of sin, confession, contrition, and penance was too harsh.
B) According to Luther, one is saved only by grace.
C) Luther felt that all believers are priests.
D) According to Luther, penance or charitable acts were not considered important to God.
E) God disregarded faith as entrance into heaven

Question 56

In the late Middle Ages

A) some women with a reputation for sanctity exercised a profound moral authority in society.
B) convents probably outnumbered monasteries.
C) independent communities of religious women, the Beguines, were suspected of heresy.
D) moralists denounced the dumping of women into convents.
E) All of these

Question 57

Referring to the chapter feature, "The Visual Record: A Reformation Woodcut," how is the image of the wife and women not depicted?

A) Overall, the woodcut symbolizes the social, religious, and political turmoil of the time.
B) The woodcut as a whole emphasizes the fears by many who saw women as potentially rebellious.
C) Henpecked husbands were shown doing womanly chores.
D) Symbolically, a religious figure is seen giving special power to the man.
E) Women were depicted carrying purses, swords, and her husband's pants.

Question 58

The founder of the Reformation, Martin Luther, originally was

A) a famous Catholic cardinal.
B) an obscure German theology professor deeply troubled about his own salvation.
C) the author of The Institutes of the Christian Religion , confident of his own "election."
D) a revolutionary Anabaptist.
E) a former knight-soldier.

Question 59

Survey the main elements of the Catholic reform movement, the long tradition of moral reform, the new religious orders, mysticism, the development of the baroque, and the importance of the Council of Trent.

Question 60

Among the differences between Luther and Calvin was the latter's conviction that

A) salvation comes through God's grace, but it is part of progressive sanctification.
B) progressive sanctification exists and requires government enforcement.
C) freedom of the Christian meant freedom from all social, political, and economic constraints.
D) human nature is evil at birth.
E) outward religious behavior of individuals and communities was not evidence of justification.

Question 61

Hardening denominational divisions became apparent

A) in the Catholic development of a new exuberant artistic style, the baroque.
B) in the elimination of all art from Reformed (Calvinist) churches.
C) in the emphasis on congregational singing and the preservation of statuary in Lutheran churches.
D) with the use of bread and wine during Holy Communion passing from Catholic to Protestant.
E) All of these

Question 62

On the eve of the Reformation

A) Catholics had no interest in correcting abuses in the church.
B) the popes opposed all suggestions for reforms.
C) there was real confusion about what Luther had meant.
D) no new religious orders had been founded for centuries.
E) little had changed religiously since the Middle Ages.

Question 63

Which of the following best describes the religious situation in France in the mid-sixteenth century?

A) The stage was set for destructive factional struggles over religion and political power.
B) Protestantism was making significant gains on all levels of French society.
C) Religious concessions in the Middle Ages had led to nearly complete secularization of French society.
D) There were growing demands to return the papacy to Avignon.
E) German and English Calvinists threatened France.

Question 64

In their treatment of the internal lives of individuals, the Catholic and Protestant Churches

A) differed radically; only Protestant churches were concerned with the internal life of the individual.
B) differed radically; Protestants affirmed the total freedom of the individual from outside control.
C) were quite similar; for both the internal life of the individual became a religious concern regulated by the government.
D) were quite similar; in both cases, sins of passion, such as sex and gluttony, became less serious than greed and usury.
E) introduced private confessionals, which allowed confessors to instruct individuals

Question 65

Initially dubbed "defender of the faith" for his hostility to Luther, Henry VIII finally broke with the Catholic Church because

A) his wife, Catherine, wanted an annulment so she could marry someone else.
B) he became a convinced Lutheran.
C) the pope excommunicated him for adultery.
D) he was determined to remarry despite papal refusal for an annulment.
E) of his political problems with the Holy Roman emperor, Charles V.

Question 66

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. On Map 14.2, locate Brandenburg. In what city did Luther first come to prominence? Where was the final settlement with Charles V made?

