Deck 26: The Illusion of Stability, 1919-1930

Question 1

Define the following terms: Paul von Hindenburg

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Define the following terms: Maginot Line

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Define the following terms: corporativism, corporative state

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Define the following terms: art deco

Question 5

Define the following terms: Josephine Baker

Question 6

Define the following terms: Comintern

Question 7

Define the following terms: "Reds"/"Whites"

Question 8

Define the following terms: Gustav Stresemann

Question 9

Define the following terms: new woman

Question 10

Define the following terms: hyperinflation

Question 11

Define the following terms: Weimar Republic

Question 12

Define the following terms: New Economic Policy (NEP)

Question 13

Define the following terms: mass society

Question 14

Define the following terms: Taylorism, Fordism

Question 15

Define the following terms: Sun Yixien

Question 16

Define the following terms: Benito Mussolini

Question 17

Define the following terms: Joseph Stalin

Question 18

Define the following terms: Mohandas Gandhi

Question 19

Define the following terms: National Socialists

Question 20

Define the following terms: fascism

Question 21

Define the following terms: Bauhaus

Question 22

Define the following terms: Benedetto Croce

Question 23

Define the following terms: Civilization and Its Discontents

Question 24

Define the following terms: surrealism

Question 25

Define the following terms: Walter Gropius

Question 26

Summarize the economic situation of the 1920s. What were signs of progress? What problems did British industry experience and how did high inflation rates affect France and especially Germany?

Question 27

Describe European society in the 1920s, paying special attention to changing lifestyles and popular culture.

Question 28

Define the following terms: José Ortega y Gasset

Question 29

Viewed in a global context, the First World War was a European civil war. Examine the effects of the war on the position of the European Great Powers in the world, and describe the actions and aspirations of non-Western nations such as the Japanese, Chinese, Indians, and Arabs. How did the United States fit into the picture?

Question 30

Define the following terms: Franz Kafka

Question 31

Define the following terms: Matteotti murder

Question 32

Define the following terms: Dada

Question 33

Survey the major aspects of society, including international relations, and show how the 1920s experienced a heightened mixture of optimism and pessimism.

Question 34

Define the following terms: Georg Lukács

Question 35

Define the following terms: Karl Barth

Question 36

Define the following terms: Igor Stravinsky

Question 37

Define the following terms: Frankfurt School

Question 38

Define the following terms: Treaty of Locarno

Question 39

Define the following terms: Oswald Spengler

Question 40

Define the following terms: Virginia Woolf

Question 41

What were some of the problems facing the countries of east-central Europe in the 1920s? Does the experience of Poland suggest that democracy is not necessarily workable or desirable in all circumstances?

Question 42

Mussolini's corporativism

A) sought to strengthen the state in order to promote the national interest and to help mobilize society.
B) was gradually implemented and seemed to restore order.
C) replaced the parliament with a Chamber of Fasces and Corporations based on occupation.
D) attracted attention abroad, especially with reaction to the Great Depression of the 1930s.
E) All of these

Question 43

Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP)

A) was also known as war communism.
B) restored private enterprise in agriculture and retail.
C) inaugurated intense collectivization.
D) failed and was abandoned by Stalin.
E) freed banks from government controls.

Question 44

The modernistic style of the 1920s was

A) evident in the art deco originating in France.
B) evident in Bauhaus, the German art school.
C) expressive of an optimism of accelerated modernization.
D) emphasized by a wave of neo-orthodox religious thinking.
E) All of these

Question 45

In its efforts to enforce the postwar settlement, France

A) occupied the Ruhr, one of Germany's major industrial regions.
B) was consistently aided by Great Britain.
C) successfully used the League of Nations.
D) received significant aid from the United States.
E) met German resistance that often involved violent strikes.

Question 46

Stalin's forced industrialization was accompanied by

A) prosperity and individual freedoms.
B) encouragement of artistic experimentation.
C) increasing cultural regimentation.
D) promotion of modernism in art.
E) small peasant farms that were forced to sell to the state.

Question 47

The idea of a "world safe for democracy" came under much strain because

A) revolutionary Russia slowly moved toward a democratic system.
B) fascism was fighting a losing war in Italy.
C) new democracies in Eastern Europe crumpled.
D) efforts at world economic stability were slow but successful.
E) new African nations in the 1920s established weak democracies.

