Deck 3: Intellectual Transformation: the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment

Question 1

Which political thinker would generally support a benevolent dictator?

A)Rousseau
B)Hobbes
C)Locke
D)Montesquieu
E)Thomas Paine

Answer 1

Hobbes

Question 2

Achievements of Kepler include proving that

A)orbits of planets are elliptical.
B)planets circle around the sun.
C)planets move at different speeds.
D)there is a mathematical relationship between the time it takes a planet to complete its orbit of the sun and its average distance from the sun.
E)Each of these was proven by Kepler.

Answer 2

Each of these was proven by Kepler.

Question 3

The new model put forth by Copernicus and Galileo that believed that the planets orbited the sun was known as

A)heliocentric model.
B)geocentric model.
C)epicenter model.
D)mathematical model.
E)epicycle model.

Answer 3

heliocentric model.

Question 4

Which of the following discovered the three basic laws of planetary motion?

A)Copernicus
B)Kepler
C)Brahe
D)Galileo
E)Newton

Question 5

The climax of the Scientific Revolution rests with the work of

A)Galileo.
B)Newton.
C)Kepler.
D)Brahe.
E)Copernicus

Question 6

Copernicus' model of the universe was published in

A)the Almagest .
B)Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
C)Heliocentrism and the Heavens
D)On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres .
E)the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems .

Question 7

What was the general thinking of the philosophes in regard to gender?

A)Nature had created equality in regard to gender.
B)Female genius adds to her family and household.
C)Most retained a traditional view in the inferiority of women.
D)Women should strive to improve her mind and appearance.
E)Female emancipation was a natural law.

Question 8

Who published The Social Contract ?

A)Locke
B)Hobbes
C)Diderot
D)Rousseau
E)Adam Smith

Question 9

It was natural that the Enlightenment would grow directly from the Scientific Revolution because of all of the following EXCEPT

A)the knowledge of nature was expanded.
B)laws that guided the natural world also are applied to the social world.
C)society's defects are examined according to study and experimentation?
D)deism had separated the spiritual and earthly worlds.
E)religion, government, law, morality and economics be reevaluated according to natural law?

Question 10

Which of the following systematically observed the planets and stars and recorded their positions with far greater accuracy than had ever been done?

A)Copernicus
B)Kepler
C)Brahe
D)Galileo
E)Descartes

Question 11

Who developed the theory of universal gravitation?

A)Kepler
B)Newton
C)Galileo
D)Brahe
E)Copernicus

Question 12

Which of the following wrote, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations ?

A)Locke
B)Hobbes
C)Adam Smith
D)Beccaria
E)Voltaire

Question 13

Who said, "I think therefore I am"?

A)Trismegistus
B)Descartes
C)Galen
D)Atwood
E)Newton

Question 14

Rousseau's Emile was written about

A)political reforms.
B)slavery.
C)prison reforms.
D)economic reforms.
E)educational reforms.

Question 15

Which of the following refused to publish his work due to his concern that it would spark controversy?

A)Copernicus
B)Galileo
C)Kepler
D)Brahe
E)Bruno

Question 16

Medieval thinkers constructed a coherent picture of the universe that blended the theories of which of the following ancient Greeks?

A)Aristotle and Ptolemy
B)Plato and Socrates
C)Ptolemy and Socrates
D)Aristotle and Socrates
E)Strabo and Galen

Question 17

Which of the following established the inductive method of science?

A)Newton
B)Galileo
C)Bacon
D)Kepler
E)Copernicus

Question 18

The first successful encyclopedia was published by

A)Denis Diderot.
B)Ephraim Chambers.
C)Chevalier Ramsay.
D)Jean d'Alembert.
E)Voltaire.

Question 19

Modern astronomy began with ____, a Polish astronomer, mathematician, and church canon.

A)Bruno
B)Kepler
C)Brahe
D)Galileo
E)Copernicus

Question 20

The element of the American political system that aligns most with Montesquieu is

A)its election of officials by the people.
B)its Constitution established a Supreme Court
C)the core of American political power lies with the executive, legislative and judicial departments.
D)it is based on human rights and natural law.
E)a people have the right to overthrow a despotic government

Question 21

Which of the following statements about Mary Wollstonecraft is correct?

A)Wollstonecraft's work was remarkable because she had little contact with well-known Enlightenment thinkers.
B)Although hardly mainstream Enlightenment thought, Wollstonecraft's writings grew from circulating arguments on liberty and rights.
C)Wollstonecraft successfully argued for women's suffrage.
D)Wollstonecraft's work was remarkable both because she had little contact with well-known Enlightenment thinkers and Wollstonecraft defended not only women, but principles of human rights in general.
E)Wollstonecraft accepted the position of women without question.

Question 22

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Inductive Approach

Question 23

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Montesquieu

Question 24

Which French mathematician and philosopher is regarded as the founder of modern philosophy?

A)Bacon
B)Descartes
C)Bruno
D)Newton
E)Brahe

Question 25

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Adam Smith

Question 26

Voltaire attributed many of the ills of French society to which of the following?

A)Muslim extremists
B)The clergy
C)The deists
D)The atheists
E)Established Christianity

Question 27

Who wrote the Leviathan ?