Question 67

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, both Catholicism and Protestantism

A) changed the nature of Christianity and its place in public life from what it had been in the Middle Ages.
B) became more concerned with the personal than with the communal.
C) developed increasingly precise and rigid doctrines.
D) represented a broad cultural movement in both traditional values and reform movements.
E) All of these

Question 68

The Anabaptist movement included

A) mandatory adult baptism.
B) a rejection of "the Abomination," that is, unreformed civil society.
C) the abolition of property and the practice of polygamy in the establishment of a "Kingdom of Righteousness."
D) many who felt that Christians should separate themselves into communities of the truly redeemed.
E) All of these

Question 69

Which of the following was not a challenge facing Emperor Charles V as he attempted to create a universal empire?

A) Spanish rebellion against foreign officials appointed by Charles V
B) The state of German religious reforms
C) Direct conflict with the Valois kings of France
D) The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
E) Attacks from the Turks

Question 70

After prolonged conflict and war, the Peace of Augsburg (1555)

A) allowed sovereign princes to choose the religion for their territories.
B) ordered princes to prohibit Jews into their territories.
C) legally recognized reform churches of Zwingli and Calvin.
D) gave the pope the final word as to religion in Germany.
E) did not allow reference to the Augsburg Confession.

Question 71

The Council of Trent, which helped to define Catholicism in the following four hundred years

A) abandoned previous Catholic teaching.
B) reiterated and clarified traditional Catholic teaching and mandated many reforms.
C) attempted no reforms.
D) adopted some Lutheran doctrines.
E) declared unofficial, the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible.

Question 72

Under Queen Mary

A) Protestantism continued to gain power in England.
B) Catholics were persecuted.
C) most people quickly returned to Catholic practices.
D) Catholicism triumphed permanently because her reign was so long.
E) and Cardinal Pole, Protestants were rooted out of the church or fled England.

Question 73

The Scandinavian countries became Protestant as a result of

A) grass-roots action inspired by commercial contacts with Germans.
B) prolonged military struggles.
C) royal action.
D) internal reform guided by disgruntled clergy.
E) English influence.

Question 74

The Society of Jesus was all of the following except

A) a disciplined and effective Catholic reforming order.
B) famous for its work in education of the laity.
C) a military order dedicated to fighting the Turks.
D) successful in reconverting many regions from Protestantism.
E) founded by Ignatius Loyola who vowed absolute authority to the pope.

Question 75

Which of the following statements correctly describes the actions of Francis I of France in dealing with religious issues?

A) Francis saw all issues as primarily a religious issue to the core.
B) He was more than willing to allow social disorder to control dangerous religious actions that imperiled his throne.
C) Francis eventually forced many Catholics to emigrate.
D) By the Middle of the sixteenth century, Protestant factions controlled life in France.
E) Continuous wars often distracted Francis from religious issues.

Question 76

Eastern European countries that were part of the West (Poland-Lithuania and Hungary)

A) enjoyed the highest religious diversity and tolerance of the time.
B) were mainly Orthodox and Muslim.
C) seemed impervious to the Reformation.
D) established state churches.
E) were involved in the fiercest religious conflicts in all of Europe.

Question 77

While little changed in beliefs and practices under Henry VIII, his son, Edward VI, oversaw the

A) legalization of clerical marriage.
B) combining of Protestant ideas with medieval prayers in the new Book of Common Prayer .
C) completion of the "dissolution of the monasteries."
D) combination of English religious traditions with reform theology.
E) All of these

Question 78

What role did mysticism play in sixteenth-century Catholicism?

A) It increasingly came to be identified with Protestantism.
B) The Catholic Church continued to embrace it as a legitimate form of religious experience.
C) Mysticism almost disappeared during the Counter-Reformation.
D) It had already disappeared during the Renaissance.
E) It was used by reformers through the use of austere prayer and contemplative devotions.

Question 79

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. On Map 14.1, find all the parts of the empire of Charles V, using the list given in the chapter. What major holdings are not shown on this map? Comparing Map 14.2 to maps in earlier chapters, how does the empire of Charles V compare to the Roman and Carolingian Empires? How are the empires similar and how are they different?