Deck 18: Europe on the Threshold of Modernity, CA 1715-1789

Question 1

Define the following terms: general will

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Define the following terms: salle de lecture

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Define the following terms: Social Contract

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Define the following terms: laissez faire

Question 5

Define the following terms: Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 6

Define the following terms: Immanuel Kant

Question 7

Define the following terms: physiocrats

Question 8

Define the following terms: Montesquieu

Question 9

Define the following terms: Adam Smith

Question 10

Define the following terms: classical revival

Question 11

Define the following terms: Encyclopédie

Question 12

Define the following terms: Enlightenment

Question 13

Define the following terms: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 14

Define the following terms: philosophes

Question 15

Define the following terms: Louvre

Question 16

Define the following terms: salons

Question 17

Define the following terms: cult of sensibility

Question 18

Define the following terms: David Hume

Question 19

Define the following terms: Voltaire

Question 20

Define the following terms: Haydn

Question 21

Define the following terms: enlightened despotism

Question 22

Define the following terms: slave trade

Question 23

Define the following terms: Robert Walpole

Question 24

Define the following terms: pocket boroughs

Question 25

Define the following terms: Hanoverians

Question 26

Define the following terms: Mozart

Question 27

Define the following terms: Partitions of Poland

Question 28

Define the following terms: Louis XVI

Question 29

Define the following terms: Whigs

Question 30

Define the following terms: Ossian

Question 31

Define the following terms: Maria Theresa

Question 32

Define the following terms: Catherine the Great

Question 33

Define the following terms: Joseph II

Question 34

Define the following terms: Seven Years' War

Question 35

Define the following terms: Tories

Question 36

Define the following terms: Pugachev Rebellion

Question 37

Define the following terms: Peace of Paris (1763)

Question 38

Define the following terms: Great Britain

Question 39

Define the following terms: bayonet

Question 40

Define the following terms: Frederick the Great

Question 41

Survey the European colonial empires in the Americas, including the Caribbean. Why was the Caribbean trade so important, and what countries were involved in it? What was the "triangle" trade?

Question 42

Describe the reign of Catherine the Great. What were some of her "enlightened" ideas, and how much real reform stemmed from them? What was a major grievance of the peasants, as expressed in Pugachev's revolt, which Catherine did not address?

Question 43

Discuss the life and thought of Rousseau. What do you think would be the practical consequences of his political system?

Question 44

Define the following terms: hopitaux

Question 45

Define the Enlightenment. What were the chief concerns of its most prominent representatives, and what connection did their approach to social problems have with the Scientific Revolution?

Question 46

Of the following, which is the best description of the Enlightenment?

A) The intellectual revolution that replaced geocentrism with heliocentrism and developed the empirical method
B) Divine revelation at the heart of the Reformation
C) An intellectual movement that applied the new scientific worldview to the study of people and society
D) The revival of Greco-Roman civilization
E) The establishment of a new military philosophy that says "might makes right"

Question 47

Compare the political history of England in the eighteenth century with that of Prussia. Discuss the main differences between them. What political parties were emerging in England? Did the two states have anything in common?

Question 48

Summarize the economic ideas of Adam Smith. How did they reflect Enlightenment optimism about human rationality? Are his views still current today?

Question 49

Analyze the attempts of the French kings mentioned in the chapter to improve governmental efficiency and implement reforms. How were those efforts hampered by parlementary obstructionism?

Question 50

Define the following terms: agricultural revolution

Question 51

Discuss art and culture in the eighteenth century. What were some of its themes? Who were its audience?

Question 52

Explain the changes in manufacture evident in the eighteenth century.

Question 53

Describe the ways in which Enlightenment thought was spread. What role did women play in this process?

Question 54

Define the following terms: night soil

Question 55

Referring to the chapter feature, "The Written Record: Rousseau Discusses the Benefit of Submitting to the General Will," what does Rousseau expect from both the individual and the government?

Question 56

Summarize the reign of Maria Theresa. What formidable political obstacles did she have to overcome? What were some of her reforms? Why did the reforms of her son, Joseph II, arouse hostility and revolt, while hers did not?

Question 57

What were some elements in the agricultural revolution, and why did new farming techniques not bring general prosperity?

Question 58

Summarize the what, when, why, and so what (results) of the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War. What state do you think profited most from these wars, and why?

Question 59

Discuss the principal stages in the colonial rivalry between France and England. What were the results for France in Canada, India, and the Caribbean? What were some reasons for the English victory?

Question 60

Define the following terms: putting-out system

Question 61

How does the Encyclopedia reflect the complexities and limitations of the Enlightenment in regard to gender?

A) Some contributors blamed the inequality of women on laws and customs.
B) Some contributors blamed society's plight on women.
C) It assumed that natural equality was grounds for women rights.
D) It increased the advocacy for greater education for women.
E) All of these

Question 62

Which country provided the international intellectual language of the mid-eighteenth century and was the center of cultural life?

A) England
B) France
C) The Netherlands
D) Spain
E) Sweden

Question 63

Which of the statements about art during the enlightenment is true?

A) Subjects no longer were related to the classical period.
B) Artists had to assume a public that was not literate.
C) Musical structure was developed by Haydn and Mozart
D) Artists seemed fascinated with nature and the naturalness of humans.
E) Art emphasized the evil side of man.

