Deck 20: The Industrial Transformation of Europe, 1750-1850

Question 1

Define the following terms: mass production

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Define the following terms: Alexis de Tocqueville

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Define the following terms: putting-out system

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Define the following terms: steam engine

Question 5

Define the following terms: cotton gin

Question 6

Define the following terms: entrepreneurs

Question 7

Define the following terms: Zollverein

Question 8

Define the following terms: flying shuttle

Question 9

Define the following terms: proletariat

Question 10

Define the following terms: Jacquard loom

Question 11

Define the following terms: urbanization

Question 12

Define the following terms: Thomas Newcomen

Question 13

Define the following terms: James Watt

Question 14

Define the following terms: primogeniture

Question 15

Define the following terms: factories

Question 16

Define the following terms: Eli Whitney

Question 17

Define the following terms: spinning jenny

Question 18

Define the following terms: industrialization

Question 19

Define the following terms: dissenters

Question 20

Define the following terms: Algeria

Question 21

Summarize the social changes brought about by industrialization. How did they affect the working lives, living conditions, and family lives of the workers?

Question 22

Two important factors in industrialization were

A) improved transportation and technological breakthroughs.
B) guilds and labor unions.
C) economic theories and a reading public.
D) more horses and oxen to pull new machinery.
E) increased labor skills and mandatory education.

Question 23

Define the following terms: "Jesus the worker"

Question 24

What is meant by the industrial transformation, and why did it occur in western Europe?

Question 25

Define the following terms: friendly societies

Question 26

Define the following terms: "cult of domesticity"

Question 27

Increased agricultural production contributed to industrialization primarily

A) because European food exports to the rest of the world brought in the necessary capital.
B) by creating the capacity to feed a large class of industrial workers.
C) by eliminating rural poverty.
D) by easing social tensions.
E) as a result of farm-labor collectives.

Question 28

Define the following terms: unionization

Question 29

Referring to the chapter feature, "The Global Record: Alexis Tocqueville Thoughts on Colonization," how does Tocqueville describe the European sense of themselves when they come in contact with new and non-European cultures?

Question 30

Define the following terms: bourgeoisie

Question 31

Apart from the causes that were characteristic of the West as a whole, what combination of factors specific to Britain encouraged or made industrialization possible?

Question 32

Discuss the development of new industrial technologies, and describe how they changed the traditional organization and conditions of work. What was the most important new invention, and why?

Question 33

All of the following aided European industrialization except

A) efficient governments providing security for commerce.
B) increased wealth and demand for goods.
C) an unprecedented decline in the eighteenth-century population.
D) business competition and innovation.
E) capital accumulation through an entrepreneurial spirit.

Question 34

Discuss the progress of industrialization in Germany. What effects did the Napoleonic invasions have on the German economy? What roles were played by the Prussian government and the German middle classes?

Question 35

Compare the development of industrialization in France with that in Britain. What were some of the reasons that French industrialization grew less rapidly? Which other nations experienced early industrialization, and why?

Question 36

"Short-term misery, long-term gain." Is this a good capsule summary of the effects of industrialization? Was the brutal treatment and misery of the workers justified by eventual improvement in wages and purchasing power, or were the benefits outweighed by the ruin of petty craftsmen, loss of rural community life, and dehumanizing factory routine? Consider whether industrialization could have occurred in a slower, less disruptive and more humane manner ¾ if, for example, medieval communitarian society with its strong guilds and sense of social justice had survived.

Question 37

The authors list a number of transformations that favored industrialization in Europe, accompanied it, or both. Make a list of these transformations and show their contributions to industrialization. Try to expand this inventory with other contributing factors omitted in the author's explanation. (Hint: Could the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment have been contributing factors?) Could it be said that all the major trends in the West beginning at least with the Renaissance contributed to a unique environment conducive for this dramatic breakthrough? If so, show how.

Question 38

Other characteristics of the West that aided industrialization include

A) development of the rule of law.
B) cultural, religious, political, and social diversity, which promoted innovation.
C) rivalry among states, which encouraged commerce and industry.
D) support and protection from governments.
E) All of these

Question 39

Define the following terms: Luddites

Question 40

Summarize the early development of industrial workers' associations. Which events and conditions had weakened the guilds' protection of workers? What were the workers' goals, and how did employers and governments react to their new organizations?

Question 41

Which of the following does not describe the effect of cotton manufacturing in Great Britain?