Question 48

Discuss the political system in Italy after World War One as socialism, communism, and fascism looked for a place in Italian political, economic, and social systems for a place to grow.

Question 49

Why does the chapter state that at the end of the 1920s it was not clear if Italian fascism was "a form of restoration or a form of revolution"? Summarize the development of fascism in Italy, and analyze what seem to be its essential characteristics as well as its contradictory elements.

Question 50

The Maginot Line was

A) the new streamlined style used in art deco.
B) a French-led system of alliances in east-central Europe intended to contain both Germany and the Soviet Union.
C) a massive system of fortifications built by the French to separate themselves from the Germans.
D) intended to enhance France's ability to quickly respond to a German attack on Poland or Czechoslovakia.
E) successful in holding back German attacks in World War II.

Question 51

The Russian civil war pitted the Bolsheviks against

A) non-Russian nationalities attempting to free themselves from the Russian Empire.
B) foreign intervention.
C) a variety of non-Communist Russians known as Whites.
D) Russians who had become disillusioned with the Communist Party.
E) All of these

Question 52

Survey the cultural world of the 1920s. What themes were developed by writers and artists of the period?

Question 53

The postwar Italian political situation was complicated by

A) the defeat and occupation of Italy by the Austrian army.
B) seizure of power by the communists.
C) the abandonment of proportional representation.
D) the conviction that Italy should have stayed out of the war since its gains did not justify its costs.
E) interference from the Vatican.

Question 54

Communism after World War I

A) expected to spark a world-wide revolution.
B) received full support from European Marxists.
C) united socialists on a world-wide basis.
D) viewed instability in many countries as an open door for communism.
E) had success in Italy, which laid the grounds for expansion into Europe.

Question 55

All of the following are true of the Comintern except

A) it hoped to translate the success of Russian communism into a world-wide movement.
B) it received the support of Karl Kutsky.
C) its aggressive actions split the international socialist movement.
D) it realized that its true enemy was the socialists.
E) Marxists believed that Lenin communism would damage international socialism.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is not true? In the 1920s

A) the international order continued to be dependent on European powers.
B) the United States retreated from active involvement in Europe.
C) a resurgent and embittered Germany threatened the peace.
D) in many respects, Japan was regarded as a great power.
E) colonial concerns continued to affect the balance of power in Europe.

Question 57

Describe the consolidation of communism in Russia under Lenin and Stalin. What were some similarities and differences in their approaches to Russia's problems?

Question 58

Survey the history of the Weimar Republic to 1933. What were its chief political and economic problems, and how did German statesmen attempt to deal with them? Do you think the outcome would have been different had Germany been allowed to keep the Hohenzollern dynasty? Give reasons for your opinion.

Question 59

Describe and explain the histories of the "victorious democracies" (France and Britain) from 1918 to 1930.

Question 60

Referring to the erosion of European power, which of the following is not true?

A) As a result of the peace treaty, Japan received German bases.
B) The Washington Treaty of 1922 severely limited the Japanese navy.
C) Self-determination was enthusiastically received and acted upon outside the West.
D) Leninism became attractive as it emphasized mass mobilization and revolution.
E) Eastern powers recognized the need to adopt the science and technology of the West.

Question 61

The new national borders of east-central European countries meant

A) new economic barriers.
B) more efficient economies.
C) little change from the old borders.
D) that each country was now a cohesive economic unit.
E) that democracy often seemed divisive and ineffective.

Question 62

A cyclical theory of history that explained how Western civilization had declined was proposed by

A) José Ortega y Gasset.
B) Oswald Spengler.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Franz Kafka.
E) Mussolini.

Question 63

When British women were given the right to vote, they

A) refused to exercise it.
B) formed a feminist political party.
C) overwhelmingly supported a newly formed Marxist Party.
D) supported the existing political parties.
E) no longer seemed to be a threat to the existing political system.

Question 64

In Revolt of the Masses , José Ortega y Gasset explained that

A) politics and government are in the hands of ordinary people, who, lacking good standards, are attracted to fascism and communism.
B) modern democracies are guarantees against tyranny.
C) the masses have revolted against the World War I militarism.
D) the only hope for the West is a future popular revolt against consumerism and materialism.
E) the United States should be held up as the symbol of political and economic success.

