Deck 23: The Age of Optimism, 1850-1880

Question 1

Define the following terms: "bourgeois century"

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Define the following terms: Crystal Palace

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Define the following terms: Baron Georges Haussmann

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Define the following terms: scythe

Question 5

Define the following terms: Bibliothèque nationale

Question 6

Define the following terms: Victorian morality

Question 7

Define the following terms: Auguste Comte

Question 8

Define the following terms: separate spheres

Question 9

Define the following terms: Josephine Grey Butler

Question 10

Define the following terms: Social Darwinism

Question 11

Define the following terms: Second Industrial Revolution

Question 12

Define the following terms: Pope Leo XIII

Question 13

Define the following terms: positivism

Question 14

Define the following terms: Darwinism

Question 15

Define the following terms: professionalization

Question 16

Define the following terms: Suez Canal

Question 17

Define the following terms: Social Catholics

Question 18

Define the following terms: Dmitri Mendeleev

Question 19

Define the following terms: Orient Express

Question 20

Define the following terms: Le Bon Marché

Question 21

Define the following terms: Leopold von Ranke

Question 22

Define the following terms: pre-Raphaelites

Question 23

Define the following terms: Louis Pasteur

Question 24

Define the following terms: modernism

Question 25

Define the following terms: Lourdes

Question 26

Define the following terms: Claude Monet

Question 27

Compare the condition of workers in the late nineteenth century with that of the peasantry. How did industrialization affect each group?

Question 28

Define the following terms: Emile Durkheim

Question 29

Analyze some of the changes within the aristocracy and the middle classes during the second half of the nineteenth century, considering changed sources of wealth and professional and social fluctuations within each class.

Question 30

Discuss the position of middle-class women. Survey their lifestyles, values, and the new professional opportunities that began to open for them.

Question 31

Define the following terms: Leo Tolstoy

Question 32

Define the following terms: impressionist

Question 33

Define the following terms: Charles Dickens

Question 34

Define the following terms: Syllabus of Errors

Question 35

Define the following terms: Madame Bovary

Question 36

Define the following terms: Kulturkampf

Question 37

Describe and explain the middle class's worldview and lifestyle.

Question 38

Define the following terms: Louis Daguerre

Question 39

Explain the Second Industrial Revolution and its impact on society.

Question 40

Define the following terms: Emile Zola

Question 41

The accumulation of wealth from industrial activity rather than from land meant that

A) class distinctions became blurred.
B) most people looked down on businessmen.
C) the countryside became increasingly impoverished.
D) the landed aristocracy was less wealthy but gained in social status and political control.
E) noble families shunned industry and business as being beneath their station.

Question 42

Consider the disadvantages suffered by urban workers and the measures taken by governments to alleviate them. Discuss urban living conditions, problems of the work environment, and educational and cultural issues.

Question 43

Amusement and the need to escape crowded cities created all of the following for the middle class except

A) problems in traveling from country to country as visas and passports were hard to come by.
B) water cure spas that gave special health benefits.
C) tours organized by Thomas Cook.
D) gambling casinos.
E) resort towns.

Question 44

All of the following are features of the middle-class lifestyle except

A) the work ethic.
B) Victorian morality.
C) respect for diversity.
D) consumerism.
E) opposition to women working outside the home.

Question 45

Cheaper and better steel production led to all of the following except

A) the characterization of the second half of the nineteenth century as the "age of steel."
B) the expansion of rail systems.
C) overproduction of steel and a severe depression.
D) strong growth of the building industry.
E) the evolution of shopping emporiums.

Question 46

Discuss the main trends in Western culture in the age of optimism.

Question 47

Effects of industrialization on rural life included all of the following except

A) farm girls who went to the cities to work came back with urban and middle-class ideas.
B) destruction of markets for local goods.
C) expansion of the putting-out system.
D) emigration of millions of farm workers.
E) cheaper agricultural imports.

Question 48

Present Darwin's theory of evolution, and discuss its impact on nineteenth-century society.