A) A staple industry in England relied on imported raw materials.
B) Handmade goods were still in great demand because of lower price and higher quality.
C) The use of cotton goods actually improved public health.
D) The need for cotton shifted British trade patterns to the New World and away from Asia.
E) The cotton trade linked the economies of various nations and peoples.

Question 42

The invention of the cotton gin

A) provided a new way to bleach cotton cloth.
B) directly led to a rise in alcoholism.
C) meant that machines replaced slaves and slavery declined.
D) allowed spinners to produce more yarn.
E) had a negative effect on American cotton growers.

Question 43

The role of entrepreneurs in industrial production was

A) superfluous.
B) financing, organizing, and managing industrial plants.
C) limited to negotiating between workers and bosses.
D) providing new inventions to stimulate production.
E) as innovators.

Question 44

By the end of the nineteenth century, German industry

A) was prospering, having avoided costly early experimentation.
B) was growing faster than France's.
C) had pioneered in electrical engineering and chemicals.
D) had entered into industrial fields neglected by the British.
E) All of these

Question 45

Reasons why French industrialization was slower than British include all of the following except

A) the upheaval and wars of the French Revolution.
B) slower population growth.
C) lack of overseas trade.
D) a more prosperous peasantry.
E) resistance from the government who favored land owners.

Question 46

Why was labor such an impediment to French industrialization?

A) Women were not allowed to work in mills.
B) Cottage industry provided highly priced and profitable luxury goods
C) Elimination of primogeniture
D) Land owners still had significant rights over their farm labor.
E) Early farm-labor collectives resisted factory work.

Question 47

The Zollverein was

A) the new German railway system begun in 1842.
B) a new plan to unify Germany.
C) a customs union embracing eighteen German states.
D) politically minded student organizations.
E) the first German iron works.

Question 48

An initial, important role was played in German industrialization by

A) German liberals.
B) visiting British entrepreneurs.
C) American economic advisers.
D) the Prussian government.
E) the military sector.

Question 49

All of the following were features of the new industrial cities except

A) higher mortality rates than in the countryside.
B) the growth of slums.
C) overcrowding and poor sanitation.
D) a safer water supply.
E) slums so vile that they actually attracted tourists.

Question 50

The most industrialized regions of eastern and southern Europe were

A) Russia and Italy.
B) Bohemia and Catalonia.
C) European areas of the Ottoman Empire.
D) Austria proper and Hungary.
E) Spain.

Question 51

Referring to the chapter feature, "The Written Record: A French Woman Goes to Work," which of the following statements is not true?

A) Any tardiness had to repaid in time.
B) Mill owners, fearing the loss of their female workers, provided security to guard against assaults on their female workers.
C) There was always the danger in working in the mills, where safety was not a concern of the owner.
D) Young girls went to work to help with house expenses.
E) Days were made longer, because like today's working woman, house work was a part of a long day.

Question 52

Which of the following was not a factor that gave Britain an advantage in industrial development?

A) Because British workers tended to be highly skilled, British entrepreneurs searched for laborsaving devices.
B) The British had developed an effective banking system.
C) Britain possessed the necessary raw materials, coal and iron, in abundance and in close proximity to each other.
D) Britain was unified religiously under the Church of England, which preached that wealth was a sign of election.
E) English workers had more discretionary income to spend on manufactured goods.

Question 53

Industrialization changed the leading elite in Europe from

A) the landed aristocracy to the new industrial middle class.
B) the clergy to the new industrial middle class.
C) the landed aristocracy to the new industrial working class.
D) the old medieval bourgeoisie to the new industrial bourgeoisie.
E) urban to rural to escape the unhealthy environment of the cities.

Question 54

On the Continent, industrialization occurred by the 1820s in

A) Belgium, France, and Germany.
B) no major country.
C) Prussia and Russia.
D) Spain, Italy, and Greece.
E) areas of heavy British involvement and investment.

Question 55

Industrialization in eastern and southern Europe was slow and underdeveloped because

A) specialized agriculture still brought in great profits.
B) greater profits could be gained by the exports of its power resources, like coal.
C) heavy taxes eliminated capital for investment.
D) it lacked of cities.
E) of resistance to adopt an economic system in which profit was not based on intensive labor needs.

Question 56

What was the primary effect of technical advances in the cotton industry on slavery?

A) The advances eliminated slavery in Europe.
B) The lives of slaves were greatly improved by cotton clothing.
C) Slavery became much more profitable.
D) The primary employers of slaves became textile factories.
E) Increased numbers of slaves died from lung diseases associated with cotton fiber.