Question 65

Georg Lukács thought that

A) Kafka's work was to be admired and imitated.
B) Marxism could be used to analyze consciousness and capitalist culture.
C) realistic fiction was to be abandoned.
D) only economic relationships were worth studying.
E) Marxist criticism of capitalism was dangerous and a threat to the West.

Question 66

Economic problems in Britain in the 1920s included all of the following except

A) a Marxist revolution.
B) declining exports.
C) high unemployment.
D) a massive labor strike.
E) problems in the coal industry intensified.

Question 67

In the 1920s, middle-class gender roles were challenged by

A) more open discussion of sexuality and reproduction.
B) the "new woman."
C) a more visible gay subculture.
D) men who felt threatened by the "new woman."
E) All of these

Question 68

All of the following are true of the Weimar Republic except that it

A) was born of a humiliating defeat.
B) had to take responsibility for the Treaty of Versailles.
C) was entirely made up of revolutionary leftists.
D) encountered severe economic problems.
E) often had to use repressive methods of the old imperial system to control opposition.

Question 69

The German electorate

A) supported only radical leftist parties.
B) voted for moderate democrats.
C) tended to return unstable coalition governments.
D) was apathetic and rarely voted.
E) found it difficult to find compromises.

Question 70

Benedetto Croce was

A) a leading fascist thinker.
B) an early neo-Leninist.
C) a defender of democracy.
D) the author of realistic Italian novels.
E) a leading proponent in the belief that humans had no control of the world around them.

Question 71

Composers such as Stravinsky and Hindemith

A) reflected the nagging insecurity of the period by adopting atonal styles.
B) dedicated themselves to popular music such as film scores.
C) adopted neoclassicism.
D) continued the romantic tradition of Tchaikovsky and Brahms.
E) retreated from their earlier stance as modern avant-garde artists.

Question 72

The works of Kafka were

A) mostly humorous tales.
B) heroic war stories.
C) romantic history.
D) stories set in an incomprehensible, futile world.
E) attacks on the world's quest for law, or meaning and the futility of religion.

Question 73

In the acceleration toward a mass society, consumerism continued to grow in the 1920s with all of the following except

A) modernization of the original industries: textiles, steel, coal, and shipbuilding.
B) dramatic expansion of the automobile industry.
C) the development of civil aviation.
D) advances in the chemical and electrical industries.
E) less advanced industries, rather than modernize, imposed lower wages and increased hours for their workers.

Question 74

In east-central Europe, redistribution of agricultural land

A) greatly increased agrarian production.
B) made no difference in production.
C) forced large landowners off the land.
D) led to lower production and forced small farmers to sell out.
E) created a stable agrarian smallholder base for democracy.

Question 75

Protestant theologian Karl Barth

A) was a pioneer of liberal theology.
B) glorified secular progress as a sign of God's favor.
C) reacted against liberal theology and saw the world and humanity as sinful and helpless.
D) wrote a theological justification of Nazism.
E) believed that the Great War had helped to marry religion and secularism.

Question 76

The Treaty of Locarno provided for each of the following except

A) acceptance of Germany back to the ranks of respectable states.
B) regulation of Germany's reparations.
C) recognition by France and Germany of their common border.
D) freedom for Germany to attempt revisions to its eastern border.
E) eventual membership of Germany into the League of Nations.

Question 77

Taylorism and Fordism favored all of the following except

A) uniqueness.
B) maximizing worker efficiency by breaking down production into small, repetitive tasks.
C) maximizing consumerism by raising wages.
D) capitalism.
E) mass production to mass consumption.

Question 78

In Civilization and Its Discontents , Sigmund Freud argued that

A) modern society is on the verge of solving persistent social problems.
B) progress in civilization is based on the suppression of natural instincts, which will inevitably explode in violence such as war.
C) the satisfaction of sexual urges will lead to social harmony.
D) the Great War had put an end to hatred and violence.
E) All of these

Question 79

Inflation was most prominent during the 1920s in

A) the United States.
B) Britain.
C) Germany.
D) France.
E) Spain.

Question 80

Which of the following, regarding the emergence of advertising in the 1920s is not true?

A) Printing and radio expanded the effects of advertising.
B) Advertising was aimed at mass consumption of goods and services.
C) France was the European power to copy American advertising methods the most.
D) Advertising became an art form.
E) Critics argued that advertising was debasing cultural standards.