Question 64

Reading habits changed in the eighteenth century in which of the following ways?

A) Literacy increased and access to printed material improved.
B) Ordinary people began to read more secular and contemporary philosophical works.
C) Forerunners to the modern lending libraries made their debut.
D) Solitary reading for reflection and personal pleasure became more widespread.
E) All of these

Question 65

Efforts to reform the British Parliament in the 1780s foundered on the issue of

A) religion; anti-Catholic feelings were too strong and led to bloodshed.
B) taxation; attempts to increase taxes were blocked by American-inspired opposition.
C) the role of the king; George III refused to become a figurehead monarch.
D) gender; British society was not ready to extend the vote to women.
E) the demands of underrepresented cities.

Question 66

Which of the following is associated with Salons?

A) Churches were the favorite meeting places of Salons.
B) Females were not allowed to attend Salon meetings.
C) Conversations always deferred to class participation.
D) Salon meetings were kept in secrecy to protect participants.
E) Salon legacies involved the development of an informed body of public opinion that would generate change.

Question 67

Eighteenth-century France faced all of the following challenges except

A) a central government constrained by a privileged elite.
B) mounting government debt.
C) rulers who were either lazy and despised or well-intentioned but insecure.
D) an underdeveloped economy.
E) a reform movement initiated by parlement.

Question 68

David Hume was all of the following except a/an

A) friend of Adam Smith.
B) archskeptic.
C) writer on political and economic philosophy.
D) critic of the moral, economic, and political of views of this time.
E) champion of the reliability of sense knowledge.

Question 69

Eighteenth-century monarchs increasingly

A) followed pacifist, "rational" foreign policies.
B) sought to stem the spread of the Enlightenment.
C) changed their public image from that of a self-aggrandizing absolutist to that of a diligent servant of the state.
D) turned the governing of their states over to their ministers, while they pursued a life of opulent leisure.
E) saw themselves as products of divine right.

Question 70

Art and music in the eighteenth century were

A) confined to royal courts.
B) unpopular with most educated people.
C) characterized by a rejection of classical styles.
D) popular and increasingly accessible to the public.
E) not available to the general public.

Question 71

A key principle of Adam Smith's economic theory was that

A) human behavior is inherently irrational.
B) government should not interfere in the economy.
C) monopolies promote economic well-being.
D) mercantilism is the only viable economic system.
E) laissez faire was a dangerous econo-political theory.

Question 72

Which of the following does not apply to eighteenth-century British politics?

A) A representative government that gave most men the vote
B) Tories, who were generally staunch Anglicans, representing the interests of the provincial gentry
C) Whigs, who represented the interests of the great aristocrats and wealthy merchants
D) The emergence of the post of prime minister
E) The increased cooperation between the monarchy and Parliament evolved

Question 73

All of the following are true of Enlightenment thought except it

A) championed the Christian view that human beings are fundamentally evil.
B) aimed at using natural laws to create a new and rational social order.
C) opposed unexamined tradition and superstitions of all kinds.
D) was embodied in the work of the philosophes.
E) was supported by monarchs who considered themselves enlightened.

Question 74

Ossian is associated with

A) a third-century Scottish Highland poet whose works were fabricated; he never existed.
B) a growing fascination with exotic cultures and the more natural culture of a less developed society.
C) an interest in Scottish folklore once the English suppressed the Highlanders in the mid-1700s.
D) a sense of distance that one could use to measure one's own sophistication and superiority.
E) All of these

Question 75

A leading proponent of the Enlightenment, Voltaire

A) despised the Catholic Church.
B) portrayed Great Britain as a more rational society than France.
C) traveled extensively, sometime voluntarily, sometimes not.
D) was cautious about the ability of humans to discern truth.
E) All of these

Question 76

In their development of the "laws" of economic life, the physiocrats recommended all of the following except

A) mercantilism, with a focus on commerce and manufacture.
B) the elimination of the collective control of farmland by peasants.
C) the elimination of seigneurial rights over land and labor by landowners.
D) the free flow of produce to market.
E) "let it run on its own."

Question 77

The Encyclopédie was

A) the eighteenth-century edition of the Index of Prohibited Books .
B) limited to the fields of botany and entomology.
C) a means of disseminating Enlightenment thought.
D) a compilation of all human knowledge.
E) a collection of information that included much of the empirical knowledge of its time.

Question 78

How did eighteenth-century gardens represent increased confidence in the relationship between humans and nature?

A) Landscapes attempted to emphasize human creativity.
B) Landscapes were made to emphasize the natural work of nature.
C) Gardens emphasized nature's hostile potential.
D) New World gardens did not resemble Old World gardens.
E) The use of water was never a part of landscapes, as it emphasized the wild side of nature.

Question 79

In addition to his work on law, Montesquieu was known for

A) putting all of his children in an orphanage.
B) writing The Count of Monte Christo .
C) defending absolutism.
D) advocating separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers in government.
E) abandoning the rational of Locke's assumption about human educability.

Question 80

Which of the following is not true in describing the Encyclopedia ?

A) The Catholic Church held it in high regard.
B) It was both admired and criticized by public and official readers.
C) It assisted thousands of government officials and professionals.
D) It was assembled by leading philosophes in France.
E) It encompassed a belief that human happiness would be advanced by knowledge.