Question 57

The inventions of Kay, Hargreaves, Arkwright, and Whitney

A) were not appreciated in their time.
B) revolutionized the cotton industry.
C) were applied primarily to the manufacture of weapons.
D) had only limited use until the twentieth century.
E) could only be used where water power was available.

Question 58

The steam engine did all of the following except

A) pump out coal mines.
B) eliminate or decrease transportation costs.
C) power different types of machines.
D) increase production.
E) decentralize the workplace.

Question 59

The first country(ies) to industrialize was/were

A) the Netherlands.
B) France.
C) Great Britain.
D) the various states of northern Italy.
E) the Confederation of German States.

Question 60

The punch-card system first used in the Jacquard loom

A) later became the model for early computers.
B) automated complex silk weaving.
C) used interchangeable loom cards that were often pirated.
D) was widely used in England and France.
E) All of these

Question 61

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. On Map 20.3, consider the cities that had reached a population level of 100,000 by 1750. Are they all capitals of the states in which they are located? How many of those that reached 100,000 by 1850 were major industrial centers mentioned in the chapter?

Question 62

Workers developed a sense of solidarity for all of the following reasons except that they

A) often shared the same religious attitudes.
B) lived in the same areas and in similar conditions.
C) rejected the label working class , which they felt was demeaning.
D) intermarried and shared leisure activities.
E) often pooled their resources to provide mutual aid.

Question 63

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. Referring to Maps 20.1 and 20.2, analyze the data relating to railroads. What is the connection between railways and industrialization?

Question 64

Women and children contributed to the household budget in all of the following ways except

A) making clothes.
B) acquiring an education to advance their working positions.
C) raising pigs.
D) tending a small garden
E) as grandmothers, they could be baby sitters.

Question 65

How can one claim that early industrial and slum areas were environments unfit for human habitation?

A) Chimney soot that verged on permanent fog
B) Stench from garbage in the streets
C) Dead animal corpses
D) Lack of sewers
E) All of these

Question 66

Members of the industrial proletariat were

A) skilled workers.
B) indistinguishable from earlier apprentices.
C) unskilled and dependent on factory owners for their livelihood.
D) urban revolutionaries.
E) unable to join guilds.

Question 67

What effect did industrialization have on the bourgeois family?

A) Wives and daughters ceased to contribute to family businesses.
B) Industrialization resulted in a new "cult of domesticity" that drastically separated male and female spheres.
C) The ability to support a wife who did not work became a sign of success.
D) Conspicuous consumption of homes, furnishings, and clothing offered visible proof of success.
E) All of these

Question 68

Guilds declined for all of the following reasons except that

A) they were abolished in revolutionary France and restricted in Britain.
B) guild training was not needed for factory work.
C) they sponsored a number of unsuccessful and politically damaging revolts.
D) their efforts to protect their members from exploitation were seen as hindering technological and economic development.
E) they were seen as a threat to free trade and free flow of labor.

Question 69

As with most important issues, historians disagree on whether early industrialization benefited workers. The author of the chapter

A) adopts the pessimistic position that it did not.
B) adopts the optimistic position that it did.
C) argues that rising real wages alone did not determine a worker's well-being; other factors were quite detrimental.
D) argues that wages fell but living conditions improved.
E) claims that wages fell, while prices increased dramatically, making income no better and sometimes worst.

Question 70

Friendly societies were

A) labor unions.
B) Quaker missions.
C) craft guilds.
D) workers' aid associations.
E) communists.

Question 71

What was the effect of factory work on the working-class family?

A) It dissolved them; families traditionally had worked together.
B) It removed work from the home and segregated it by gender and age.
C) Factory work interfered with the care of children.
D) Because of insufficient information, worker's standard of living measured by income and expenses is incomplete.
E) All of these

Question 72

In 1800-1850 labor agitation included all of the following except

A) the smashing of machines by Luddites.
B) illegal unionization and strikes.
C) a decline when governments intervened to support the workers.
D) a prevalence all over Europe, often violent and on a large scale.
E) workers' rejection of employers' attempts to become involved in the personal life of workers outside the work place.

Question 73

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. On Maps 20.1 and 20.2, compare the locations of ironworks and coal deposits in England and in the countries on the Continent. What implications does this have for industrial development?

Question 74

Child labor

A) began with the industrial transformation.
B) was limited to short workdays and easy tasks.
C) was hard and physically harmful.
D) was not used in mines or textile mills.
E) was not used in the agricultural sector.