Question 49

Bourgeois conventions toward women included all of the following except that

A) women should neither receive a formal education nor work as teachers.
B) women's fashions should reinforce distinct gender roles and emphasize male material success.
C) domesticity was a woman's true calling.
D) women should be subordinate to men.
E) professional careers were nearly closed to women.

Question 50

Which of the following is associated with the expanded exchange of ideas?

A) Better printing presses
B) Carrier pigeons
C) Transatlantic telegraphs
D) Pony Express
E) Elementary computers

Question 51

In Great Britain, government attempts to regulate public health was opposed by

A) Queen Victoria.
B) Annie Wood Besant.
C) Thomas Cook.
D) the Socialist Party.
E) Pope Leo XIII.

Question 52

The Second Industrial Revolution was characterized by all of the following except

A) increased speed of production.
B) the use of mass-produced steel.
C) replacement of petroleum-powered machines with the steam engine.
D) the introduction of synthetic dyes and aluminum.
E) electricity coming into wider use.

Question 53

As the "bourgeois century" progressed

A) a lower middle class of clerks, salespeople, lower civil servants, and similar groups rapidly increased.
B) professionalization accelerated.
C) the middle class increasingly became the trend setters in society.
D) requirements for certain offices or professions became more stringent.
E) All of these

Question 54

All of the following increased agricultural productivity except

A) the replacement of the sickle with the scythe.
B) specialization and regular schedules.
C) a significant improvement in the climate.
D) increased use of chemical fertilizer.
E) the steam driven threshing machine.

Question 55

Improvements in transportation included

A) a significant decline in the expense of rail transportation.
B) faster and more efficient ocean transportation.
C) advancements in refrigeration.
D) the building of the Suez Canal.
E) All of these

Question 56

To cope with the many serious problems of urban growth, governments

A) took few and ineffective measures.
B) improved sanitation and transportation and pursued ambitious urban renewal programs.
C) forcibly moved many urban residents to the suburbs.
D) prohibited people from moving to the cities.
E) were unsure in how to deal with the aged and orphans.

Question 57

Had you lived in the late nineteenth century, would you have favored an optimistic or a pessimistic view of society? Give reasons for your position and mention some people of the time with whom you would have agreed.

Question 58

How did the increased prosperity and greater productivity affect the workers and the poor?

A) Even though prices for staple goods fell, so did wages.
B) Life expectancies differed by income with lower classes dying much younger.
C) Without extra money, workers did not have income for entertainment.
D) Industries were able to stop regulations regarding child and female labor.
E) Workers across Europe remained unprotected by labor laws.

Question 59

During the second half of the nineteenth century

A) the social and cultural influence of the middle class increased significantly.
B) a general sense of optimism prevailed and standards of living tended to improve.
C) the modern banking system was established and scientific discoveries fueled industrial innovation.
D) the successful application to social problems gave a sense of security and confidence.
E) All of these

Question 60

How did the Bon marche represent the social and economic period of its time?

Question 61

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Catholic Church

A) condemned "progress," "liberalism," and "Western civilization."
B) allied itself politically with reactionary forces.
C) officially adopted the doctrine of papal infallibility in matters of faith and morals.
D) attempted to regain power it had lost as a result of the unrest of 1848.
E) All of these

Question 62

Nineteenth-century culture was characterized by

A) pessimism about the intelligibility and perfectibility of the world.
B) materialism, secularism, and optimism.
C) lack of faith in progress and technology.
D) a revival of Christian spirituality.
E) a downturn in the interest in science.

Question 63

All of the following are true statements about photography in the nineteenth century except

A) it became a big business.
B) unlike painting and sculpture, photography was affordable to the public.
C) photography quickly eliminated realism from art.
D) it made its breakthrough with the inventions of the Frenchman Louis Daquerre.
E) it was enlarged by the development of celluloid film and the Kodak camera.

Question 64

Which of the following worked actively to improve conditions for the working class?

A) Socialist parties
B) The Catholic Church
C) Some national governments
D) Charles Bradlaugh
E) All of these

Question 65

The first state to offer a comprehensive welfare program including health insurance and old-age pensions was

A) Bismarck's Germany.
B) the French Third Republic.
C) Disraeli's Britain.
D) the United States.
E) Australia.