A)Voltaire
B)Beccaria
C)Diderot
D)Hume
E)Hobbes

Question 28

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Jean Jacques Rousseau

Question 29

That "Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains" was the stirring pronouncement of

A)Rousseau.
B)Frederick II.
C)Diderot.
D)Jefferson.
E)Voltaire.

Question 30

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Thomas Hobbes

Question 31

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
John Locke

Question 32

Which of the following was a recognized leader of the French Enlightenment?

A)Voltaire
B)Hobbes
C)Locke
D)Paine
E)Beccaria

Question 33

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Diderot

Question 34

____ searched for an absolute truth that could serve as the first principle of knowledge.

A)Galen
B)Paracelsus
C)Descartes
D)Boyle
E)Bruno

Question 35

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
salons

Question 36

Enlightenment philosophes generally approved of Thomas Hobbes's

A)advocacy of absolutist monarchy.
B)contract theory of government.
C)refusal to bring God into his political theories.
D)Deism.
E)outlook on education.

Question 37

The philosophes' concern for liberty did not lead them to embrace democracy with the notable exception of

A)Voltaire.
B)Rousseau.
C)Locke.
D)Paine.
E)Diderot.

Question 38

____ argued that passages from the Bible had no authority in questions involving nature.

A)Galen
B)Copernicus
C)Harvey
D)Paracelsus
E)Galileo

Question 39

Of the following, who expressed the most interest in using science to advance trade, industry, and the condition in which human beings live?

A)Galileo
B)Bacon
C)Toland
D)Harvey
E)Descartes

Question 40

Which of the following ended the medieval division of the cosmos into higher and lower worlds with different laws operating in each realm?

A)Aristotelian physics
B)Ptolemaic physics
C)The geocentric theory
D)Newtonian physics
E)The epicycle theory

Question 41

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 42

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
"I think, therefore I am."

Question 43

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
elliptical

Question 44

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Aristotelian-Ptolemaic System

Question 45

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Deism

Question 46

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
William Harvey

Question 47

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
experimental physics

Question 48

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 49

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Encyclopedia

Question 50

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Candide

Question 51

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Galileo

Question 52

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
epicycles

Question 53

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Platonic ideas

Question 54

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Discourse on Method

Question 55

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
the Congregation of the Index

Question 56

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
universal gravitation

Question 57

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Cesare Beccaria

Question 58

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
Johannes Kepler

Question 59

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
enlightened despotism

Question 60

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
"the century of genius"

Question 61

Which thinker wrote Candide ​

A)​Rousseau
B)​Locke
C)​Diderot
D)​Voltaire
E)​Hobbes

Question 62

Discuss the contributions of Montesquieu to modern political theory.

Question 63

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).


On a blank map of Europe, locate the following areas where there was considerable Enlightenment disputation: Paris, Berlin, Moscow, Budapest, London, and the Hague.

Question 64

In his work On Crimes and Punishments, Beccaria wrote of torture

A)​that it suited religious critics
B)​that it was inhuman and fit for cannibals
C)​that it was necessary for the security of the state
D)​that it should only be used in emergencies
E)​that it was part of human nature

Question 65

Discuss why capitalists could find a champion in Adam Smith. Would Adam Smith have wanted to be such a champion? Can some issues that interested Adam Smith have a relationship to contemporary ones?

Question 66

Explain how Enlightenment ideas, in breaking with the medieval worldview, had an impact on the modern intellectual perspective.

Question 67

Key Terms Instructions: Please define the following key terms. Show Who? What? Where? When? Why Important?
heliocentric theory

Question 68

Central to the practice of modern science is the experimental method of investigation and testing scientific theories. Who were some of the pioneers of experimental method in the Scientific Revolution and what were their achievements?

Question 69

In what ways was the Enlightenment a threat to the old regimes in Europe?

Question 70

Which characteristics of the philosophes illustrate a new way of looking at the world? List three major philosophes and comment upon their major contributions.

Question 71

​ All of the following were examples of enlightened despots except

A)​Catherine the Great
B)​Maria Theresa
C)​Louis XVI
D)​Charles III
E)​Frederick the Great

Question 72

How did the new scientific approach to nature raise some concerns among the Roman Catholic hierarchy? How would you typify their response?

Question 73

Laissez-Faire is best ​defined as

A)​governments should not interfere with the market ​
B)​all is fair in love and war ​
C)​democracy is the best form of government ​
D)​courts should treat all citizens equally ​
E)​childhood should be unrestrained

Question 74

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).


On a blank map of Europe, show where the following individuals worked: Isaac Newton, Tycho Brahe, Galileo Galilei, Nicholas Copernicus, and René Descartes.

Question 75

Please use this outline map of Europe to answer the question(s).


Show the widespread nature of the Scientific Revolution by locating on a map of Europe some areas where significant achievements occurred. List the place and the achievement.

Question 76

​ All of the following are true of the Encyclopedia except

A)​it was condemned as a threat to royal authority
B)​it included the works of over 150 writers
C)​it was attacked by Pope Clement XIII
D)​it finally completed in 1772
E)all of these choices are correct

Question 77

Compare the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau about the manner in which the state was formed. What was the relationship of the citizen to the state according to each of these men?

Question 78

Discuss the relationships of both Copernicus and Galileo to the Roman Church.

Question 79

How did the philosophes view the place and role of women in society?

Question 80

How did the Scientific Revolution cause a reorientation in Western thought?