Question 66

The approach of Leopold von Ranke to the study of history involved

A) the positing of a world soul operating through events.
B) looking for evidence of class struggle in every historical period.
C) trying to present objectively how things really were in the past.
D) placing human history into the broad history of the universe.
E) the application of intelligent design that combined science and religion.

Question 67

As science advanced and living standards improved, the West

A) embraced positivism.
B) remained strongly influenced by religion.
C) increasingly turned to religion and rejected modernism.
D) resolved most of the contradictions between modern science and traditional religion.
E) eliminated church power over education.

Question 68

Darwin's theories included all of the following except

A) a struggle for existence with only the fittest surviving.
B) the theories referred to as "natural selection."
C) the idea that humans are essentially different from other animals because of their immortal souls.
D) the inevitability of evolution.
E) a systematic explanation of human development.

Question 69

Public educational and cultural benefits provided by governments in the late nineteenth century included all of the following except

A) mandatory primary public education.
B) traveling libraries to reach rural areas.
C) free college education.
D) making museums open to the general public.
E) contributing to a dramatic rise in literacy.

Question 70

The most flourishing area of nineteenth-century social science was

A) psychology.
B) ethnology.
C) history.
D) sociology.
E) geography.

Question 71

The introduction of governmental public services in Europe did not involve

A) the installation of sewers.
B) urban transportation.
C) running water in homes.
D) street lights.
E) public bathing houses.

Question 72

Social Darwinists, but not Darwin himself, believed that

A) social classes, nations, and races engaged in a struggle for survival equivalent to that of all living beings in nature.
B) poverty was a sign of biological inferiority.
C) imperialism, racism, and colonization were natural processes and hence were quite moral.
D) inferior races, classes, and nations were to become extinct.
E) All of these

Question 73

In the realm of religion, in the late nineteenth century, which of the following is not true?

A) Greater tolerance, or perhaps indifference to religion, led to more acceptance of religious diversity.
B) Reconciliation between the Catholic Church and most Protestant denominations
C) Persistent anti-Semitism continued in Eastern Europe.
D) Germany and Austria-Hungary granted citizenship to Jews.
E) Most European society refused to accept Jews as social equals.

Question 74

The discoveries of Louis Pasteur included

A) the use of ether in surgery.
B) identification of microbes as the cause of various diseases.
C) adding vitamins to milk.
D) developing carbolic acid.
E) the use of blood transfusions.

Question 75

Auguste Comte's philosophy held that

A) true human development means progress in virtue and love of God.
B) human progress is an illusion.
C) since humans have already reached the ultimate level of social development, further progress is impossible.
D) human progress results from studying the material world with scientific methods.
E) science demeans and lowers the humanity of mankind.

Question 76

Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum novarum

A) called for the founding of the Salvation Army.
B) condemned all forms of modernism.
C) condemned Christian neglect of the poor.
D) defined the doctrine of papal infallibility.
E) attacked those who worked for birth control.

Question 77

Nineteenth-century anthropologists, when comparing different human societies

A) were mostly racists.
B) were all evolutionists.
C) denied that important anthropological differences existed.
D) agreed on the superiority of Europeans.
E) used the Bible as a reference for many of their theories.

Question 78

Professionalization and specialization of the sciences and social sciences led to all of the following except

A) the fragmentation and compartmentalization of knowledge.
B) significant advances in several disciplines.
C) greater interaction and cooperation across disciplines.
D) a decline in the role of the amateur.
E) the inclusion of religious studies in the sciences.

Question 79

Characteristics of experimental science in the nineteenth century included

A) prolific breakthroughs in many fields.
B) a working out of the great discoveries of the Scientific Revolution but few new breakthroughs.
C) a lowering of the prestige of the scientist as science became increasingly identified with business.
D) generalization rather than specialization.
E) research that was limited only to scientists with sufficient personal wealth.

Question 80

Impressionism refers to

A) a new sensitivity resulting from the rise in literacy.
B) the powerful impact of traditional realism.
C) a new style of painting that tried to capture how objects looked before they were "distorted" by the brain.
D) yellow journalism.
E) a style of painting that returned to traditional myths and symbols.